UNIVERSITY  OF 
ILLINOIS  LIBRARY 
AT  URBANA  - CHAMPAIGN 
BOOKSTACKS 


/V  w 3 y 7 c, 

~*3~~ 


o 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 

University  of  Illinois  Urbana-Champaign  Alternates 


https://archive.org/details/gleasonsveterina00glea_0 


GLEASON'S 


* 

* 


Veterinary  Hand-Book 


* 

* 


AND 


System  of  Horse  Taming 


IN  TWO  PARTS 


PART  ONE 

Theory  and  Practice  of  Veterinary  Science — Diseases  of 
Horses,  Cattle,  Sheep,  Poultry,  Swine,  Dogs 
and  Birds  and  their  Remedies 


PART  TWO 
System  of  Horse  Taming 

EDITED  BY 

OLIVER  W.  GLEASON 


ILLUSTRATED 


CHARLES  C.  THOMPSON  CO. 

CHICAGO 

1914 


COPYRIGHT  1900 

By  THOMPSON  & THOMAS 


ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED 


REGAN  PRINTING  HOUSE 
Printers  and  Binders 
CHICAGO 


PREFACE. 


The  human  race  has  very  largely  emancipated  itsell 
from  the  old  school  of  medical  science  which  prescribed 
the  lancet,  calomel  and  rhubarb  for  nearly  all  ailments- 
and  now  we  think  it  is  about  time  to  free  our  friends, 
the  dumb  brutes  of  the  farm  yard,  from  the  attacks  of 
those  veterinary  quacks  who  know  little  or  nothing 
except  blood-letting,  “ firing,”  drenching,  and  other  bar 
barous  customs  long  ago  proved  to  be  not  only  useless, 
but  absolutely  unnecessary,  brutal  and  harmful. 

The  aim  of  the  editor  has  been  to  make  a book  free 
from  literary  nicety  and  labored  effort — clear,  concise  and 
accurate — carefully  eschewing  the  injurious  system  of 
bleeding,  blistering,  firing  and  physicking,  and  presenting 
the  very  latest  and  best  approved  methods  of  modern 
veterinary  science  in  such  a plain  and  direct  way  that 
the  knowledge  here  given  may  be  available  to  every 
reader. 

This  Hand-Book  is  based  very  largely  upon  the 
works  of  Robert  McClure,  M.  D.,  V.  S.,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated,  and  perhaps  the  most  uniformly  successful 
veterinarian  this  country  has  ever  produced.  The 
methods  of  treating  diseases  of  domestic  animals  are 


vi 


fBEPACfe 


based  upon  the  results  of  actual  practice,  not  mere  theory, 
as  is  the  case  with  most  veterinary  works.  The  modes 
of  treatment  here  given  may  be  relied  upon  absolutely, 
having  been  tried  and  proved ; and  the  descriptions  of 
symptoms,  signs  of  disease,  etc.,  are  unusually  full  and 
distinct. 

The  treatise  on  “ Diseases  of  Sheep  * deserves  special 
mention,  having  been  generally  accepted  as  the  most 
reliable  treatise  on  this  important  subject  yet  given  to 
the  public. 

At  my  earnest  request  the  Publishers  have  consented 
to  place  the  Veterinary  Hand-Book  upon  the  market 
at  an  extremely  low  price.  I am  convinced  that  a large 
circulation  of  this  volume  will  have  the  effect  of  cor- 
recting many  errors  that  exist  not  only  in  the  minds  of 
stock-owners,  but  in  the  practice  of  many  veterinary 
surgeons;  and  this  result,  rather  than  pecuniary  gain, 
has  been  the  motive  which  prompted  the  preparation 
of  this  work. 

OLIVER  W.  GLEASON. 


muOElFBU.  April  1%  188ft 


CONTENTS 


INTRODUCTION. 

Breathing,  

Causes  of  Disease,  •«•••••• 

Fever, • • • • 

How  to  Observe  Diseases,  ••••••• 

Principles  of  Disease,  ••••••• 

Pulse,  ..*••••••  • 

Treatment  of  Disease, 

Vis  Medicatrix  Naturae,  •••••«• 

DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 

Abrasion, 

A bscess,  «••••••••• 

Acari,  «••••••••• 

Accidents,  •••••••••• 

Aconite,  •••••••••• 

Alteratives,  ••••••••• 

Amaurosis,  ••••••••, 

Anaemia,  .••••••••. 

Anchylosis,  ••••••••• 

Aneurism,  •••••••••• 

Apoplexy,  «•••••••• 

Aphtha,  . ••••••••• 

Atrophy,  «••••••••• 

Black  Sinuses,  «•••••••• 

Baldness,  «••*••••• 

Belly-ache,  «••••••••• 

Big  Head,  *•••••••• 

Bishoping,  .«•••••••• 

Bite  of  Mad  Dog,  • ••••••• 


pagi 
. 34 

29 
. 33 

30 
. 31 

34 
. 35 
36 


. 3J 

4f 
. 4f 

40 
. 41 

41 
, 41 

41 
. 41 

41 
. 42 

43 
* 43 

43 
. 43 

43 
. 48 

44 

44 


OOKTKNT8. 


Bladder  Disenan, •••.45 

Bleeding,  

Bloody  Urine,  .48 

Blood,  • . . • • # . . # # # . .48 

Boils, • • • • • • . , 49 

Bots,  49 

Bowels,  Disease  .......  49 

Brain  Diseases,  •••••••...,49 

Breaking  Down,  ••••• 50 

Breathing  Short,  50 

Breeze  Flies,  . . • • 50 

Brittle  Feet,  ••••...  . ....  50 

Bronchi,  ••••••••....50 

Bronchitis,  ••••••• 50 

Bronchocele,  .••••••....52 

Broken  Knees, •••...53 

Bruises  of  the  Sole,  •••••••••.54 

Burns  and  Scalds,  ••••••..  ,..54 

Bursa  Mucosa,  Enlarged,  ••••••••.54 

Calculi,  • ••••••••..•  54 

Cancers,  •••••••••••*54 

Canine  Babies,  ••••  •••••••55 

Capped  Elbow,  •••••••••••55 

Capped  Hock,  •••••••••••56 

Carditis,  •••  •••••••••56 

Caries,  .•••••• 57 

Castration,  57 

Cataract,  •••••••••••>58 

Catarrh,  .••••••••••.  58 

Cautery,  ...•••••••••  58 

Cerebro-Spinal  Meningitis,  ••••••••58 

Chest  Diseases,  ..••••••••.59 

Chest  Founder,  •••••• 59 

Chilblains,  • • 59 

Chill, 59 

Choking,  •••••••••••*59 

Chorea,  ••••••••••..  60 

Cold, 60 

Cold  Lotions,  •••••• 51 

Colic,  51 

Coma,  54 

Congestion  of  the  Lungs,  •••••••••54 

Constipation, ••••••54 


CONTENTS, 


PAGE 

Consumption, 64 

Contagion,  • ••••• 65 

Contraction,  •*••••••••••66 

Convalescence, .66 

Corns, ....  66 

Coryza  Gangrenosa,  ••••••••••66 

Corrosive  Sublimate,  ••••*•••••  66 

Cough,  .*••••••••••  66 

Counter-irritants,  •••••••••••66 

Cow  Hock,  •••••••••••66 

Cramp,  ••••»••••»•••  67 

Crib-Biting,  •••••••••••67 

Curb,  «.••••••••••  .68 

Curby  Hocked,  •••••••••••68 

Cutaneous  Diseases,  ••••••••••68 

Cutting,  ..••••••••••  68 

Death,  .••••••••••••68 

Debility,  *•••••••••••68 

Deformities,  .•••••••••••70 

Deuteropathia, * • • • 70 

Diabetes,  ••••••••••••70 

Diaphoretics, •••••71 

Diarrhoea,  • • • • • • ••••••  71 

Diathesis,  ••••••••••••72 

Diet,  ••••••«••••••  72 

Disinfectants,  •••••••••••72 

Distemper,  *•••••••••••75 

Diuretics,  ••*•••••••••75 

Dropsies, ••••••*75 

Dysentery,  .•••••••••••76 


Ear  Diseases, 
Ecchymosis,  , 

Eczema,  . 
Elephantiasis, 
Embrocation, 
Emetics,  . , 

Emphysema, 
Encysted  Tumors, 
Encephaloid, 
Endermic,  • . 

Enema,  • • 

Enteritis,  • « 


76 

77 
77 
77 
77 
77 

77 

78 
78 
78 
78 
78 


CONTENTS, 


PAQB 

Enzootic,  . 

Ephemeral, . . . # 7ft 

Epidemic, 7ft 

Epizootic, . 7ft 

Epilepsy, 7ft 

.Epiphora, 

Epsom  Salts, ,.79 

Eruptions,  *.79 

Erysipelas, . 79 

Exostosis, . . . # 79 

Eye  Diseases, . . . , . .79 

False  Quarter, 86 

Farcy, 86 

Fatty  Tumor,  99 

Farrier,  90 

Fever,  Putrid, 90 

Fever,  Sympathetic,  *...90 

Fever  in  the  Feet 91 

Fibroma,  ••••••••••..91 

Firing  Horses,  •••  ••...  ...91 

Fistula, 91 

Fistula  in  the  Foot,  • • • 93 

Fistulous  Withers,  93 

Fits,  .•••••••••  ••.93 

Flaxseed,  ••••••  •••••.94 

Food,  Hints  on 94 

Fomentations,  96 

Foot  Diseases,  97 

Founder,  ••••••• 106 

Fractures, • . . 108 

Fracture  of  the  Hip, 110 

Frost  Bites,  .•.••••••••  112 

Fungi,  as  a Cause  of  Disease,  112 

Gangrene,  .••••••••••.  113 

Gastritis  Mucosa,  113 

Glanders, 116 

Glass  Eye, ....  120 

Gleet,  Nasal, •••••  120 

Granulation, 120 

Gravel  in  the  Foot,  120 

Grease,  •••••••••••..121 

Gripes,  ••••••••••••  123 


CONTENTS. 


PAOB 

Qrogginesa,  •••-...••..123 
Grunter,  ..•••»••••••  123 

Gullet,  Obstructions  to,  •••••••••123 

Gun-shot  Wound,  •••••••••••  123 

Gutta  Serena,  •••••••••••  124 

Heart,  Diseases  o £ ••••••••••  124 

Heaves,  ..•••••••*••  126 

Heat,  .••••••••••••  128 

Hepatic  Diseases,  «••••••  •••  128 

Hernia,  «•••••••••••*  128 

Herpes,  ••••••*•••••  128 

Hereditary  Disease^  •••..••••«  128 

Hide  Bound,  •••••••••••129 

Hip-joint  Disease,  ••••••••••  130 

Hock,  The,  *•••••••••••131 

Hooks  In  the  Eyes,  ••••••••••132 

Horse,  Natural  History  of,  ••••••••  132 

Horse  Fly,  ...•••••••••  132 

Humanity  to  Animals,  Hints  oo,  •••••••  132 

Hydrothorax,  •••••••••••  137 

Hydrocele,  .•••••••••••137 

Hydronemia,  .•••••••••••  137 

Hydrophobia,  ..•••••••••  137 

Hypertrophy,  •••  ••••••*.  138  ♦ 

Hypodermic,  ••••••••••.  138 

Hysteria,  •••••••••••.  138 

Indigestion,  •••••••••••  139 

Infectiou,  •••••••••••«  139 

Inflammation,  •••••••••••  140 

Influenza,  •••••••••••.  140 

Injections,  ..••••••••••  141 

Instruments,  ••••••••••••  142 

Intestines,  ••••••••••..  144 

Itch,  # # . o • • • • • • . « .144 

Interfering,  •••••••••••  144 

Jack,  ..••••••••••  • 145 

Jaundice,  ..••••••••••  145 

Joint  Diseases,  ...••••••••  145 

Jugular  Vein,  Inflammation  ••••••  146 


Kidneys,  Diseases  of. 
Knees,  Broken,  • 


146 

147 


CONTENTS. 


Knee  Joint,  Loose  Cartilages  to,  « • 147 

Knuckling,  •••••••••••147 

Lameness,  ••••••••••••  148 

Laminitis,  ••••••••••••  148 

Lampas,  148 

Laryngitis,  .•••••••••••148 

Leg,  Fractures  •••••••••••  149 

Lice,  • ••••••..••••  149 

Ligaments,  ••••••••••••  149 

Lipoma,  •••..,••••••.149 

Liver,  • •••••••••••.149 

Locked-jaw,  ••••••••••.150 

Loins,  •••••••••••••152 

Loss  of  Appetite.  Lumbago.  ••••••  153 

Lymph.  Lymphangitis  ••••••»••  157 

Madness,  •••••«•«••••  167 

Mad  Staggers,  •••••••••••157 

Maggots,  ••••••••••••  158 

Malignant,  «•••  ••••••••  158 

Malignant,  Epidemic  •••••••••158 

Mai  lenders,  ••••••••••••  158 

Mange,  •*••••••••••  158 

Materia  Mediea,  •••»••••«••  159 

Megrims,  •••  •••••••••159 

Melanosis,  ••••••••••••  159 

Melanold,  •*••••••••••159 

Mesentery,  «•»•••••••••  169 

Mesenteries,  ••••••  •••••159 

Metastasis,  ••«•••••••••  160 

Moon  Blindness^  «•••••••••  160 

Mortification,  •«•••••••••  160 

Moribund,  •»«•••••••••  160 

Mouth  Diseases,  ••••••••••*  160 

Mncns,  • . ,«••••••••  162 

Mucous  Membrane  ••••«•••••  162 

Myalgia,  ••••••••••«•  162 

Narcotics,  «•••••••••••  163 

Nasal  Gleet,  «••••••••••  163 

Navicular  Disease,  ••*  •••••  * • 163 

Necrosis,  ••••••••«•••  163 

Nephritis, •••••••  164 


CONTENTS. 


PAG* 

Nervousness,  • ••••••••«•  164 

Neurotomy,  ••  t ••••••••  • 165 

Nose,  Diseases  of,  ••••••••..  165 

Numbness,  • ••••••••••»  166 

Obesity,  ..••••••••••  166 

CEdema,  •«•••••••*•••  166 

(Estromania,  •••••••••..  166 

Omentum,  •••••••••..«  166 

Open  Joints,  ••••••••*..  166 

Ophthalmia,  •••••••••«••  166 

Ossification,  ••«.••••«••  166 

Osteology,  ••••••••.•••  167 

Osteoporosis,  ••••••••••«  167 

Ostitis,  *•«•••••••.«•  167 

Overreach,  .••••••••«..  167 

Ozena,  •••••••«•••••  167 

Palliatives,  .•••••••••••  167 

Paralysis,  ••••••••••«.  167 

Parotid  Duct,  •••••••••••  168 

Pathology,  .••••••••«••  169 

Patella,  Dislocation  of,  ••••••«••  169 

Pasterns,  ..••••••••••  170 

Pelvis,  ••••••••••••  170 

Pelvic  Abscess,  •••••••••••  170 

Penis  Hanging  Out,  ••••••••••  171 

Peristaltic,  ••••••••••••  171 

Peritonitis,  •••••••••••  171 

Periosteum,  ••••••••••••  172 

Phagadena,  •••••••••.•  172 

Phlebitis,  ..••••••••••  173 

Phlegmasia,  Dolens,  •••••••••  .173 

Phrenitis,  ••••••••••••  173 

Physiology,  •••••  ••••••  173 

Physicking,  . 173 

Pleurisy,  ••••••••••••  174 

Pleuro-pneumonia,  •»«•••••••  174 

Pleurodynia,  ••••••••••'  174 

Plethora,  ,•-•••••••,,  174 

Pneumonia, 174 

Poisons,  •••••••••••••  174 

Poll  Evil, 176 

Polypi,  178 


CONTENTS, 


PAG* 

Predisposing  Causes, . ...  178 

Prick  of  the  Foot, 178 

Probang,  178 

Procidenta,  179 

Prognosis, 179 

Prophylactics, ...179 

Proud  Flesh,  ••••••••••.  179 

Prurigo,  .••••••••••..  179 

Pulse,  ••••••••••••.  180 

Puncture,  ••••••••••..  180 

Purgatives,  ••••••••••.  180 

Purpura, 180 

Pus, 181 

Putrefaction,  ••••••••••..  181 

Putrid  Fever, 182 

Pyemia,  •••••• 182 

Quack  Medicines,  •••••••••..  182 

Quinsy,  .•••••••••..  182 

Quittor,  •••••••• 182 

Babies,  ••••••••  •••..  183 

Bachitis, 183 

Besolution,  •••••••••••.  183 

Bespiration,  •••••••••••  183 

Bevulsion,  184 

Bheumatism,  •••••• 184 

Bing-bone,  ••••••••••••  186 

Bingworm, 187 

Boaring,  •••••  ......  { 187 

Bound  Bone,  188 

Bowels, 188 

Buptures,  •••••• 188 

Saddle  Galls,  . 192 

Sallenders, 193 

Saliva, 193 

Salivation, 193 

Sand  Cracks, 194 

Sanious  Pus, 194 

Scalds,  •••••••• 194 

Scald  Mouth, 194 

Scarlatina,  ••••  •••••••'  194 

Scratches,  194 


*AQR 

Schirrf%  ^ 194 

Scouring^  o o • • • • • • t • « t 194 

Scrotum,  194 

Scurf,  . s o ♦••••••*•.  19~ 

Secretion,  «>®  ******.,»„  195 

Sedative^  oeee  + o**©***  195 

Serum,  . , , , « # , , , , # , 195 

Serous  Abscea^  • •*«.*««  * * • . 19^ 

Seton,  196 

Shivers,  •••»«*••»•<»«•  196 
Shoeing,  99  9 t9  , 196 

Shoulder  Lameness^  •••«»«•«*«  197 
Shoulder  Joint  Lameneu^  • • • • • • • * • 199 

Side  Bones^  200 

Sinus,  •••••*«•«••*«  200 

Sitfasts,  . * * m m * * * m * * * • 200 

Skeleton  of  the  Horae^  Bones  of  the,  • «»*••«  200 

Skin  Diseases^  •*••••«••«•  201 

Slobbering,  •••«•••••&•  205 

Slough,  *000009000000  205 
Sores,  0 * 9 9 0 9 9 0 9 0 9 9 9 206 

Soundness,  « % — — 99$#99#«*  206 

Spavin,  207 

Specks  on  the  Bya^  »••.*••••*  209 

Speedy  Cut,  • •*e9«£9©«*  209 

Spleen  Diseases^,  * * » » * *>••••  210 

Splint*  •*««**(io{(}*i»  210 

Sprains,  • *»««**•»*••*  210 

Staggers,  •*•••«©«••••  212 

Staked,  ••••««©«»••••  213 

Stings  from  Bees,  etc.,  214 

Stifle-joint  Lameness,  ••••«*•••«  214 

Stifle  Ulceration,  • •**•«*•••  214 

Stomach  Diseases,  0009009  9 00  215 

Stone  in  the  Bladder,  »••«<>•«••  215 

Strains,  215 

Strangles,  •••••«'>*«•«»  215 

Stranguary,  •••«•©•«••••  216 

Strangulation,  •••«•••••••  216 

Stringhalt,  •••••«••«•••  217 

Stumbling,  ••*••••••••  213 

Sunstroke,  •••«••••••••  218 

Suppuration,  »••••••••••  219 

Surfeit,  •«  ••••»•»«*  . . 219 


OOSTEm 


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Swelled  Legs,  , 

Swellings,  • • • 

219 

Sweenie,  • , 

Sympathy,  . . * 

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220 

Synovia,  . • » 

Synchronous,  # • 

220 

Systole,  • • « 

Tabanidce,  • « , 

221 

Tabes,  • • , 

. 221 

Talpae,  • 

• 

* 

1 

• 

• 

221 

Teeth,  • • 

Tetanus,  • , * 

» 

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• 

• 

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221 

Tetter,  , , , 

* 221 

Thick  Wind,  « , 

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221 

Thick  Leg,  • • 

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Thiselo,  • • » 

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221 

Thorough  pin,  , 

Thread  Worms,  « * 

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» 

9 

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. 

222 

Throat  Diseases,  • 

222 

Thrush,  • • • 

• 

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222 

Thrombus,  • • 

f 

i 

222 

Thumps,  • • « 

222 

Tongue,  Laceration  of 

* 222 

Tonics,  • » « 

222 

Toxicology,  • * 

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• 

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Ik 

a 

. 222 

Tracheotomy,  • • 

9 

• 

9 

9 

•* 

» 

222 

Transfusion,  • , 

- 

i 

• 

* 

• 

« 

. 223 

Tread,  . . * 

«• 

i 

* 

■* 

* 

223 

Trepanning,  • « 

s» 

, 223 

Trismus,  • • « 

• 

♦ 

* 

■i 

•» 

« 

224 

Tubercles,  • , 

4 ♦ 

« 

* 

* 

i 

* 

, 224 

Tumors,  , , * 

t 

4 

, 

* 

• 

224 

Tympanitis,  • , 

t $ 

« 

» 

4 

% 

* 

<* 

» 226 

Typhia,  ® . 

• 

• 

* 

» 

• 

* 

226 

Typhoid,  . . 

* * 

« 

9 

• 

• 

• 

> 226 

Typhosus,  • « i 

* 

a 

• 

« 

i 

s 

227 

Ulcers,  • • » 

• % 

* 

% 

t 

« 

o 

© 

. 229 

Urinary  Calculi,  • 

* 

k 

S 

i 

0 

* 

* 

9 

231 

Urine,  Bloody,  • 

231 

Ventilation,  • • 

1 

• 

& 

a 

• 

c? 

* 

231 

CONTENTS* 


MM 

Veterinary  Biography,  , ••••••«(,.  232 

Veterinary  Colleges,  •••••«•»••  235 

Veterinary  Surgeons,  ••••••••••  235 

Vives, 237 


Warts, 
Warranty,  . 
Warbles,  , 

Water  Farcy, 
Weeping  Eye, 
Wens,  . 
Wheezing,  , 

Whirl-Bone, 
Wind  Galls,  . 

Wind-Sucking, 
Worms,  • . 

Wounds,  • 
Wourali,  • 


237 

237 

237 

237 

237 

237 

238 
238 


238 

238 

240 

241 


Yellows . 242 

Yellow  Water,  . . 242 

Zool ogy,  • 242 

Zumins,  242 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


Abortion,  *•••••••••••  244 

Abomasum,  • 249 

Anaemia,  .,«••••••«••  249 

Angle  Berries,  •••••••••••  249 

Apoplexy,  250 

Aphtha,  • 250 

Biliary  Gall-stones,  •••t**###**  250 

Black  Quarter,  • 250 

Black  Tongue,  • • • • * • • • • • 250 

Black  Water,  ••t**###*#*  250 

Bladder,  Diseases  of,  •••0»00990  250 

Bladder,  Prolapsus  of,  ••••#•9  . • • 250 

Blood-shot,  .•••••000#««  253 

Blood  Diseases,  » *•••<>•.  253 

Brain  Diseases,  « • « • • , • • 0 • • 253 


CONTENTS. 


PASS 

Brittany  Cow,  ••••••••••  . 25$ 

Bronchitis,  •••••••••••  254 

Bull  Burnt,  •••..,  257 

Cachexia,  , • o t •••••«•  • 258 

Calving,  , ••••••••••  - 258- 

Catarrh,  265 

Catarrh  us  Linuum  Frontalimn,  ••••••..  265 

Cattle  Plague,  •••••••  •••.  266- 

Chicken-pox,  • ••••••••«.  267 

Choking,  ••••«  ••••••  267 

Colic,  • »•••••••••.  . 268 

Consumption,  *•••••••••.  266 

Contagious  Typhus,  266 

Coryza,  •••••••••••.  276 

Cow-pox,  •••••••••••.  276 

Croup, 276 

Cud,  loss  of,  «.••••••••..  271 

Diarrhoea,  •..•••••••••  271 

Distentiou  of  the  Rumen,  ••••••••.  274 

Dropping  after  Calving,  ..•••••••  274 

Dysentery,  274 

Ectopia  Cordis,  ..••••  0 •••  • 274 

Epizootic  Aphtha,  ••••••••••  274 

Eye  Diseases,  «••••••••••  275 

Falling  Sickness,  .•••••»••••  276 

Falling  of  the  Womb,  •••••••••  276 

Fardel  Bound,  .«•••••••••  277 

Feeding  of  Milch  Cows,  .••••••••  277 

Fever, 276 

Foul  Claw, 286 

Gangrene  of  the  Tail,  .•••••••*•  286 

Garget  Mammitis,  ..••••••••  286 

Gastro-Enteritis  in  Calves,  «•••••  •••  282 

Glossitis,  ...•••••••••  282 

Haematuria,  .•«  ••••••••  283 

Hair  Balls, 283 

Herpes,  • «•••••••••*  283 

Hide  Bound,  283 

Hoose  in  Calves,  .*••••••  • 284 

Hoven,  ...«•••••••••  285 

Hydatids  in  the  Brain,  ..#••••••  285 


CONTENTS. 


FAG! 


Inflammation, • « • 287 

Impaction  of  the  Omasum,  .••••••«•  288 

Jaundice, 289 

Kidney  Disease*  c 290 


Laryngitis,  ••  •••••••••  290 


Leucorrhoea,  290 

Lice, 290 

Liver  Disease,  •••••••••«.  290 

Locked-jaw,  ..©«•••••••  290 

Lung  Diseases,  • ••••••*•••  290 

Lymphangitis,  290 

Malignant  Catarrh,  ••••••••««  291 

Mammitis,  . •••••••••«<>  291 

Mange,  291 


Milk  Fever, 
Milk  Trembles, 
Moor  Evil,  • 
Mouth  Disease, 
Murrain,  e 


291 

293 

293 


Nephritis, 
Nervous  Diseases, 


(Estromania,  « « 

(Estrus  Bovis,  • • 

Osseous,  o © 

Ovarian  Dropsy*  • 
Ovarian  Tumor,  © 

Paralysis,  ... 
Parasitic  Lung  Disease^ 
Parturient  Fever,  • 
Phthisis,  • • 

. Placenta,  ... 

I Plethora,  • . 

Pleurisy,  ... 
Pleuro-pneumonia, 
Prolapsus  Vagi  nee,  • 
Prolapsus  Vesieae,  . 
Prurigo  Vernalis,  • 
Puerperal  Fever,  • 


• c • • • 


* 294 
. 294 

. 294 

• 294 
. 29^ 

. 294 

. 294 

• 294 


295 


. 

295 
• 295 

300 

. 201 

301 
. 301 


Quarter  Evil, 


301 


CONTENTS. 


Railway  Disease  of  Cattle, ,301 

Red  Water, • • • 302 

Reticulum, ......  303 

Retroflexion  of  the  Womb, 303 

Retroversion  of  the  Womb,  • •••••...  303 

Rheumatism,  303 

Rinderpest,  303 

Ringworm,  • •••••••••.  303 

Rot, • ••••..  304 

Rumen,  • • • 304 

Rupture  in  Calves,  ...  .......  304 

Siberian  Boil  Plague^  t 305 

Slinking  the  Calf,  • •••••••..  305 

Sore  Throat,  • •••••••...  305 

Spaying, 305 

Spayed  Cows,  The  Advantages  of, 305 

Spleenio  Apoplexy,  307 

Spring  Eruption,  ••••••••.•  307 

Stomach  Staggers,  »•••••.•••  307 

Strangulation,  .a.......*.  307 

Sturdy,  ...  308 

Teats,  308 

Teeth,  Diseased,  309 

Texan  Fever,  ..•••••••«•  309 

Throat  Diseases,  ••  311 

Thrush, 312 

Tongue  of  the  Ox,  ••••••••••  312 

Tubercle  Disease,  .«••••••••  312 

Tympanitis,  312 

Typhus  Contagiosns  Boom,  ••••••••  312 

Udder  Diseases,  ..•••••••••317 

Urine 317 

Vaginal  Catarrh,  • ••••••••••  317 

Varicella  Bourn,  •*•«••••••  318 

Vertigo,  • ••••••••••.  318 

Warbles, 318 

Water  in  the  Chest,  .«••••••••  318 

Whites,  .••••••••••«  318 

Worms,  •••••••*••..  318 

Womb.  ........  . . . 3W 


CONTENTS. 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP. 

PAOt 

fcraxy-Enterites,  . * • • « . • • • * 320 

Diarrhoea,  • • • • , 321 

Hydrocephalus  Hydatidens,  Sturdy,  cte^ <821 

Looping  111,  .«••».••••.  325 

Paronychia  Ovium,  • •••«••••.  325 

Pneumonia,  • ».•••*•••.  327 

Psora,  • •••»»«• 327 

Rot, 331 

Sheep  Laurel,  Poisoning  by,  • 334 

Small-Pox, 334 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 

Adds,  .............  338 

Aconite,  • ■*<*»  ......  « . 332 

Alcohol,  .».•»••••••.  841 

Aloes,  .i*.  • •.•»•••  341 

Alum,  341 

Ammonia,  ...  .........  341 

Anaesthetics,  .........  « • 342 

Aniseed,  342 

Anodynes,  ..•  ••••*....  342 

Antimony,  . . ..*••••«•  342 

Antiseptics,  • 344 

Antispasmodics,  .»*••••••#  344 

Areca  Nut,  .,»••••••.«*  344 

Arnica  Montana,  ..«•••»..«  344 

Arsenic,  .•«•••••••«••  344 

Asafoetida,  •••••••.«...  345 

Asarabacca,  345 

Astringents,  ...»•••••..  345 

Atropine,  ..••••••••»•  346 

Belladonna,  . . 346 

Benzoin,  •••.»•«-  ••«  ••  346 

Benzole,  .••••••••••.  346 

Bismuth,  Subnitrate  o&  346 


CONTENTS. 


Bole  Armenia,  « • • 

Borax,  • » * ® • 

Bromide  of  Potassium,  » • 

Buckthorn,  • • • * 

Calamine^  • • • * * 

' Calcium,  - • * * 

Calomel,  * • • * • 

Camphor,  . ♦ • • 

Cantharides,  • • • • 

Capsicum,  * « • * 

Carbolic  Acid,  • • • • 

Cardamoms,  • • • • 

Caraway,  • • • • • 

Carbonate  of  Lime,  • • 

Cascarilla,  • • • • • 

Castor-oil,  • • • • 

Cassia,  • • • • • 

Catechu,  • • • • 

Chalk, 

Chamomile,  • • • • 

Charcoal,  • « • • • 

Chenopodium,  Anthelminticum, 
Chlorine  Gas,  • • • 

Chloric  Ether,  • • • 

Chloride  of  Potassium,  • • 

Chloride  of  Lime,  • • • 

Chloroform,  • • • « 

Cholagogues,  • • • • 

Cinchona,  • • • • « 

Cochineal,  • • • • 

Cod  Liver  Oil,  • • . « 

Colchicum,  • • • • 

Collodion, 

Copper,  • • • • • 

Coriander,  • • • • < 

Creosote,  • • • • 

Croton  Oil,  • • • < 


346 

346 

347 
347 

347 

347 

348 

348 

349  j 
349  I 

349 

350 
350 
350 
350 

350 

351 
351 
351 
351 

351 

352 

352 

353 
353 
353 

353 

354 

354 

355 
355 
355 

355 

356 

357 
357 
357 


Digitalis,  * 357 

Disinfectants,  358 

Diuretics, • • » 359 

Elecampane,  •••••••••••  359 

Elm  Bark*  • 359 


CONTENTS, 


PACK 

Emetics,  • • 360 

Epsom  Salts, 360 

Ergot, 360 

Essential  Oils, .361 

Ether, 361 

Euphorbium, 361 

Expectorants,  362 

Febrifuges,  . • • * 362 

Fenugreek,  .,••••••••».  362 

Fern, 362 

Friar's  Balsam,  .••••••••••  362 


Galbanum, 

Galls,  . . , 

Gallic  Acid,  . 
Gamboge,  . 
Gentian  Boot, 
Ginger, 

Glauber's  Salts, 
Glycerine,  . 

Guaiacum, 

Gum  Arabic, 
Gum  Senegal, 
Gum  Tragacanthj 

Hartshorn,  • 
Hellebore,  . , 

Hemlock,  , 
Hemp,  Indian, 
Henbane,  . 

Iodine,  . , 

Iodides,  . 
Ipecacuanha,  , 
Iron, 

Jalap,  . « 

Juniper  Berries, 

Kino,  . # , 

Kousso,  . 

4 

Laudanum,  , 
Laxative,  • 


362 

362 

363 
363 
363 

363 

364 
364 

364 

365 
365 
365 

365 

365 

365 

365 

366 

366 

367 
369 


372 

372 

372 

372 

372 

372 


CONTENTS, 


PAOB 

Lead, 

Lime, 

Linseed,  

Linseed  Oil, 

Liquorice  Root,  374 

Lobelia  Inflata, « 1 ( , 374 

Logwood, 374 

Lunar  Caustic,  375 

Lupuline,  . . . 375 

LyttarCantharides,  ••••*••••.  375 

Magnesia,  375 

Manganese,  . • • • 375 

Marsh  Mallow,  , • • • 375 

Marigold,  ••••••••..*.  375 

Mercury,  . . . , 376 

Mercurial  Ointment, , . 377 

Mezeron, 377 

Morphia,  377 

Muriatic  Acid,  377 

Mustard  Seed,  •••  ••••••..  377 

Myrrh, 378 

Narcotics,  •••••••••••«  378 

Neat’s-Foot  Oil,  378 

Nervines, 378 

Nitric  Acid,  378 

Nitre, 378 

Nux  Vomica,  379 

Oak  Bark,  380 

Oils, 380 

Opium,  380 

Pareira  Brava,  •••••••«•••  382 

Peach  Leaves,  382 

Peppermint, 382 

Pepper,  383 

Pepsin, 383 

Petroleum,  383 

Phosphorus,  • • 383 

Pitch,  384 

Pomegranate  Punica,  • • 384 

Poppies,  ••••••••••#  . 384 

Potash,  •••»••••••••  3&4 


CONTENTS. 


Prussic  Acid, 
Pumpkin  Seeds, 
Purgatives,  . 
Pyroxylic  Spirit, 


PAQl 

, 386 
385 
, 385 
385 


Quinine,  •»••••«.  ••••  385 

Rennet,  ..•••••••••*  385 

Rhubarb,  .,••••••••••  385 

Ricinus  Communis,  »•••••••••  386 

Rochelle  Salts,  .«•••••••••  386 


Saffron,  • • • 

Sagapenum,  . . . 

Sal  Ammoniac,  • • 

Salt,  • • • • 

Sal  Volatile,  . • 

Sassafras,  • . • 

Sarracenia  Purpura, 
Savin,  . . . • 

Sedatives,  . . 

Senega,  Polygala  Senega, 
Sialagogues,  . . 

Silver,  Nitrate  o£  • • 

Soap,  • • • 

Soap  Liniment,  • • 

Soda,  • • • • 

Spanish  Fly,  • • • 

Specifics,  , . • 

Spermaceti,  ... 
Spirits  of  Nitrous  Ether, 
Spirits  of  Wine,  • • 

Sponge,  ... 
Starch,  . . . . 

Styptics,  ... 
Sudorifics,  ... 
Sugar  of  Lead,  . . 

Sugar  of  Mi lk,  . . 

Sulphuric  Acid,  . 
Sulphur,  . . . 

Sulphurous  Acid  Gas, 
Sulphate  of  Zinc,  . • 


386 

386 

386 

386 

386 

386 

386 

387 
387 

387 

388 
388 
388 
388 

388 

389 

390 

390 

391 
391 
391 
391 
391 
391 
391 
391 
391 
391 

393 

394 


Tannate  of  Glycerine, 
Tannin,  • • 


394 

394 


CONTENTS. 


*A01 

Tar,  . o * •••*395 

Tartar  Emetio,  395 

Tobacco,  395 

Tragacanth,  . 396 

Turpentine,  •a***o«e«s*  396 

Urse  Ursi,  • • « • • • • • 9 • • , 397 


Valerian,  •••••••••*•»  397 

Valerianate  of  Soda,  •••••«•••.  398 
Veratrum, 398 

Wax, 398 

Willow  Bark,  ••••••••••.  399 

Yeast,  •»••••••••••.  399 

Zinc,  . o ••  9 •••••••  • 399 

Zingiberis,  •»•••••••••*  401 

Zylodine,  ••••••••••••  401 


PRESCRIPTIONS  AND  PREPARATIONS. 


Cerates, 401 

Clysters,  «•  ••••••••••  401 

Drenches,  •••••*••••••  401 

Eye  Lotions  and  Washes,  •••••••«.  401 

Eye  Salves,  •••••••••«••  403 

Freezing  Mixtures,  «••••  •••<>«  403 

Liniments,  •*••••••••*•  403 

Ointments,  ••••••••#««  405 

Plasters,  »•••••••••••  407 

Poultices,  . • ••••»••••»  407 

Spirits,  09e9A««o«»«o»  407 
Tinctures,  .«•••••••••  o 408 


W aters,  408 


Medicines  to  be  Kept  on  Hand,  • * • • 

Table  of  Doses,  According  to  Age,  • • • 

Articles  Necessary  for  Measuring,  Weighing,  &c.f  • 


409 

411 

412 


CONTENTS, 


DISEASES  OF  POULTRY, 


PAGE 

Asthma,  ...... 413 

Costiveness, . . • . 413 

Diarrhoea, 414 

Fever,  • •••••«•••«•  414 

Indigestion,  • •••••••••••  415 

Lice, ......  415 

Loss  of  Feathers, • • 416 

Pip, 417 

Roup,  .••••*•••  ••••  418 

Wounds  and  Sores,  •••••«••••  419 


DISEASES  OF  SWINE. 

Catching  a Pig,  421 

Catarrh,  422 

Cholera, 422 

Crackings,  • 423 

Diarrhoea,  «•••••••••••  423 

Drenching,  »••••«••*••  421 

Fever,  .••»»•••«••••  424 

Foul  Skin,  •»•••••••••  425 

Inflammation  of  the  Lungs,  ••  ••••••  425 

Jaundice,  •«•••••••••  426 

Leprosy, • ...  426 

Lethargy,  . • • 427 

Mange,  ••••••••«.•«  427 

Measles,  •••••••«••••  429 

Murrain,  •••••••••,..  429 

Quinsy, 430 

Staggers,  ....... 430 

Swelling  of  the  Spleen,  •••••••••  430 

Surfeit,  *•••••••.•••  431 

Tumors,  • 431 


DISEASES  OF  DOGS. 


Asthma,  • 433 

Bronchitis,  ...••••••••  433 

Canker  of  the  Ear,  • ••••••...  439 

Chorea,  or  Jerks*  • • ..••••••  433 

Common  Cold,  434 


CONTENTS. 


Distemper, 

Fits, 

Fleas  and  Lice,  . • 

How  to  Give  Medicines,  * 
Inflammation  of  the  Stomach, 
Inflammation  of  the  Liver, 
Inflammation  of  the  Bowels, 
Mange,  • • • • 

Pleurisy,  • • • • 

Pneumonia,  • • • * 

Protracted  Labor,  • . 

Puerperal  Fits,  ... 
Rickets  or  Large  Joints,  • 
Rheumatic  Fever,  • . 

Sprains,  .... 

To  Harden  Tender  Feet,  • 
Tumors  and  Cancers, 

Worms,  • . , » 


PAGE 

435 
4 40 

440 
442 
437 

437 

438 
438 
434 
434 
442 

441 

441 
434 

442 
442 
441 
440 


DISEASES  OF  BIRDS. 


Asthma, • •••••  443 

Corpulence,  »•••••••..«  443 

Costiveness,  ..•••••••••  443 

Decline,  • 443 

Diarrhoea,  *.  »••«..«..  443 

Egg-Bound,  • 444 

Egg-Rupture,  »»  + «...*«..  444 

Epilepsy,  .•.«.••  •••«•  444 

Feet,  Diseases  of  toe,  • ».  .«•  •••  444 

Giddiness,  • •«••»••....  445 

Lice, 445 

Loss  of  Voice,  .*••••.••••  445 

Pairing  Fever, •••••  445 

Pimples  or  Obstruction  of  the  Romp  Gland,  .....  445 

Pip, 446 

Rheum  or  Cold,  ••••..««•••  446 

Rupture, ••«••••  446 

Sneezing,  «••••••»..••  446 

Sweating,  ••••••....••  446 

The  Care  of  Birds,  • ••••..«••  447 

Teaching  to  Sing,  .•«••••«»•  450 

Tympany,  446 

Yellow  Scab.  446 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Frontispiece,  Pag* 

Head  of  Stallion,  • ••••••••39 

Abscess  Lancet, • • • • • 40 

Artery  Forceps,  Shut, 46 

Artery  Forceps,  Showing  How  a Ligature  is  Passed  Over 

to  Tie  the  Bleeding  Vessel, 46 

Forceps  for  Lifting  Bleeding  and  Wounded  Blood  Ves- 
sels, so  that  they  may  be  Tied,  • • • . ,46 

Bone  Forceps,  . 57 

Ecraseur,  (or  New  Instrument  for  Castrating  Colts,)  58 
Florence  Flask,  Used  in  Generating  Chlorine  Gas,  • 74 

Operating  on  the  Eye,  •••••,••84 

Foot  Lancet,  .,100 

Quittor  Syringe,  105 

Bullet  Forceps  of  Different  Patterns,  • • • 124 

Hypodermic  Syringe,  ,139 

Ecraseurs,  as  Made  by  Different  Manufacturers,  . 142 

Spring  Lancet, . 143 

Syringe  for  Injecting  Medicines  into  Tumors,  • • 148 

Curved  Trocar  and  Canula, • 143 

Straight  Trocar,  with  Canula,  143 

Tooth  Chisel,  Rasp,  and  Hammer,  • • • • • 161 

Bone  Holder, • « • 163 


ILLUSTRATIONS* 


PAGE 

Liston’s  Bone  Forceps, 164 

Wound  Dilator  and  Knife,  ......  177 

Moyer’s  Patent  Probang,  179 

Quittor  Syringe,  with  Rings.  To  be  Used  with  One 

Hand,  . 183 

Needle  with  Fixed  Handle, 192 

Needle  Armed  with  Wire,  .......  192 

Tooth  Forceps,  • • • 22 1 

Tracheotomy  Tube, 222 

Trepanning  Instruments,  • •••••«  223 

Trephine,  ..•••••«•••  224 

Operating  Knife, . . # . 224 

Hypodermic  Syringe,  228 

Director  and  Probes  Used  in  the  Cure  of  Wounds  and 

Sores,  24G 

Curved  and  probe-Pointed  Scissors  for  Dressing  the 

Cavities  of  Wounds, 241 

Head  of  Ox, 243 

Trocar,  with  Canula,  # ......  . 285 

Milk  Syphon,  ..........  308 

South-down  Ram,  •••  •..••?  319 

Medicine  Chest,  337 

Minimum,  or  Drop  Measure, * . 339 

Graduated  Measure, 339 

Balance,  Weighing  One  Grain  to  a Few  Ounces,  . 343 

Wedgewood  Mortar,  No.  1, 348 

Wedgewood  Mortar,  No.  2,  348 

Caustic  Holder, « 388 


PART  I. 


THEORY  AND  PRACTICE  OF 
VETERINARY  SCIENCE 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE 
DISEASES  OF  CATTLE 
DISEASES  OF  SHEEP 
HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES 
PRESCRIPTIONS  AND  PREPARATIONS 
DISEASES  OF  SWINE 
DISEASES  OF  POULTRY 
DISEASES  OF  DOGS 
DISEASES  OF  BIRDS 


* 


INTRODUCTION. 


CAUSES  OF  DISEASE 

Scientific  men  give  three  names  when  they  speak  of 
the  causes  of  disease — exciting,  predisposing,  and  proximate . 
The  first  may  justly  be  termed  the  originators  of  disease; 
by  the  second  is  meant  those  more  easily  acted  upon  by 
causes  that  a more  healthy  animal  would  resist  altogether ; 
and  the  third  is  almost  the  disease  itself.  Of  the  causes 
with  which  we  are  acquainted,  not  many  of  them  are  alike, 
mid  their  effects,  that  is,  the  disease,  just  as  diverse. 

These  causes  are  named  in  the  following  table : 

1.  Electric,  and  other  conditions  oi  the  atmosphere. 

2.  Food  and  water. 

3.  Overwork. 

4.  Poisons — animal,  vegetable,  mineral,  and  zumins,  of 
ferments. 

5.  Malformations,  or  badly-formed  parts. 

6.  Age  and  decay. 

7.  Changes  of  temperature. 

8.  Hereditary  influence. 

9.  Mechanical. 

10.  Starvation. 

That  the  writer  may  be  more  clearly  understood  in 

29 


30 


INTRODUCTION, 


regard  to  these  causes,  examples  will  be  given  in  the  order 
above  stated. 

The  first  is  looked  upon  as  the  cause  of  the  many  dis- 
eases which  take  on  an  epizootic  form.  The  second,  rusty 
'straw,  and  musty  hay  and  corn  fed  to  animals  with  weak 
stomachs.  Third,  riding  too  far  and  too  fast,  overloading, 
etc.  Fourth,  animals  drinking  out  of  leaden  troughs, 
where  pieces  of  old  iron  may  be  lying  in  the  bottom,  in- 
oculation by  the  virus  from  a glandered  horse,  are  illustra- 
tions of  animal  poisons,  zumins,  or  ferments.  (See  Glan- 
ders.) Fifth,  a horse  with  point  of  hock  inclined  forward, 
which  is  the  originator  of  curb.  Sixth,  an  old  horse  or 
cow,  with  no  teeth  to  chew  its  feed.  Seventh,  taking  an 
animal  from  a warm  and  comfortable  stable,  and  exposing 
it  to  a cold,  north-eastern  storm.  Eighth,  a flat  forehead, 
transmitted  from  parentage,  thus  preventing  a full  develop- 
ment of  the  brain  where  the  optic  nerve  is  given  off  from 
the  brain,  thus  insuring  blindness  about  the  seventh  or 
eighth  year,  and  sometimes  earlier.  None  need  be  told  of 
the  disposition  of  the  coarse-bred  Canadian  horse  to  be- 
come affected  with  disease  of  the  bones,  mostly  in  the  form 
of  ring-bone,  (which  see.)  Ninth,  stone  in  the  bladder, 
and  calculi  in  the  bowels.  Tenth,  besieged  garrisons,  for- 
tresses, when  crops  have  failed,  and  famine. 

HOW  TO  OBSEKVE  DISEASES. 

We  are  sometimes  asked  how  it  is  that  we  know  so  ex- 
actly what  the  disease  is  that  this  or  that  animal  is  affected 
with,  as  it  cannot  speak  and  narrate  its  ills  and  its  aches. 
To  this  question  we  might  repeat  a common  truism,  aA 
shut  mouth  tells  no  lies ; ” therefore,  nobody  is  deceived. 
Nature  has  but  one  set  of  weights  and  measures , and  these 


INTRODUCTION. 


31 

only  should  be  used.  Thus,  if  a horse  have  a corn  or 
bruised  heel,  he  will  be  as  sure  to  go  lame  as  he  would 
with  an  ordinary  sprain.  The  difference  is,  that  he  not 
only  stretches  out  the  sore  foot,  but  he  elevates  the  heel 
from  the  ground,  and  will  not  set  his  foot  flat  to  please,  or 
it  may  be  said  to  deceive  any  one.  The  uneasy  eye,  the 
anxious  expression,  and  the  sharp,  peculiar  look,  tell  the 
tale  of  suffering,  and  bear  testimony  to  a description  so 
faithful  and  true,  that  every  man  should  understand  how 
to  interpret  them. 

THE  PKINCIPLES  OF  DISEASE. 

Congestion . — By  this  term  is  meant  an  undue  flow  of 
blood  into  a part,  and  remaining  in  it.  The  blood-vessels 
lose  the  power  of  contracting  and  emptying  themselves,  as 
when  in  health.  Congestion  is  not  accompanied  with  in- 
flammation, as  some  suppose,  and  may  exist  without  irrita- 
tion. Irritation  is  only  present  when  the  blood  passes  more 
rapidly  into  a part  than  its  vessels  can  carry  it  out,  and 
inflammation  only  is  present  when  more  fluid  is  thrown 
into  the  vessels  than  they  can  get  rid  of. 

Irritation . — This  peculiar  condition  is  the  result  of  in- 
creased sensitiveness,  or  an  exalted  action,  accompanied 
with  quickened  beating  of  the  heart  and  pulse.  When  we 
apply  the  term  to  special  cases,  it  will  be  better  under- 
stood, as  irritation  of  the  bowels  producing  diarrhoea,  of 
the  bladder  frequently  passing  off  urine,  of  the  eye  causing 
an  increased  flow  of  tears,  and  of  the  throat  giving  rise  to 
cough. 

Inflammation  differs  from  irritation,  inasmuch  as  it  is 
more  painful.  There  are  three  varieties — acute,  sub-acute, 
and  chronic . Inflammation  has  also  three  terminations  r 


32 


INTRODUCTION. 


(1.)  Resolution ; that  is,  it  gives  way,  or  is  relieved  be* 
fore  any  alteration  has  taken  place  in  the  part  so  inflamed. 

(2.)  Suppuration , or  the  formation  of  pus. 

(3.)  Mortification , or  death  of  the  part  alfected,  and  the 
subsequent  death  of  the  animal.  Inflammation  is  charac- 
terized by  four  conditions,  or  phenomena,  as  they  are 
called — pain,  heat,  redness,  and  swelling.  Inflammation 
assumes  different  degrees  of  intensity,  modified  by  the 
cause,  and  the  part  or  organ  affected.  When  it  is  situated 
in  the  wind  wipe,  (bronchitis,  which  see,)  lungs,  or  bowels, 
great  uneasiness  and  disturbance  are  manifest.  In  a few 
hours  this  condition  gives  way  to  depression. 

Depression . — Many  diseases  of  an  inflammatory  type, 
when  their  course  is  run,  leave  the  system  in  a state  of  de- 
pression, or  a low  condition  of  vitality.  How  necessary, 
then,  that  this  should  be  properly  understood  when  treat- 
ing inflammatory  diseases,  as  one  pint  of  blood  taken  from 
a large  horse  would,  under  these  circumstances,  cost  him 
his  life ! Rather  anticipate  the  weakness  by  supporting 
and  husbanding  the  strength  as  much  as  possible,  so  as  to 
overcome  disease. 

There  are  two  great  divisions  of  diseased  action,  which 
it  will  be  well  for  farmers,  and  others  interested  in  the 
welfare  of  their  animals,  to  know,  and  these  are : First. 
The  exalted,  or  as  it  is  called  sthenic , or  commonly  known 
by  the  term  inflammation,  and  requires  for  treatment,  not 
bleeding,  but  medicine  having  the  power  of  overcoming 
the  exalted  condition,  by  controlling  the  fast  beating  of 
the  heart  and  pulse.  This  is  easily  done  by  the  power  of 
such  agents  as  aconite  or  veratrum,  (which  see,)  and  with- 
out in  any  way  impairing  the  strength  and  constitution  of 
the  animal.  The  second,  or  depressed  condition  of  dis- 
ease, and  known  as  the  asthenic , requiring  a treatment 


INTRODUCTION. 


33 


opposite  to  the  above  variety,  namely,  iron,  gentian,  etc* 
(which  see,)  to  add  to  the  strength  of  the  animal,  and 
quality  of  the  blood.  An  improved  diet,  and  in  greater 
quantity,  will,  in  many  cases  of  depression,  not  only  cure 
the  disease,  but  remove  the  cause  also. 


FEVEE. 

There  are  four  stages  observed  in  fever 

(1.)  Weakness,  loss  of  appetite,  and  low  spirits. 

(2.)  A shiver,  or  chill,  uneasiness,  flanks  move  quick 
and  short,  nostrils  more  or  less  distended,  one  leg  or  ear 
hot,  and  the  other  cold. 

(3.)  After  a time  the  coldness  is  succeeded  by  great  heat 
and  thirst,  costiveness,  urine  scanty  and  high-colored, 
mouth  hot  and  dry. 

(4.)  When  the  fever  has  lasted  for  a longer  or  shorter 
time,  the  skin  becomes  more  moist,  the  bowels  and  kidneys 
act  more  freely  ; the  pulse  becomes  more  full,  although  not 
less  frequent,  and  the  mouth  more  moist. 

When  fever  is  accompanied  with  disease  of  the  lungs, 
liver,  or  other  organ  of  the  body,  or  after  an  accident  of 
any  severity,  it  is  then  called  symptomatic  fever. 

Fever  is  called  idiopathic,  when  not  accompanied  by  dis- 
ease or  accident.  From  the  days  of  Galen  to  the  present 
time,  of  the  many  theories  advanced  to  explain  its  proximate 
cause,  none  seem  to  satisfy  the  philosophical  student,  and 
all  belong  to  the  unsolved  problems  in  physiology. 

Diseased  Secretion . — A good  example  of  what  is  here 
meant  may  be  found  in  the  discharges  from  the  nose  of 
animals  affected  with  cold,  influenza,  and  glanders.  The 
salivary  gland  may  secrete  too  much  fluid,  as  horses  eating 
second  crop  clover.  We  call  this  salivation. 


34 


INTRODUCTION. 


Increased  Secretion . — In  health,  serum  is  only  supplied 
in  sufficient  quantity  to  keep  the  surfaces  moist,  the  ab- 
sorbent vessels  preventing  accumulations.  In  the  cavities 
of  joints  this  secretion  is  often  too  large,  causing  enlarge- 
ments, of  which  a very  good  example  may  be  seen  in  swell- 
ings of  the  hock-joint,  called  bog  spavin,  and  also  in 
thorough-pin. 

THE  PULSE. 

The  pulse  of  the  horse  and  the  ox  is  felt  on  the  inner  angle 
of  the  lower  jaw,  as  being  the  most  convenient  place.  The 
state  of  the  pulse  tells  the  condition  of  the  heart,  whether 
the  disease  is  of  an  exalted  or  depressed  character,  or 
whether  sickness  is  at  all  present.  The  pulse  is  more  fre- 
quent in  young  than  in  old  animals.  In  the  full-grown 
and  healthy  horse  it  beats  from  thirty-two  to  thirty-eight 
in  the  minute;  in  the  ox  or  cow,  thirty-five  to  forty- 
two  ; in  the  sheep,  seventy  to  seventy-five ; and  in  the 
dog,  from  ninety  to  ninety -eight.  In  inflammations  and 
fevers  the  frequency  of  the  pulse  is  increased.  In  debility 
and  depression  it  is  slower,  but  sometimes  quicker  than 
natural.  There  are  the  quick  pulse,  the  strong,  the  sharp, 
the  regular,  the  intermittent,  and  many  other  varieties, 
both  fanciful  and  real,  which  few  persons  can  appreciate. 
The  pulse  of  inflammation  and  fever  numbers  from  seventy- 
five  to  eighty  beats  in  the  minute ; and  in  great  debility, 
as  in  the  last  stage  of  glanders,  accompanied  with  tubercles 
of  the  lungs,  the  pulse  will  number  one  hundred  beats  per 
minute. 

BREATHING. 

A good  sized,  healthy  horse,  will  take  one  inspiration  to 
three  of  the  pulse  beats.  When  the  breathing  is  more 


INTRODUCTION, 


35 


frequent  or  slower,  and  when  irregular,  or  difficult  and 
laborious,  there  is  then  disease  ; although  we  sometimes  see 
the  breathing  quickened  and  short,  when  no  disease  is 
present.  Both  the  pulse  and  the  breathing  will  be  quick- 
ened by  exposure  to  heat,  as  in  a stable  up-stairs,  and  ex- 
posed to  an  August  sun.  By  removing  the  animal  to  a 
stable  not  so  situated,  the  breathing  and  the  pulse  will  be 
greatly  lessened.  Hence  the  advantage  of  placing  animals 
in  a cool  and  airy  place  when  they  are  unwell.  It  saves  a 
great  waste  of  their  strength  and  vitality,  thereby  enabling 
them  to  throw  off  the  effects  of  disease. 

TREATMENT  OF  DISEASE. 

The  antiphlogistic  plan  of  treating  disease  was  derived 
from  a theory  now  entirely  exploded,  and  almost  forgotten. 
Repeated  bleedings,  blistering,  physicking,  and  starving  on 
low  diet,  are  some  of  the  measures  entering  into  the  general 
plan  which  has  destroyed  more  life  and  property  than  all 
the  wars,  ancient  or  modern. 

Bleeding,  in  domestic  practice,  is  almost  discarded,  and 
in  veterinary  practice  it  should  never  have  been  employed. 
And  if  this  fact  shall  be  the  means  of  opening  the  eyes  of 
those  interested  (and  who  is  not?)  in  the  health  of  the 
animals  supplying  us  with  meat,  and  the  horse,  (a  willing 
and  a faithful  help,)  to  the  injury  done  by  bleeding  in  health 
or  disease,  the  writer  will  have  his  reward.  Avoid  these 
measures,  and  substitute  a rational  and  successful  system 
of  treating  the  diseases  of  your  animals.  Ascertain  whether 
your  horse  is  suffering  from  a disease  of  an  exalted  or  in- 
flammatory kind  ; substitute  aconite,  pure  air,  and  cold 
water  for  bleeding,  and  in  a few  hours  you  will  have  no 
cause  to  regret  the  change.  If  the  disease  be  of  a depressed 


36 


INTRODUCTION, 


kind,  accompanied  with  weakness  and  debility,  give  nux 
vomica,  iron,  and  a generous  diet.  If  the  disease  be  an 
eruptive  fever,  give  sulphite  of  soda  to  purify  the  blood. 
In  rheumatism,  administer  colchicum  and  carbonate  of 
soda.  In  mange,  apply  the  sulphuret  of  potassa  to  the 
skin,  and  thereby  destroy  the  small  insects  which  cause 
the  trouble. 

In  hard  swellings  use  the  preparations  of  iodine,  to  cause 
their  absorption.  In  lameness,  allow  absolute  and  entire 
rest,  and  apply  hot  or  cold  applications  and  slight  irritants 
to  the  parts,  to  remove  the  products  of  the  sprain.  Ascer- 
tain the  cause  of  disease,  and  having  found  it,  have  it  re- 
moved, and  the  effects  will  cease.  If  the  animal  be  costive 
from  eating  dry,  concentrated  feed,  remove  it,  and  give 
green  feed  or  bran,  but  do  not  give  physic.  If  diarrhoea 
be  present,  leave  it,  at  least  for  a time,  to  itself,  as  it  is 
nature’s  plan  of  getting  rid  of  the  offending  matter.  But, 
if  it  should  continue,  chalk  and  opium,  as  an  astringent, 
are  what  is  wanted.  The  reader  cannot  fail  to  see  how 
simple,  and  his  experience  will  demonstrate  how  successful 
these  measures  are  in  arresting  and  curing  the  diseases  of 
all  our  domestic  animals. 

VIS  MEDICATRIX  NATURE,  OR  HOW  DISEASES  ARE  CURED 
WITHOUT  MEDICINE. 

Intelligent  persons  have  no  difficulty  in  recognizing  in 
the  constitutions  of  animals  and  men  a power  of  self- 
restoration, which  is  capable  of  resisting  the  influence  of 
disease.  It  is  this  power  that  heals  wounds,  unites  broken 
bones,  and  supplies  lost  substances.  Diseases  are  not  un- 
frequently  efforts  in  this  direction,  intended  to  stay  theaction 
of  hurtful  material  when  admitted  into  the  system.  When 


INTRODUCTION. 


37 


the  eye  for  instance,  receives  a particle  of  sand  or  hay -seed, 
the  weeping  of  the  secretions  of  pus  are  remedial  measures 
to  rid  it  of  the  offending  matter.  Poisons  are  good  ex- 
amples of  the  manner  in  which  animals  will  cure  them- 
selves. When  poison  is  taken  into  the  stomach,  irritation 
of  the  bowels  is  set  up,  followed  by  purging,  as  an  effort  to 
get  rid  of  the  poison.  Nature,  however,  is  not  always  suc- 
cessful, and  the  animal  may  die  from  the  violent  action  set 
up.  Again,  a sprain  will  be  cured  by  this  very  power, 
provided  absolute  and  entire  rest  be  allowed  to  the  sprained 
part,  without  any  interference  from  medicine  or  art.  The 
remedial  powers  of  nature  often  require  assistance,  as,  for 
instance,  in  cases  of  debility,  when  the  blood  is  becoming 
too  watery.  A few  doses  of  iron,  and  in  many  cases  a 
little  extra  food,  will  enable  the  sanative  powers  of  the 
constitution  to  effect  a complete  cure.  Often  the  removal 
of  an  animal  from  the  sphere  of  exciting  causes  of  disease 
will  cause  the  effect  to  cease,  and  the  power  of  nature  will 
cure  the  affection.  Hence,  many  persons  reflect  upon  the 
many  instances  when  apparently  severe  cases  of  sickness 
were  cured  by  some  simple  substance,  and  much  credit 
given  to  a power  it  never  possessed.  Where  the  powers 
of  nature  are  left  to  perform  a cure,  let  the  strength  of  the 
animal  be  maintained,  because  if  that  fail,  where  is  the 
chance  of  recovery  ? Blood-letting  and  physicking  are 
powerful  and  depressing  agents ; so  much  so  that,  when 
carried  to  any  extent,  few,  if  any  animals,  by  the  little 
power  that  may  be  left,  will  cure  themselves.  It  is  this  ■ 
knowledge  that  enables  Homoeopathists  to  continue  their  j 
practice ; for  if  it  were  not  for  this  power  in  the  constitu- 
tion in  each  and  every  animal,  Homoeopathists  would  have 
long  since  ceased  to  practise  their  peculiar  art.  If  farmers 
and  owners  of  horses  and  cattle  will  only  cease  to  bleed. 


38 


INTRODUCTION. 


and  pour  nostrums  down  the  throats  of  their  stock,  and 
learn  to  rely  more  upon  the  great  curative  that  God  has 
implanted  in  the  constitution  of  all  His  creatures,  as  a 
power  in  protecting  their  lives  when  attacked  by  disease, 
it  will  surely  be  infinitely  more  profitable  and  pleasant  to 
them.  In  curing  disease,  medicine  and  art  should  be 
directed  to  assist  the  powers  of  nature  to  overcome  disease 
- — nothing  more. 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


THEIR  NATURE.  SYMPTOMS.  CAUSE  AND  TREATMENT. 


Ak  alphabetical  classification  of  dis* 
ease  is  the  only  arrangement  adapted 
to  popular  instruction  and  do- 
mestic use.  As  some  diseases, 
have  more  than  one  com* 
mon  name,  a few  references 
are  all  that  may  be  neces- 
sary  to  find  the  particular 
disease  wanted.  In  every 
the  treatment  I ha  ye  first  recom- 
ir ended  should  be  tried ; and,  if  it  be  not 
successful,  the  next  in  order  will  be  taken. 
Also  begin  with  the  smallest  dose,  increasing,  diminishing, 
or  withdrawing  it  altogether,  as  the  case  seems  to  require, 
I do  not  think  it  necessary  to  quote  authorities  to  substan- 
tiate what  is  said  in  regard  to  this  or  that  medicine  as  a 
remedy,  as  the  plans  and  remedies  are  those  employed  by 
the  profession. 

Abrasion  signifies  to  tear  off,  and  is  applied  to  the  skin 
when  it  has  been  rubbed  or  torn  off,  and  to  the  lining 
membranes  of  the  nose.  The  treatment  will  be  found  under 
that  of  bleeding  wounds.  r 

m 


40 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE* 


Abscess. — This  is  also  called,  by  some  persons,  a heal- 
ing— a formation  of  matter  or  pus  under  the  skin,  as  the 
result  of  inflammation,  either  acute  or  chronic.  Sometimes 
abscess  in  bone  is  seen,  also  of  the  liver  and  the  brain ; and, 
indeed,  no  part  or  tissue  of  an  animal  is  exempt  from  it. 

Symptoms.  Pain,  heat  and  swelling;  a projection  or 
prominence  on  the  swelling  from  which  the  hair  falls  off, 
disclosing  a yellow,  white  and  soft  part  upon  its  apex.  In 
a common  abscess  of  this  kind,  it  will  only  be  necessary  to 


ABSCESS  LANCET. 

hasten  the  formation  of  the  pus  by  applying  poultices  of 
flaxseed  or  some  other  soft  substance  to  the  part,  and  when 
the  point  is  soft  and  evidently  contains  fluid,  make  an 
opening  on  its  lowest  dependent  point  with  a sharp  knife, 
so  that  the  discharge  will  flow  out  of  itself,  and  then  apply 


Rain  water,  . . 1 ounce. 

Chloride  of  Zinc, 6 grains. 


Mix  and  apply  to  the  wound  twice  a day. 

It  is  not  advisable  to  open  an  abscess  too  soon,  or  before 
the  pus  has  properly  formed.  (See  articles  on  Strangles  and 
Fistula.) 

Acari. — (See  Mange.) 

Accidents. — When  a horse  falls  whilst  drawing  a 
vehicle — 

1.  Jump  down  and  hold  the  animal's  head,  to  prevent 
his  dashing  it  about  to  his  own  injury. 

2,  Loosen  the  check-rein  (if  you  are  so  foolish  as  to  use 
one)  and  the  parts  of  the  harness  which  fasten  on  the  vehicle. 


ANEURISM. 


41 


3.  Back  the  carriage,  so  as  to  get  the  shafts  and  traces 
clear. 

4.  Steady  and  support  the  horse’s  head,  and  excite  him, 
with  hand  and  voice,  to  rise. 

5.  When  you  have  got  him  up,  pat  and  encourage  the 
poor  animal,  and  see  if  he  is  wounded,  or  otherwise  injured. 

6.  Let  him  stand  still  a short  time  to  recover  himself, 
and  then  proceed  gently  and  with  greater  caution  than  be- 
fore. (See  Sprains,  Bruises,  Bleeding,  and  Wounds.) 

Aconite. — (See  Medicines.) 

Alteratives. — This  term  is  not  very  scientific,  but  it  is 
in  very  general  use,  and  easily  explains  its  own  meaning, 
though  the  modus  operandi  of  the  drugs  employed  to  carry 
it  out  is  not  so  clear.  The  object  is  to  replace  unhealthy 
action  by  a healthy  one,  without  resorting  to  any  of  the 
distinctly-defined  remedies,  such  as  tonics,  stomachics,  etc. 
As  a general  rule,  this  class  of  remedies  produce  their 
effect  by  acting  slowly  but  steadily  on  the  depuratory 
organs,  as  the  liver,  kidneys,  and  skin.  The  following 
may  be  found  useful  for  general  use : 

Black  sulphuret  of  antimony,  . . 2 to  4 drachms. 

Sulphur, 2 drachms. 

Nitre,  2 drachms. 

To  be  given  mixed  in  cut  feed  at  night  only. 

Amaurosis. — Glass  eye.  (See  Eye  Diseases.) 

Anaemia. — Deficient  or  bad  blood. 

Anchylosis.— (See  Spavin  and  Open  Joints.) 

Aneurism. — A pulsating  tumor,  produced  by  the  rup- 
ture of  the  inner  coats  of  the  vessel,  and  the  blood  getting 
between  it  and  the  outer  coat.  They  manifest  themselves 
in  many  parts  of  the  body.  An  expert  surgeon  is  only 


42 


DISEASES  OP  THE  HORSE. 


capable  of  remedying  it,  as  great  danger  of  bleeding  to 
death  would  result  from  opening  a tumoi  this  kind. 

Apoplexy. — Symptoms . The  animal  falling  suddenly, 
loss  of  feeling  and  the  power  of  motion,  and  breathing 
deep  and  slow.  In  most  cases  the  horse  gets  up  again, 
shakes  himself,  and  proceeds  on  his  journey  almost  as  if 
nothing  had  happened,  but  it  will  shortly  be  seen  that  the 
animal  is  not  so  lively  as  formerly,  and  that  it  will  after- 
wards be  unsafe  to  use  him,  especially  for  a family  carriage, 
as  in  a fit  of  this  kind  the  horse  may  become  entirely  un- 
manageable, and  can  only  be  controlled  by  a power  stronger 
than  his  own.  Horses  subject  to  disease  of  this  kind,  will, 
at  times,  be  observed  to  look  sleepy,  with  a slight  knuck- 
ling of  the  hind  pastern-joints,  accompanied  with  stiffness 
of  the  hind  quarters  and  lopping  of  the  ears.  All  these 
symptoms  are  seen  in  brain  disease,  as  Staggers,  Megrims, 
and  Epilepsy.  (Which  see.) 

Causes.  Breaking  of  a blood-vessel,  effusion  or  water  on 
the  brain,  producing  pressure,  too  small  a collar  on  a thick- 
necked horse,  interfering  with  a free  circulation  of  the 
blood  to  and  from  the  head,  effects  of  the  sun — sunstroke. 
(Coup-de-soleil.) 

In  severe  cases  of  Apoplexy,  many  never  have  the  use 
of  their  legs  again,  by  their  remaining  palsied.  (See  Palsy.) 

Treatment.  Apply  chopped  ice  to  the  head,  in  bags,  and 
secured  by  proper  fixings.  Keep  up  a free  circulation  in 
the  legs  by  rubbing  and  woollen  bandages,  or  warm  water 
clothes,  and  renewed  every  half  hour.  Then  apply  a small 
blister  of 

Spanish  Fly,  ...  * . . . . J drachm. 

Hog’s  Lard, 2 drachms. 

Mix  them  well  together,  and  rub  the  salve  well  in  by  the  hand 
on  the  part  just  behind  the  ears. 


BIG  HEAD. 


43 


Do  not  bleed,  as  that  measure  will  only  insure  effusion, 
and,  as  in  the  brain,  ultimately  cause  death  or  dumbness. 
(Which  see.) 

If  there  be  much  exaltation  or  excitement,  give  fifteen 
drops  of  the  tincture  of  aconite  root  every  four  hours,  till 
five  or  six  doses  are  taken.  If  the  contrary  condition  be 
present,  that  is,  depression,  give  from  ten  to  fifteen  drops 
of  the  tincture  of  nux  vomica  four  times  a day,  for  a few 
days,  or  a week,  if  necessary.  These  medicines  are  best 
given  in  cold  water,  when  the  animal  will  drink  it ; if  not, 
mix  with  a cup  of  water,  and  drench  out  of  a stout-necked 
bottle.  Feed  the  horse  generously  and  well. 

Aphtha. — (See  Mouth  Diseases.) 

Atrophy. — Wasting  and  shrinking  of  a part  of  the 
muscles,  as  is  seen  in  sweenie  of  the  shoulder;  consumption 
and  disease  of  the  mesentery,  and  also  palsy  or  paralysis 
of  the  hind  legs,  from  which  the  muscles  of  the  hip  will  be 
seen  to  have  fallen  away. 

Causes . The  parts  deprived  of  their  proper  use,  action 
or  function.  A long-continued  corn  on  the  foot  of  a horse, 
depriving  him  of  the  proper  use  of  that  limb,  will  cause 
shrinking  of  the  subscapularis  muscle  of  the  shoulder. 

Treatment  Removal  of  the  cause,  and  restoring  the  func- 
tions of  the  parts  to  their  proper  condition.  In  case  of 
many  joint  diseases,  it  will  be  necessary  to  have  the  horse 
walked  before  he  is  cured,  to  prevent  too  much  wasting  of 
the  parts  from  long  standing  and  want  of  use. 

Back  Sinuses.— (See  Sprain.) 

Baldness. — (See  Skin  Diseases.) 

Belly  -ache. — (See  Colic.) 

Big  Head. — (See  Osteoporosis,) 


44 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE* 


Bishoping. — Bishoping  is  the  name  of  an  operation 
performed  upon  the  front  or  nipper  teeth  of  horses  that  are 
more  than  eight  years  old,  for  the  purpose  of  imitating  the 
mark  of  the  teeth  of  young  horses,  in  order  to  deceive  those 
persons  who  are  supposed  to  be  poor  judges  in  the  age  of 
horses.  It  can  rarely  deceive  any  person  of  ordinary  in- 
telligence. The  general  appearance  of  the  horse  will  soon 
tell,  if  he  be  an  old  or  young  animal. 

Bite  of  Mad  Bog. — When  any  reasonable  suspicion 
exists  that  the  dog  is  mad,  have  the  parts  completely  washed 
out  with  cold  water,  if  possible  forced  with  a syringe  or 
hydrant,  so  as  the  water  will  find  its  way  to  the  bottom  of 
the  wound,  and  wash  out  any  virus  that  may  have  lodged 
there. 

If  the  bite  be  upon  the  leg  of  man,  horse  or  other  animal, 
or  man’s  arm  or  finger,  a Tourniquet  or  soft  rope  or  cord 
should  be  tied  tightly  around  the  leg  above  the  bite,  till 
other  measures  are  used  to  have  the  bite  purified.  After 
the  cord  is  properly  applied,  have  the  parts  washed  out; 
next  either  cut  a portion  of  the  flesh  from  the  top,  sides 
and  bottom  of  the  wound,  or  apply  caustic  to  the  parts. 
The  nitrate  of  silver  is  possibly  the  best  for  this  purpose. 
A few  drops  of  nitric,  hydrochloric  or  sulphuric  acid  may 
be  dropped  into  the  wound,  and  by  the  burning  properties 
of  these  articles  the  destructive  character  of  the  poison  will 
be  destroyed. 

After  these  measures  have  been  satisfactorily  performed, 
the  wounds  should  be  treated  as  for  common  wounds  with 
simple  ointment  (see  Prescriptions  and  Medicines).  The 
bite  of  other  rabid  or  poisonous  animals  should  be  treated  in 
the  same  manner.  Persons  have  been  bold  enough  to  have 
allowed  themselves  to  be  bitten  by  mad  dogs  no  less  than 
seven  times,  and  then  applying  the  nitrate  of  silver  as  a 


BLEEDING. 


45 


eaustic  to  the  bites,  never  became  affected  with  the  canine 
disease.  However,  too  much  dependence  should  not 
be  placed  in  any  one  measure  as  a protection  in  such 
cases.  The  great  protection  is,  do  not  allow  yourself  to  be 
bitten  at  all,  if  it  can  be  avoided. 

Bites  from  a healthy  dog  will  never  produce  madness, 
even  although  the  animal  go  mad  in  a year  or  two  after- 
ward, so  keep  your  mind  easy  on  that  point. 

Bladder  Diseases. — 1.  Inflammation. — This  condi- 
tion of  disease  is  sometimes  met  with,  but  is  rare  in  horses. 

Causes . Irritating  substances  or  foreign  bodies  in  the 
bladder. 

Symptoms.  Constant  desire  to  make  water,  pain,  strad- 
dling or  walking  wide  with  the  hind  legs,  great  tenderness 
under  the  belly. 

Treatment.  Inject  a little  warm  oil  into  the  bladder. 
This  can  only  be  done  by  an  expert  and  with  a proper  in- 
strument. Give  25  drops  of  the  tincture  of  aconite  root 
every  4 hours,  till  six  doses  are  given,  to  keep  down  pain. 
Allow  flaxseed  tea  to  drink,  or  drench  the  horse  with  it, 
which  has  an  excellent  soothing  effect.  Give  plenty  of  cold 
water  to  drink. 

2.  Calculi. — This  variety  of  stone  is  sometimes  found 
in  the  bladder  and  kidneys  of  horses.  This  may  be  said 
to  be  the  gravel  of  the  horse,  although  not  so  common  as 
in  man,  but  is  equally  troublesome,  and  requires  for  its 
cure  a formidable  operation  called  Lithotomy , an  operation 
of  no  great  magnitude  to  an  expert  surgeon,  but  can  scarcely 
be  undertaken  by  an  unprofessional  person,  even  though  a 
description  of  it  were  given. 

Bleeding. — 1.  Bleeding.— An  operation  for  the  draw- 
ing of  blood  from  the  body,  either  locally  or  generally. 


46  DISEASE  OF  TEE  HORSE. 

As  before  stated,  it  is  almost  entirely  discarded  from  domes- 
tic practice,  and  should  never  be  used  in  the  treatment  of 
diseases  of  animals,  however  much  the  adherent  of  an  ex- 
ploded and  an  erroneous  system  may  doubt  it.  Medicines 
will  be  described  in  this  book  that  will  not  only  insure 
greater  success  in  saving  a very  much  greater  percentage 
of  sick  animals,  and  with  less  trouble  in  a much  shorter 
time,  and  without  in  any  way  impairing  the  sanative  pow- 
ers of  the  animal's  constitution. 


ARTERY  FORCEPS,  SHUT. 


ARTERY  FORCEPS,  SHOWING  HOW  A LIGATURE  IS  PASSED  OVER  TO 
TIE  THE  BLEEDING  VESSEL. 


FORCEPS  FOR  LIFTING  BLEEDING  AND  WOUNDED  BLOOD  VESSELS 
SO  THAT  THEY  MAY  BE  TIED. 

2.  Bleeding  from  Wounds. — If  the  wound  be  a sim- 
ple one,  and  not  on  the  inside  of  a leg  where  the  large 
blood  vessels  are  situated,  all  that  will  be  necessary  to  stop 
it  will  be  a small  piece  of  cotton  or  soft  cloth  placed  in  and 


BLEEDING. 


47 


over  the  wound,  and  secure  it  for  a few  hours  by  a broad 
bandage,  not  too  tightly  applied  over  it,  or,  if  preferred, 
touch  the  mouth  of  the  bleeding  vessel  with  a piece  of  iron 
previously  immersed  in  boiling  water  or  in  the  fire  itself. 
The  surgeon’s  plan  would  be  to  get  hold  of  the  mouth  of 
the  vein  or  artery  with  a pair  of  artery  forceps  or  small 
tongs,  to  hold  it  so  that  he  can  tie  a piece  of  sadler’s  silk 
around  it.  If  the  wound  be  on  the  inside  of  the  hind  or 
fore  leg,  and  the  blood  of  a scarlet  color,  (see  Blood,)  place 
pads  of  cloth  and  bandage  pretty  tightly  over  it,  and  run 
for  a good  surgeon,  and  tell  him  what  the  trouble  is,  so 
that  he  will  go  properly  prepared  for  his  work. 

3.  Bleeding  from  the  Air  Passages  and  Lungs. — 
Observe  the  color  of  the  blood  discharged  from  the  nose  or 
mouth,  as  the  veins  of  the  lungs  convey  blood  similar  to 
the  arterial  blood  of  other  parts  of  the  body. 

Causes.  The  laying  bare,  and  the  rupture  of  small  ves- 
sels, and  the  structure  of  the  lungs,  breaking  down  as  in 
consumption,  and  some  cases  of  glanders  and  coryza. 

Treatment . Support  the  strength  by  the  mineral  acids, 
(see  Acids,)  and  small  doses  of  aconite  to  lessen  arterial  circu- 
lation. Bear  in  mind  in  cases  where  the  structure  of  the 
lungs  is  falling  to  pieces,  no  power  or  art  can  arrest  it. 
Hence,  the  incurability  of  consumption. 

4.  Bleeding  from  the  Skin. — This  disease  is  some- 
times called  purpura. 

Symptoms.  After  general  uneasiness,  some  pain,  fever, 
and  swelling  of  the  legs  and  other  parts  of  the  body ; tumors, 
varying  from  the  size  of  a cranberry  to  that  of  a pigeon’s  egg, 
often  running  together,  forming  large  patches  from  which 
blood  is  oozed  out  in  great  quantities,  giving  rise  to  much 
debility.  The  contagious  typhus  or  rinderpest  of  cattle, 
bears  many  resemblances  to  this  disease  of  the  horse. 


48 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


Treatment  Feed  the  animal  on  the  best  food  that  can  be 
procured,  and  pour  forty  drops  of  commercial  sulphuric 
acid  in  half  a bucket  of  cold  water  three  to  four  times  in 
the  day.  Then  get  two  ounces  each  of  the  sulphate  of  cop- 
per and  gentian  root  in  powder,  and  divide  into  eight  pow- 
ders, and  give  one  night  and  morning  in  the  feed. 

Apply  to  the  bleeding  surfaces  and  sores,  a liniment  com- 
posed as  follows:  Olive  oil  three  ounces;  creosote  one 
ounce;  mix  and  use  once  in  the  twenty-four  hours.  (See 
Mouth  Diseases.) 

Bloody  Urine. — (See  Kidney  Diseases.) 

Blood  . — Blood  is  observed  to  be  of  two  colors,  namely, 
red,  or  almost  of  a bright  scarlet.  When  blood  of  this 
color  is  issuing  from  wounds  in  jets  or  jerks,  it  is  considered 
more  dangerous  than  if  it  were  of  a dark-red,  or  venous 
blood.  The  first  is  direct  from  the  heart  itself,  and  the 
other  is  from  a more  remote  and  less  dangerous  part. 

It  may  be  interesting  to  know,  that  red  globules  are  more 
plentiful  in  blooded  or  well-bred  horses  than  in  horses  of  a 
coarser  kind,  which  accounts  for  a curious  fact  observed  in 
the  difference  of  vitality.  Thus,  a blooded  horse  bears  up 
under  diseased  action,  and  is  cured,  whilst  a western  or 
common  horse  will  die  under  the  same  disease. 

The  fluid  portion  of  blood  is  called  liquor  sanguinis , in 
which  the  red  globules  or  spheres  float.  When  blood  is 
' drawn  from  the  body,  it  divides  into  two  parts : the  solid 
5 is  called  dot , and  the  other  is  the  serum . This  serum  was 
once  relied  upon,  and  is  still  by  the  ignorant,  as  showing 
the  existence  of  inflammation.  It  is  by  the  blood  that  the 
strength,  wear,  and  tear  of  the  system  is  kept  up.  The 
heart  is  the  organ  by  which  the  blood  is  forced  through  the 
body.  If  the  blood  be  thin  and  watery,  it  is  called  hydro - 


BRAIN  DISEASES. 


49 


%emia.  (See  Dropsy.)  If  pus  be  in  the  blood,  it  is  then 
sailed  pyemia . (See  Glanders.) 

Boils. — (See  Saddle  or  Harness  Galls.) 

Bots. — (See  Worms.) 

Bowels,  Disease  of. — (See  Costiveness,  Diarrhoea,  and 
Dysentery.) 

Inflammation  of  the  Bowels. — Symptoms.  Acute 
pain  in  the  belly,  and  continuous,  getting  no  intervals  of 
rest  from  the  pain.  Rolling,  pawing,  and  shifting  about, 
sweating,  and  breathing  fast,  with  great  fever,  exaltation, 
and  excitement.  A fearful  disease.  Happily  not  so  fre- 
quent as  formerly. 

Can  only  be  mistaken  for  colic,  (which  see.)  In  colic 
there  are  times  of  ease  from  pain,  but  never  in  this  disease. 

Causes . Exposure  to  cold,  drinking  cold  water  in  great 
quantities  when  hot,  calculi,  or  hair  balls  in  the  bowels, 
costiveness,  diarrhoea,  and  as  a sequel  to  colic,  lead  and 
other  poisons,  (which  see.) 

Treatment  The  first  thing  to  be  done  is  to  lessen  or  de- 
stroy pain.  Give  a large  dose  of  the  tincture  of  aconite 
root,  say  thirty  drops,  to  be  repeated  in  two  hours.  Apply 
blankets  wrung  out  of  boiling  water  to  the  belly,  and  renew 
them  in  about  twenty  minutes. 

Give  injections  of  warm  not  hot  water,  soap,  and  a hand- 
ful of  table  salt  every  half  hour.  Continue  the  treatment 
while  there  is  enough  strength  remaining. 

, Bleeding  will  only  insure  and  hasten  death,  and  purga- 
tives are  too  slow  to  act — the  horse  is  either  dead,  or  will 
be  before  any  response  can  be  had  from  them. 

Brain  Diseases. — The  brain  and  its  coverings,  or  mem- 
branes, are  subject  to  inflammations  of  every  degree.  (See 
Apoplexy  and  Staggers.) 

4 


50 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


Breaking  Down. — This  accident  means  or  consists  in 
rupture  of  the  tendons  and  ligaments,  and  occurs  at  once 
when  the  horse  is  at  full  speed. 

Symptoms . The  horse  stops  suddenly,  or  perhaps  stum- 
bles and  falls ; gets  up,  but  stands  on  his**fet  locks,  the  toe 
of  the  foot  turned  up,  and  the  sole  of  the  foot,  as  it  were, 
looking  at  you. 

Treatment . If  the  fetlock  comes  entirely  to  the  ground, 
not  much  can  be  done ; and  when  it  does  not,  contraction 
of  the  leg  takes  place,  and  requires  division  of  the  tendon. 
(See  Tendeotomy.) 

Breathing  Short. — This  is  a symptom  of  irritation, 
inflammation,  debility,  weakness,  oppressions  of  every  kind, 
and  fever,  (which  see.) 

Breeze  Flies. — This  is  the  fly  supposed,  but  errone- 
ously, to  be  the  one  that  deposits  the  ova  or  eggs,  which 
generate  bots  in  horses.  (See  Worms.) 

Brittle  Feet. — (See  Foot  Diseases.) 

Bronchi. — -This  term  means  the  windwipe,  and  com- 
municates and  carries  the  atmosphere  to  and  from  the 
lungs.  It  is  the  seat  of  disease,  and  is  affected  more  or 
less  in  all  cases  of  colds  and  inflammations,  whether  of  the 
lungs  or  their  membranes — the  pleura. 

Bronchitis, — Inflammation  of  the  Air  Passages 
or  the  Parts  Enumerated  Above. — This  is  a very  com- 
mon disease  among  horses,  and  is  confounded  by  most  horse 
doctors  with  inflammation  of  the  lungs,  distempers,  and 
colds ; whereas,  it  is  distinguished  from  inflammation  of 
the  lungs  by  its  seat,  and  from  the  others  by  as  great  a 
dissimilarity. 

Bronchitis  occurs  in  various  degrees  of  intensity,  and 


BRONCHITIS. 


51 


should  at  least  be  described  under  two  heads,  notwithstand- 
ing the  one  distinction  may  run,  as  it  does  sometimes,  into 
the  other. 

1.  Acute  Bronchitis. — Symptoms.  Ushered  in  by  a 
chill,  fever,  harsh  or  painful  cough,  loss  of  appetite,  heav- 
ing at  the  flanks,  mouth  hot  and  dry.  In  a day  or  so,  a 
discharge  of  pus  or  matter  will  be  observed  from  one  or 
both  nostrils. 

If  bleeding,  or  other  severe  measures  be  used,  the  horse 
will  assuredly  die,  not  so  much  from  the  disease,  but  from 
maltreatment.  Better,  in  a disease  of  this  kind,  let  nature 
have  her  way,  and  give  the  horse  a chance  for  his  life  ; for 
in  the  other  case,  he  has  absolutely  none  whatever. 

Treatment.  First  the  horse  should  be  treated  as  for  fever. 
Place  the  horse  in  an  open  or  airy  place,  embraced  by  the 
word  “ comfortable  ” Obviously  it  would  not  be  comfort- 
able to  place  a sick  horse  in  an  open  place,  with  the  ther- 
mometer below  zero.  In  July  or  August  it  would  not  be 
necessary  to  burden  the  animal  with  blankets. 

Give  him  from  fifteen  to  twenty  drops  of  the  tincture  of 
aconite  root  every  four  hours,  till  six  doses  are  taken.  This 
will  relieve  the  fever,  breathing,  and  the  hot  and  dry  mouth. 

Give  plenty  of  cold  water  to  drink,  for  pain  and  fever  re- 
quire plenty  of  fluid,  as  all  the  secretions  are  dried  up. 
Let  the  animal  have  a little  grass,  if  it  can  be  got:  this 
will  relax  the  bowels,  and  cool  the  stomach.  On  the 
second  day,  the  following  medicines  may  be  given,  that  is, 
if  they  be  necessary  : Powdered  gentian  root,  two  ounces ; 
powdered  nux  vomica,  one  ounce.  Mix,  and  divide  into 
six  powders,  and  give  one  powder  morning,  noon,  and 
night.  These  medicines  will  prevent  debility  and  depres- 
sion, and  the  pouring  out  of  fluid  or  serum  into  the  legs, 
sheath,  belly,  and  breast.  After  the  fever  has  been  re- 


52 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


moved,  allow  good  feed,  and  a fair  quantity  of  it.  Such 
treatment  will  not  only  cure  the  horse  in  five  or  six  days, 
but  the  horse  is  nothing  the  worse,  beyond  the  loss  of  a few 
days*  work. 

2.  Chronic  Bronchitis. — Symptoms.  A confirmed 
cough,  more  or  less  severe,  and  a discharge  from  the  nose. 
The  cough  worse  in  the  morning,  and  after  drinking  water. 

Causes.  Maltreatment  of  acute  cases  of  bronchitis,  and 
where  the  attack  has  been  prolonged  beyond  a reasonable 
time,  causing  ulceration  or  thickening  of  the  windpipe. 

Treatment.  Give  extract  of  belladonna,  half  drachm, 
powdered  digitalis,  half  drachm,  three  times  in  the  day, 
morning,  noon,  and  night,  for  a few  days.  If  no  good 
seems  to  have  been  done,  a different  plan  will  have  to  be 
adopted,  namely : feed  the  animal  well,  and  give  sulphate 
of  iron,  two  drachms  in  powder ; gentian  root,  two  drachma 
in  powder — twice  in  the  day  for  two  weeks.  By  this  time 
the  absorbent  system  will  be  pretty  powerful.  Then  apply 
the  following  salve  or  ointment,  well  rubbed  in  down  the 
course  of  the  windpipe,  once  in  the  week : Lard,  one 
ounce ; red  iodide  of  mercury,  one  drachm.  Mix.  This 
will  cause  whatever  thickening  may  exist,  to  be  absorbed 
or  taken  up.  Lard  or  oil  will  bave  to  be  applied  once  per 
day  on  the  place  where  the  ointment  was  applied,  to  pre- 
vent the  skin  from  cracking.  If  the  animal  be  debilitated, 
give  occasionally  sixty  drops  of  commercial  sulphuric  acid 
in  half  a bucket  of  cold  water  to  drink. 

Bronchocele. — Pronounced  “ bronch-sea£,”  is  an  en- 
largement of  the  thyroid  gland,  and  is  situated  on  and  in 
front  of  the  windpipe,  about  three  inches  from  the  lower 
jaw.  In  horses  it  is  only  an  eye-sore  or  blemish. 

Causes.  In  the  horse  it  is  unknown,  nor  is  it  determined 


BROKEN  KNEES. 


53 


what  office  or  use  the  thyroid  gland  performs  in  man  or 
animals. 

Treatment . Apply  with  friction  by  the  hand  once  a 
week,  bin-iodide  of  mercury,  one  drachm ; hog’s  lard,  one 
ounce.  Mix,  and  make  an  ointment.  Rub  in  a piece 
about  the  size  of  a hickory-nut  over  and  around  the  en- 
largement. 

Broken  Knees* — When  a horse  stumbles  and  falls 
upon  his  knees,  and  takes  the  hair  and  some  of  the  skin 
off,  this  is  called  broken  knees. 

Treatment.  Wash  and  cleanse  the  parts  from  sand  and 
dirt,  and  if  the  skin  is  ragged  and  torn,  clip  off  with  a 
good  pair  of  scissors.  After  this  is  done,  ascertain  if  there 
is  any  discharge  from  the  sore  of  an  oily  substance,  and 
if  so  get  a smooth  pieoe  of  iron,  immerse  it  for  ten 
minutes  in  boiling  water,  and  apply  it  to  the  edges  of  the 
wound,  so  as  to  cause  the  parts  to  swell,  and  prevent  the 
escape  of  the  joint  oil ; for  if  this  be  allowed  to  escape, 
the  ends  of  the  bones  will  come  against  one  another. 
Irritation  and  inflammation  will  be  set  up,  and  either 
destroy  the  life  of  the  horse,  or  make  an  anchylosed  or 
stiff  joint.  This  is  an  important  point  to  be  observed,  and 
that  very  early  in  all  cases  of  broken  knees  or  open  joints 
wherever  situated.  After  the  hot  iron  has  been  applied, 
use  the  following  wash  twice  in  the  day : — Sulphate  of 
zinc,  half  an  ounce ; rain,  or  soft  water,  eight  ounces.  Mix. 
This  will  heal  the  sore,  and  prevent  proud  flesh  from 
growing.  This  wash  will  answer  for  the  more  simple 
wound  of  the  knee,  and  where  there  is  no  open  joint. 
Do  not  apply  bandages,  as  they  will  cause  the  whole  leg 
to  inflame  and  swell.  Sometimes  a kind  of  pouch  will  be 
formed  by  the  lower  edge  of  the  wound,  holding  whatever 


54 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


pus  or  other  fluid  may  escape.  This  pouch  should  be 
opened  at  its  lowest  bottom,  so  as  to  let  the  fluids  out,  and 
to  prevent  a bulge  or  permanent  swelling  remaining  after 
the  knee  has  otherwise  healed.  By  attention  to  this,  very 
little  or  no  blemish  or  scar  will  be  left  to  tell  the  tale  of  a 
stumbling  horse,  ora  bad  horseman. 

Bruises  of  the  Sole. — (See  Foot  Diseases.) 

Bums  and  Scalds. — Injuries  inflicted  upon  some 
parts  of  the  body  by  the  application  of  solid  heat,  are 
called  burns ; by  fluid  heat,  scalds. 

Treatment  In  horses  the  treatment  is  chiefly  local ; for 
in  cases  of  fire  in  large  cities,  the  generation  of  steam  is 
sometimes  so  great,  that  it  is  inhaled  by  animals  in  the 
burning  building : this  is  termed  scalding.  Not  much  can 
be  done,  nor  is  there  much  hope  of  a cure  in  cases  of  this 
kind.  The  utmost  that  can  be  done  is  to  give  plenty  of 
cold  water  to  drink,  and  keep  down  pain  by  means  of 
aconite,  (which  see.) 

For  burns  the  best  application  will  be,  one  pint  of  lin- 
seed oil,  and  half  a pint  of  lime  water,  stirred  together, 
or  rather  whipped,  (as  cooks  usually  do  eggs,)  till  the 
mixture  is  like  thick  cream.  This  is  to  be  applied  to  the 
burned  places,  spread  on  cotton  or  linen  rags,  for  a few 
days ; then  the  sores  are  to  be  dressed  with  green  ointment. 
(See  Ointments.) 

Bursa  Mucosa  Enlarged. — (See  Spavin  and  Wind 
Galls.) 

Calculi, — Stone  in  the  bladder. 

Cancers. — This  is  a hard  tumor,  malignant  in  its 
character,  at  first  small  in  size,  but  rapidly  increases,  and 
becomes  ulcerated.  The  horse  is  not  affected  with  so  many 
varieties  of  cancerous  growth  as  the  ox  and  the  dog,  and 


CAPPED  ELBOW. 


55 


even  man  himself.  Melanotic  cancer  is  most  commonly 
seen  in  gray  horses,  or  those  that  turn  white  with  age.  A 
small  hard  tumor  is  usually  seen  under  the  root  of  the 
tail,  and  about  the  anus. 

When  tumors  of  this  kind  are  seen  on  gray  horses,  it 
may  reasonably  be  expected  that  growths  of  the  same  char- 
acter will  be  found  inside,  on  the  spleen,  stomach,  and  liver. 
Horses  so  affected  may  work  well  for  years,  and  may  not  for 
a month.  The  tumors  increase  in  size  ; when  cut  into,  they 
discharge  a fluid  as  black  as  the  ink  of  the  cuttle-fish. 

Causes . As  this  disease  is  not  seen  in  young  gray  horses 
until  after  they  have  almost  turned  white,  it  may  be  in- 
ferred that  the  cause  results  from  the  loss,  or  want  of  the 
usual  pigment,  or  coloring  matter,  which  gives  color  to  the 
hair,  thus  depriving  the  animal  of  some  protection  from 
the  air  or  sun.  I think,  however,  that  the  true  cause  will 
be  found  to  be,  not  in  the  loss  of  the  coloring  matter,  but 
of  its  transfer  from  the  skin  and  hair  to  the  blood.  Hence 
the  inky  color  of  the  contents  of  the  tumors.  This  opinion, 
which  is  my  own,  is  still  further  corroborated  by  the  fact 
that  if  the  pus  be  taken  from  an  abscess  and  injected  into 
the  blood  of  a healthy  animal,  carbuncles  containing  pus 
will  soon  manifest  themselves. 

Treatment.  Incurable ; but  when  one  of  these  tumors 
breaks,  treat  it  as  an  ordinary  abscess,  (which  see.) 

Canine  Rabies, — (See  Hydrophobia.) 

Capped  Elbow, — This  is  an  enlargement  on  the  point 
of  the  elbow,  just  behind  the  shoulder,  and  on  the  side  of 
the  chest ; sometimes  it  is  in  the  form  of  a simple  abscess, 
(which  see.)  But  the  usual  form  is  that  of  an  encysted 
tumor,  or  a fluid  contained  within  a cyst  of  fleshy  walls, 
which  do  not  suppurate. 


56 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


9 

Cause . The  horse,  when  lying,  rests  the  point  of  the 
elbow  upon  the  heels  of  his  front  shoe.  It  is  a symptom 
of  disease  of  the  leg,  preventing  the  animal  from  properly 
flexing  or  bending  the  leg  proper  upon  its  thigh  or  arm. 
Hence,  the  elbow  rests  upon  the  foot. 

^ Prevention . Remove  whatever  disease  may  be  in  the  leg, 
and  place  a pad  of  leather,  or  of  coarse,  heavy  cloth,  over 
the  back  part  of  the  foot.  Pads  are  made  by  harness 
makers. 

Treatment.  Make  an  incision  with  a sharp  knife  through 
the  skin,  over  the  centre  of  the  swelling,  and  carefully  dis- 
sect the  cyst  from  its  attachments.  This  can  be  done  with 
the  fingers  and  a blunt  piece  of  wood,  flattened  at  its  point 
like  a butter  knife,  and  no  sharper.  If  the  operator  be 
timid,  and  think  he  cannot  cut  the  cyst  out,  open  it,  and 
let  out  the  matter,  and  inject,  once  per  day,  a little  tincture 
of  iodine,  to  kill  the  walls  of  the  cyst,  so  that  it  will  not 
fill  up  again.  (See  Medicines.)  A knife  is  only  wanted  to 
cut  the  skin.  After  the  tumor  is  taken  out,  treat  the  part 
as  a simple  wound,  by  keeping  it  clean,  and  applying  a 
solution  of  zinc,  or  blue  stone. 

Capped  Hock, — This  is  a soft  swelling  on  the  point 
of  the  hock-joint. 

Causes.  Kicking  in  the  stable  or  in  harness,  lying  upon 
stone- paved  stalls,  and  from  being  kicked  by  another  horse. 

Treatment.  Apply  cold  water  cloths  to  the  part  for  a few 
f days,  taking  them  off*  at  night.  After  the  heat  and  tender- 
ness have  subsided,  apply,  with  rubbing,  once  every  fifth 
day,  for  three  times,  if  it  be  necessary,  an  ointment  com- 
posed of  one  drachm  of  iodide  of  mercury;  and  hog’s  lard, 
one  ounce.  Mix. 

Carditis, — This  is  applied  to  disease  of  the  heart.  Heart 


CASTRATION. 


57 


disease  is  also  known  as  the  Thumps.  Incurable . (See 
Heart  Disease.) 

Caries. — This  term  means  an  ulceration  of  the  bone. 
The  most  frequent  form  of  caries  is  seen  on  the  lower  jaw- 
bone ; the  teeth  are  next  affected.  If  the  upper  teeth  be 
ulcerated  to  any  extent,  a fetid  (stinking)  discharge  will 
run  from  the  nostril  upon  the  side  on  which  the  diseased 
teeth  are  situated,  which  has  been  repeatedly  mistaken  for 
glanders  by  “ horse  doctors.”  If  caries  of  the  bones  of  the 
head  exist,  the  swelling  of  the  head  will  be  enormous — 
Big-Head,  or  Osteoporosis — and  not  Osteosarcoma,  as  it 
has  been  called. 


BONE  FORCEPS. 


Cause . A disposition  in  the  system  to  appropriate  to  the 
bones  more  calcareous  or  earthy  matter  than  is  required. 

Treatment.  If  caries  be  confined  to  the  teeth,  have  them 
taken  out.  When  confined  to  the  bones  of  the  head,  it  is 
incurable.  The  animal  will  die  of  hunger,  as  he  is  unable 
to  use  his  tongue  and  jaws,  or  gather  and  chew  his  feed. 
Happily,  it  is  not  a common  disease  in  the  Middle  States. 
There  have  been  many  cases  in  the  Western  States.  Arsenic 
and  the  hot  iron  are  there  recommended.  Better  let  the 
horse  die  than  increase  his  suffering,  as  he  will  die  any  way. 

Castration. — This  is  an  operation  for  the  purpose  of 
depriving  the  horse-colt  of  his  entirety  by  the  removal  of 
the  testes.  It  is  a simple  and  safe  operation.  Any  person 
having  once  seen  it  done,  can  do  it  also,  if  he  have  the 


58 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


resolution  to  do  so.  It  has  been  recently  demonstrated 
that  castration  can  be  performed  on  aged  horses  with  as 
much  safety  as  on  those  in  colthood.  This  is  attributed  to 
the  mode  or  manner  of  operation,  namely,  by  an  instrument 
called  the  Ecraseur.  (See  Instruments.) 


ECRASEUR  (OR  NEW  INSTRUMENT  FOR  CASTRATING  COLTS.) 


No  clamps,  no  firing  nor  twitching,  nor  any  trouble  after* 
ward.  The  instrument  is  manufactured  especially  for  this 
purpose,  by  surgical  instrument  makers  in  Philadelphia. 

Cataract. — (See  Eye  Diseases.) 

Catarrh. — (See  Cold.) 

Cautery. — This  term  is  applied  to  the  operation  of 
searing  a part  with  a red-hot  iron.  Happily,  this  cruel,, 
and  in  many  instances  unnecessary  operation,  is  becoming 
among  the  things  that  were.  It  used  to  be  applied  to 
sprains,  ring-bones,  and  spavins.  Since  the  discovery  of 
the  preparations  of  iodine,  and  their  absorbent  properties^ 
the  iron  is  little  used. 

Cerebro-Spinal  Meningitis. — (See  Typhosus.) 


CHOKING. 


59 


Chest  Diseases.— The  diseases  of  the  chest  are  many 
and  important.  In  it  are  the  heart,  lungs,  and  great  blood- 
vessels. The  diseases  of  these  organs  will  be  found  under 
Inflammation  of  the  lungs,  or  Lung  Fever,  Pleurisy, 
Coughs,  Bronchitis,  and  Glanders. 

Chest  Founder.— (See  Founder.) 

Chilblains. — (See  Frost-Bites.) 

Chill. — This  term  means  a shiver,  as  if  the  horse  were 
cold.  This  is  the  way  many  diseases  and  fevers  are  ush- 
ered in.  If  the  chill  be  checked  soon,  it  will  stop,  in 
many  cases,  the  disease  that  was  forming.  For  this  pur- 
pose, give  twenty  drops  of  the  tincture  of  aconite  root  in  a 
wine-glassful  of  water,  and  pour  down  the  throat,  out  of  a 
short-necked  bottle ; cover  the  body  with  a blanket,  and  rub 
the  legs  to  bring  the  circulation  to  the  surface  of  the  body, 
and  all  will  be  well. 

Choking. — Choking  very  rarely  occurs  in  horses  ; very 
frequently  in  cattle.  If  choking  should  occur  in  the  horse, 
there  is  little  chance  or  hope  of  saving  his  life,  if  he  be  a 
spirited  animal,  and  the  substance  be  high  in  the  gullet. 
In  a very  extensive  practice,  embracing  many  years,  I have 
never  seen  a case  of  choking  in  the  horse,  except  n a few 
occasions,  and  then  it  was  only  a ball  of  aloes  sticking  in 
the  throat.  If  a ball  of  any  thickness  stick  in  its  passage 
to  the  stomach,  and  it  have  passed  down  some  distance,  it 
is  called  low  choke,  and  is  not  so  dangerous  as  if  it  stick  in 
the  entrance  to  the  gullet — high  choke. 

Treatment.  In  low  choke  press  down  with  the  hand  over 
the  substance  in  the  gullet,  and  try  to  move  it.  Do  this 
not  too  strongly,  but  continue  it  for  a time.  If  unsuccess- 
ful, one  pint  of  fish,  sweet,  or  linseed  oil,  melted  lard,  or 


60 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


syrup  of  any  kind,  will  be  apt  to  move  the  substance  oh 
its  way  down.  If  these  should  fail,  after  a good  trial,  then 
have  the  gullet  opened  right  over  che  substance,  and  take 
it  out,  and  put  in  one,  two,  or  three  stitches,  with  strong 
saddlers’  silk.  Make  the  stitches  separately  from  each 
other ; for  if  this  be  not  done,  and  one  break,  the  others 
will  also  become  loose. 

In  high  choke,  the  irritation  and  excitement  are  great, 
which  prevent  much  being  done  to  relieve  the  animal.  Try 
the  oil,  and  see  what  can  be  done  in  that  way.  The  treat- 
ment is  purely  mechanical,  so  use  ingenuity  to  overcome 
the  difficulty. 

Chorea. — This  is  a rare  disease  in  the  horse,  but  con? 
mon  in  dogs.  It  accompanies  cases  of  madness  in  all  an; 
mals,and  depends  upon  nervous  excitement,  which  is  seer* 
in  the  constant  twitching  of  the  muscles  of  the  body.  Tt 
is  clearly  sympathetic  in  its  character. 

'Treatment.  Removal  of  the  cause,  whatever  that  may  be. 

Cold. — Symptoms.  Cough  slight,  fever  and  discharge 
more  or  less  from  one  or  both  nostrils,  sometimes  of  a thin, 
watery  material,  or  a thick,  creamy  pus.  The  lining  mem- 
brane of  the  nose  is  red  and  inflamed.  Cold  sometimes 
even  extends  into  the  throat  and  lungs,  giving  rise  to 
quickened  breathing  and  uneasiness.  When  it  extends  to 
the  stomach,  it  is  called  by  the  French  gastritis  mucosa. 
When  it  spreads  to  the  chest,  it  is  called  bronchitis,  (which 
see).  No  disease  is  more  common  than  cold  among  young 
horses ; but,  unfortunately,  it  rarely  runs  its  course  as  such. 
Cold  assumes  one  or  more  of  the  forms  just  mentioned. 

Cause.  Exposure  to  cold  and  stormy  weather. 

Treatment.  In  Germany,  it  is  said  that  a cold,  if  let  alone, 
will  get  well  in  a fortnight,  and  if  treated  by  a skilful  do*» 


COLIC. 


61 


tor,  he  will  cure  it  in  fourteen  days.  However,  give  the 
animal  a few  doses  of  aconite,  (see  Medicines,)  to  remove 
the  fever,  and,  if  possible,  to  prevent  complications,  or  its 
further  spread  to  the  neighboring  parts.  If  the  appetite 
keep  good,  nothing  more  need  be  done;  but,  on  the  con- 
trary, if  the  breathing  quicken,  and  the  appetite  be  poor, 
and  debility  be  setting  in,  tonics  and  stimulants  will  be 
necessary.  Get  the  following  medicine,  and  give  one  pow- 
der, morning,  noon,  and  night,  mixed  with  a little  cold 
water,  and  drench  the  horse  with  it : Take  powdered  gen- 
tian root,  powdered  pimenta  berries,  powdered  carbonate 
of  ammonia,  of  each  two  ounces.  Mix,  and  divide  into 
twelve  powders.  When  the  appetite  improves,  give  good 
feed,  but  not  by  any  means  in  sufficient  quantity  to  bring 
on  indigestion.  Give  green  feed,  if  it  can  be  had.  This 
is  a most  simple  and  successful  plan  of  treating  common 
cold. 

Cold  Lotions. — These  are  now  called  refrigerant  lo- 
tions. Ice-water  makes  a good  and  economical  refriger- 
ant, when  applied  to  a sprain.  (See  Prescriptions  and 
Medicines.) 

Colic. — (1.)  Spasmodic  Colic. — Symptoms.  All  at 
once  the  horse  that  a few  moments  ago  was  well,  appar- 
ently, shakes  his  head — leaves  his  feed,  looks  round  at  his 
flank,  mostly  at  the  right  side,  as  if  pointing  out  the  seat 
of  the  disease,  scrapes  the  ground  with  his  front  foot,  and 
and  almost  strikes  his  belly  with  one  of  the  hind  ones. 
The  spasm  continuing,  the  horse  breaks  out  into  a sweat, 
heaving  at  the  flanks;  great  excitement,  kicking,  and 
rolling;  intervals  of  ease  from  pain. 

Causes.  Drinking  cold  water  when  heated,  or  colder 
water  than  commonly  used,  as  a city  horse  is  used  to  drink- 


62 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


ing  water  which  is  warmer  in  summer,  and  colder  in  win- 
ter, than  water  taken  from  a pump;  washing  the  belly  with 
cold  water ; driving  horses  into  a pond  of  cold  water. 

Treatment . Give  something  to  heat  the  stomach  and 
bowels.  Try  a bottle  of  warm  ale  or  porter,  adding  a 
4 little  whiskey,  or  a tablespoonful  of  ground  ginger  to  it. 
If  relief  be  not  obtained  in  half  an  hour,  give  a drench, 
composed  of  tincture  of  aconite  root,  twenty-five  drops ; 
spirit  of  turpentine,  one  ounce ; one  bottle  cf  cold  ale  or 
porter.  If  necessary,  give  injections  of  warm  water,  (not 
hot),  soap,  and  a handful  of  table  salt.  Occasionaly  walk 
the  horse  about,  to  excite  the  bowels  to  action. 

(2.)  Stercoral  Colic. — Symptoms . Similar  to  the 
above  variety,  but  continues  longer,  and  is  not  quite  so 
severe  or  painful. 

Causes.  Impaction  or  constipation  of  the  bowels. 

Treatment.  Powdered  aloes,  one  ounce ; tincture  of 
aconite  root,  twenty-five  drops ; chloroform,  half  an  ounce. 
Mix  in  a bottle  of  ale  or  porter,  and  give  in  a drench  out 
of  a horn,  or  stout  bottle.  The  aconite  will  have  to  be 
given  every  four  hours,  till  the  pain  has  given  way.  En- 
courage the  operation  of  the  aloes  by  injections  every  hour. 

(3.)  Flatulent  Colic. — Symptoms.  Pain  is  consider- 
able at  first,  which  in  a few  hours  gives  way  to  sleepiness, 
(see  Coma).  This  is  caused  by  distention  of  the  bowels 
with  gas,  commonly  called  wind,  thereby  paralyzing  the 
par  vagus  and  nerve  centres,  and  ultimately  the  brain  it- 
self. This  variety  of  colic  is  readily  distinguished  from 
the  others  by  the  swelling  of  the  belly,  particularly  at  the 
flanks,  called  tympanitis,  or  drum-belly. 

Causes.  Indigestion  of  food  in  the  stomach ; fermenta- 
tion is  set  up,  and  there  is  evolution  (giving  forth)  of  car- 
bonic acid  gas.  This  gas  is  not  liberated  per  rectum  from 


COLIC. 


63 


the  body  as  speedily  as  generated.  The  horse  and  cow 
cannot  belch  or  eruct  wind  from  their  stomachs  as  man 
and  the  dog  can ; hence  the  frequency  of  tympanitis  in 
horses  and  cows. 

Treatment  Try  injections  first,  as  in  many  cases  I have 
cured  this  variety  by  this  means  alone.  If  gas  or  wind 
come  away  with  the  injection,  the  case  will  soon  end  well. 
When  no  benefit  is  derived  from  the  injections,  give,  in  a 
little  cold  water,  aloes  in  powder,  one  ounce ; sulphuric 
ether,  one  ounce;  tincture  of  opium,  two  ounces.  If  these 
measures  fail  in  giving  ease  from  pain,  pour  two  ounces  of 
chloroform  on  a small  moist  sponge,  and  hold  it  to  the 
nostrils,  not  too  closely,  but  admit  a portion  of  air  with 
the  fumes  of  the  chloroform  (see  Medicines).  The  sponge 
may  be  placed  in  a towel,  and  the  ends  carried  up  around 
the  nose  of  the  horse,  to  save  waste ; or  place  the  sponge 
in  the  bottom  of  a nose-bag,  and  put  it  on  the  head,  but 
not  too  close  upon  the  nose. 

Last  Remedy.  It  must  be  confessed  that  the  longer 
this  disease  is  unrelieved  the  more  remote  is  the  chance  of 
recovery,  as  the  bowel  sometimes  contracts  upon  itself,  or 
nearly  closes  altogether.  To  overcome  this  condition  an 
operation  is  recommended,  which  I do  not  say  will  be  a 
success,  nor  yet  a failure.  When  it  failed  in  my  hands,  it 
was  not  because  the  gas  was  not  let  out  of  the  bowels,  but 
because  the  blood  had  become  so  disintegrated,  and  the 
nervous  centres  so  paralyzed,  that  the  sanative  powers  of 
the  constitution  had  received  too  great  a shock  to  ever 
rally  again. 

The  Operation.  Procure  an  instrument  (see  Instru- 
ments,) called  a trocar.  If  this  be  not  at  hand,  sharpen  a 
breakfast  knife,  and  measure  an  equal  distance  from  the 
haunch  bone  and  the  short  rib.  and  not  too  high  upon  the 


64 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE, 


back ; force  the  knife  into  the  distended  bowel,  and  turn 
the  knife  in  the  wound  thus  made,  and  hold  it  there  until 
all  the  imprisoned  gas  has  escaped  • and  as  the  gas  some- 
times still  accumulates,  keep  the  knife  or  instrument  in 
the  wound,  if  it  be  for  half  a day.  When  the  knife  or 
instrument  is  taken  out,  place  a piece  of  sticking  plaster 
over  the  wound.  (See  Medicines.) 

Stones,  or  hair  calculi,  are  often  found,  after  death,  in 
the  bowels  of  horses  subject  to  colic.  I have  seen  six 
taken  from  one  mare  that  I had  under  treatment.  Re- 
member, the  great  principle  in  the  treatment  of  colic,  in 
all  its  forms,  is  to  relieve  pain.  This  also  holds  good  in 
most  diseases  of  horses.  The  doctor,  if  he  fail  to  allay 
pain,  cannot  cure  the  disease. 

Coma. — A horse  is  said  to  be  in  a comatose  state  when 
in  an  apoplectic  fit,  in  sleepy  staggers,  and  when  dying 
from  spasmodic  colic  (which  see). 

Congestion  of  the  Lungs. — (See  Lung  Diseases.) 

Constipation, — A confined  condition  of  the  bowels 
accompanying  fever,  liver  and  lung  diseases.  Horses 
habitually  costive  should  be  supplied  with  soft  feed  and 
grass  in  season.  Costiveness,  as  a concomitant  of  fever, 
etc.,  should  in  all  cases  be  let  alone,  as  it  is  a provision  of 
nature  to  protect  herself  from  exhaustion. 

Consumption. — Causes . Repeated  attacks  of  in-. 
fluenza,  lung  fever,  or  bronchitis,  or  any  of  these  diseases 
treated  by  bleeding,  and  other  reducing  remedies  or  agents. 
Consumption,  in  the  horse,  runs  its  course  in  from  one  to 
two  weeks. 

Nature  of  Consumption. — A wasting,  or  breaking 
down  of  the  structure  of  the  lungs.  The  tuberculous  form 
of  consumption  I have  never  seen  in  the  horse.  Tubercles 


CONTAGION. 


65 


are  seen  in  bad  cases  of  glanders,  (which  see.)  These 
tubercles  suppurate,  and  discharge  pus.  This  pus  is  ab- 
sorbed and  taken  into  the  blood,  and  sets  up  a ferment,  or 
leaven , as  the  Scriptures  call  it.  This  is  the  great  trouble 
in  consumption  in  man,  and  glanders  in  the  horse.  Why 
authors  have  not  called  this  tuberculous  disease  in  horses, 
consumption,  I do  not  know,  except  it  be,  and  I am  in- 
clined to  believe  it  is,  from  an  entire  ignorance  of  its  true 
pathology  or  character. 

Treatment  Incurable.  To  prolong  the  life,  beef  soup, 
iron,  gentian,  tonics  and  stimulants,  are  indicated.  In  the 
tuberculous  form,  sulphite  of  soda  should  be  given  to  arrest 
the  ferment,  and  keep  the  blood  clear  of  impurities,  in 
addition  to  the  remedies  to  support  the  strength.  (See 
Medicines.)  Decay , putrefaction,  fermentation,  are  true  and 
scientific  expressions,  with  no  vague  meaning.  Such,  then, 
are  the  conditions  embraced  in  the  word  consumption , 
whether  in  men  or  animals. 

Contagion. — This  term  is  applied  to  something  (as  the 
virus  of  glanders)  coming  in  contact  with  the  body  of  an 
animal  in  health,  producing  a similar  disease  to  that  exist- 
ing in  the  animal  from  which  it  came.  In  a word,  it  is  a 
specific  poison.  Few  diseases  of  animals  are  considered 
contagious.  The  following  diseases,  however,  are  con- 
sidered of  that  character  : — Glanders,  in  horses ; contagious 
typhus  and  small-pox,  in  cattle  and  sheep.  Although  many 
animals  may  be  taken  sick  one  after  another,  this  is  no  proof 
that  the  disease  is  contagious;  for  it  must  be  remembered 
that  a number  of  animals,  all  situated  and  cared  for  in  the 
same  way,  are  certainly  subjected  to  the  same  exciting  causes 
that  produced  the  disease  in  the  first  animal  affected. 
Those  that  escaped  the  disease  were  not  predisposed  to 
take  it ; hence  their  exemption  from  its  effects. 

5 


66 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


Prevention.  Separate  the  sick  from  the  well.  All 
buckets,  or  other  materials  that  were  in  contact  with  the 
sick,  must  be  thoroughly  cleansed  and  purified.  (See  Dis- 
infectants.) 

Contraction. — (See  Foot  Diseases.) 

Convalescence. — A term  applied  to  the  time  which 
elapses  between  the  controlling  of  acute  disease,  and  the 
restoration  of  the  patient  to  perfect  health. 

Corns. — (See  Foot  Diseases.) 

Coryza  Gangrenosa. — This  name  is  applied  to  an 
ulcerated  condition  of  the  membrane  of  the  nose  super- 
vening in  a case  of  cold.  It  is  evidence  of  general  de- 
bility, and  disintegration  or  deterioration  of  the  membrane. 

Corrosive  Sublimate. — (See  Medicines  and  Poisons.) 

Cough. — A symptom  of  disease  of  the  respiratory 
organs,  as  tubercles  of  the  lungs,  thickening  of  the  lining 
membranes  of  the  windpipe,  and  enlargement  of  the  glands 
of  the  neck.  I have  seen  cough  from  indigestion  in  a few 
cases,  but  this  is  rare  in  horses. 

Cough  Chronic. — Causes.  Debility,  or  softening  of 
the  par  vagus  nerves;  heaves,  or  broken  wind,  (which 
see,)  are  some  of  the  causes  which  produce  acute  cough. 

Treatment.  Removal  of  whatever  is  the  cause,  {causa 
sublata  tulitur  effectus.) 

Counter-irritants. — An  external  application,  which, 
when  applied,  causes  an  irritation  or  inflammation  counter 
or  opposite  to  that  which  exists  inside. 

Cow  Hock. — This  name  is  applied  to  a condition  or 
malformation  of  those  hocks  that  incline  forward,  thus 


CRIB-BITING. 


67 


forming  a fulcrum,  over  which  the  posterior  straight  liga- 
ment passes — this  condition  favoring  a sprain  of  the  liga- 
ment, which  is  called  curb.  (See  Curb.) 

Cramp. — Cramp  of  the  stomach  or  bowels  of  horses, 
cannot  be  readily  distinguished  from  spasmodic  colic, 
(which  see.) 

Cramp  of  the  Hind  Leg. — This  affection  is  com- 
mon among  young  horses  of  an  irritable  temperament.  It 
is  often  mistaken  for  dislocation  of  the  patella,  sometimes 
called  luxation  of  the  patella,  (which  see.) 

Symptoms . The  horse  will  persistently  refuse  to  move 
the  leg  from  the  position  in  which  it  is  placed.  Quivering 
or  excitement  of  the  muscles  of  the  thigh,  accompanied 
with  irritation  and  fever.  The  horse  cannot  be  moved,  as 
he  refuses  to  do  so. 

Causes.  Irregularity  of  the  nervous  system. 

Treatment.  Move  the  animal,  if  it  be  possible,  and  the 
cramp  will  give  way.  Dashing  cold  water  against  the 
thigh  will  often  remove  it.  The  horse  will  get  well,  if 
time  be  only  given  him.  Thus,  if  a person  leave  the  sta- 
ble to  tell  some  one  of  the  matter,  he  will  be  surprised,  on 
coming  back,  to  find  the  horse  well. 

Crib-Biting1, — This  is  not  a disease,  but  a vice — a bad 
habit,  which  the  horse  has  learned,  of  sucking  wind  into 
the  stomach  by  placing  his  lips  against  the  manger.  The 
habit  has  been  so  strong  in  some  horses,  that  when  they 
could  get  no  place  to  press  the  lips  against,  they  have 
stooped  down  and  placed  the  lips  against  the  arm  of  their 
own  front  leg.  This  vice  is  sometimes  called  wind-sucking. 

Causes.  Idleness,  indigestion,  and  learning  it  from  other 
animals  in  the  same  stable. 

Prevention.  Keep  horses  in  loose  boxes,  or  other  places 


68 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


where  there  are  no  fixtures  but  the  walls ; regular  feed  and 
regular  work. 

Treatment  Do  not  let  the  horse  stand  in  the  stable 
twehty  hours  out  of  the  twenty-four.  Feed  him  regularly, 
and  work  him  as  regularly.  Turn  the  animal  to  pasture, 
and  when  he  is  brought  home  in  the  fall  of  the  year, 
have  a loose  box  prepared  for  him  without  any  fixtures,  as 
manger,  trough,  or  rack.  Place  his  hay  upon  the  floor, 
and  his  oats  or  corn  in  a small  trough,  and  remove  it  as 
soon  as  the  feed  is  eaten. 

Curb  , — One  of  the  many  diseases  of  the  hock-joint,  and 
consists  in  a swelling  immediately  below  the  point  of  the 
hock-joint,  and  is  the  result  of  sprain  of  the  posterior 
straight  ligament;  is  more  frequent  in  horses  wjjth  the 
hocks  inclining  forwards,  (cow  hock.)  The  treatment  best 
adapted  is  the  ointment  of  the  red  iodide  of  mercury, 
(see  Ointments,)  which  is  not  only  a counter-irritant,  but  a 
sorbifacient.  Apply  about  the  size  of  a hickory-nut  in 
quantity  every  sixth  day  for  a few  weeks,  occasionally 
greasing  or  oiling  the  parts  to  prevent  the  skin  cracking. 

Curby-Hocked.— (See  Cow  Hock.) 

Cutaneous  Diseases.— (See  Skin  Diseases.) 

Cutting. — (See  Interfering.) 

Death. — The  great  law  of  the  universe  makes  limits  of 
duration  to  every  structure  endued  with  life,  and  prepares 
a way  for  the  resolution  of  every  material  provided  with 
vital  principles  into  the  matter  of  earth.  The  individual 
existence  of  all  organized  bodies  is  merely  temporary;  none 
escape  the  necessity  of  perishing. 

Debility. — This  is  a condition  accompanying  many 
diseases.  Hence,  the  necessity  of  guarding  against  any 


DEBILITY. 


69 


measure  in  the  treatment,  even  of  a disease  of  an  exalted 
kind,  that  will  reduce  the  strength.  The  animal  thus 
affected  rapidly  becomes  weak  and  debilitated  to  such  an 
extent  as  may  cost  it  its  life. 

(1.)  Debility,  Simple. — May  be  local,  that  is,  confined 
to  a part,  as  in  partial  paralysis,  from  the  effects  of  a blis- 
ter applied  to  a part,  or  from  a kick  or  injury. 

Symptoms.  A thickening  or  swelling  of  the  parts.  The 
swelling  is  not  inflammatory,  but  soft,  and  contains  fluid. 
(GEdema.) 

Treatment.  Powdered  sulphate  of  iron,  one  ounce  and  a 
half;  gentian  root,  two  ounces;  chlorate  or  nitrate  of  potassa, 
one  ounce.  Mix, and  divide  into  twelve  powders,  and  give 
one  night  and  morning  mixed  in  cut  or  soft  feed,  with  no 
more  water  in  the  feed  than  will  keep  the  particles  together. 
Peed  the  animal  generously  and  well.  Debility,  and  swell- 
ing of  the  legs  of  horses  now-a  days,  at  least  in  the  United 
States,  can  be  produced  by  simply  keeping  a portion  of 
their  usual  feed  from  them  for  two  or  three  days. 

(2.)  Debility,  General. — Symptoms.  Swelling  of 
the  legs,  sheath,  breast,  and  belly.  Disturbed  breathing. 
The  horse  is  very  weak,  and  easily  pushed  from  off  his 
feet  by  the  hand.  Indeed,  he  staggers  as  he  walks,  and 
sometimes  falls  to  the  ground. 

Causes.  Bleeding  or  giving  physic  (a  purge)  in  the 
treatment  of  disease,  especially  in  diseases  of  the  chest. 
Starving  and  low  diet  given  to  a sick  horse,  when  he  should 
be  supported  in  the  midst  of  his  sickness  by  good  feeding. 
The  very  neglect,  or  want  of  knowledge  on  this  point,  has 
killed  thousands  of  horses  that  would  have  lived,  that  have 
been  sacrificed  at  the  shrine  of  ignorance,  error,  and  bad 
judgment.  This  condition  of  things  in  relation  to  the 
treatment  of  diseases  of  the  horse,  and  indeed  all  our  faith- 


70 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


ful  animals,  may  be  ascribed  to  the  diligence  and  persist- 
ence of  the  American  publishers  deluging  the  country  with 
reprints  of  old  English  books  that  should  never  have  been 
written. 

Treatment . Give  plenty  of  good  feed  to  the  maltreated 
animal,  and  give  the  following  blood-making  medicines:-^ 
Powdered  sulphate  of  iron,  three  ounces ; gentian  root, 
three  ounces.  Mix,  and  divide  into  twenty-four  powders, 
and  give  one  powder  night  and  morning.  If  there  is 
much  swelling  about  the  body,  add  five  grains  of  powdered 
Spanish  fly  to  the  evening  powder,  for  a few  nights  only. 
Be  assured  the  animal  is  fully  restored  before  it  is  put  to 
hard  work. 

Deformities. — In  young  colts  will  often  be  observed 
a deformity  of  one  or  both  fore  legs  from  the  knee  down, 
giving  the  whole  appearance  an  awkward  look.  Farmers 
having  such  a colt  should  not  think  it  useless,  or  at  all 
impaired  ; for  in  my  own  extensive  practice,  I have  not 
seen  one  that  did  not  become  as  perfect  as  the  best  formed 
of  animals. 

Observe . Whether  the  mother  have  sufficient  milk  for 
the  colt,  and  if  not,  teach  the  colt  to  suck  milk  out  of  a 
bottle,  or  from  something  else ; for  by  good  nourishment 
these  deformed  conditions  of  the  legs  will  disappear. 

Deuteropathia. — A disease  of  a secondary  character, 
or  in  sympathy  with  another.  (See  Fever.) 

Diabetes. — This  is  a disease  accompanied  by  a great 
and  frequent  flow  of  urine,  containing  sugar  in  solution. 

Causes . The  starch,  and  some  constituents  of  the  food  are 
transferred  into  sugar.  The  origin  of  this  affection  is  sup- 
posed to  be  a ferment  changing  the  material  of  the  system 
into  sugar,  as  diastase  converts  starch  into  sugar  in  malting. 


DIARRHCEA. 


71 


Symptoms . Great  flow  of  clear  urine,  very  great  thirst, 
ravenous  appetite,  weakness  and  general  debility. 

Treatment  Although  this  disease  is  considered  incurable, 
I have  on  two  occasions  cured  the  animal  by  the  iodide  of 
iron,  too  expensive  a medicine  to  be  recommended  for  gen- 
eral use.  The  action  of  this  medicine,  at  least  tli£  Iodide 
portion,  allayed  the  thirst,  and  the  iron  supported  the 
strength  and  system,  also  acting  as  an  astringent  (to  dry  up).  ^ 

This  medicine  should  be  seconded  by  good  feeding  and  1 
plenty  of  it.  (See  Iodide  of  Iron  in  Medicine  List.) 

Diaphoretics, — This  term  is  applied  to  medicines 
having  the  power  of  producing  sweating.  The  horse  is 
not  easily  acted  upon  in  this  way  by  the  use  of  medicines, 
except  by  one  or  two  articles,  as  aconite  or  veratrum, 
(which  see.)  Slight  moisture  on  the  skin  is  very  desir- 
able in  cases  of  fever.  The  cold  water  douche,  is  used  by 
hydropaths  for  this  purpose. 

When  sweating  is  desired  for  the  cure  of  disease,  it  must 
be  done  without  increasing  the  heart’s  action.  This  is  the 
great  secret  in  producing  diaphoresis. 

Diarrhoea. — (1.)  Simple  Diarrhoea  consists  of  a 
looseness,  or  fluid  condition  of  excrement,  from  something 
irritant  in  the  bowels,  and  which  does  not  freely  pass 
away.  When  this  condition  is  present,  and  no  pain,  grip- 
ing or  pawing  as  in  colic,  it  may  be  well  let  alone. 

(2.)  Continued  Diarrhcea. — This  is  often  the  case 
when  irritation  does  not  pass  away  with  the  offending 
matter,  and  the  bowels  continue  to  discharge  a thin  fluid.  * 
There  is  slight  pain  or  colic.  When  this  is  the  case,  sus- 
pect some  irritant  poison.  (See  Poison.) 

Treatment  From  whatever  cause  the  diarrhoea  may  arise, 
treatment  that  will  allay  pain  is  demanded.  First  Give 


72 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


twenty  to  twenty-five  drops  of  the  tincture  of  aconite  root 
in  a little  cold  water.  Then  give  the  following  powder 
every  two  hours,  until  a change  for  the  better  has  taken 
place : — Prepared  chalk,  half  an  ounce;  catechu  in  powder, 
one  drachm;  opium  in  powder,  ten  grains.  Allow  the 
animal  plenty  of  water  to  drink,  which  will  help  to  keep  off 
or  allay  irritation,  or  what  disposition  there  may  be  to  in- 
flammation. Bran  mashes  should  be  given  for  a few  days, 
so  as  to  overcome  the  effects  of  so  much  drying  or  binding 
medicine.  Cake  meal,  or  ground  flaxseed,  will  be  an  ex- 
cellent assistant  in  this  particular. 

Diathesis. — When  we  read  in  medical  books  of  the 
word  diathesis,  it  means  a well-marked  tendency  in  a dis- 
ease by  a corresponding  diathesis  : for  example,  a cancerous 
diathesis  or  an  inflammatory  diathesis. 

Diet. — The  different  articles  used  by  the  horse  as  food. 

Disinfectants. — -French,  Delsenfedants  ; German, 
Faulnisswidrige  Substanzen. 

Disinfectants  are  such  as  remove  the  causes  of  infection, 
or  any  injurious  taint.  To  accomplish  this  effect,  disin- 
fectants will  have  to  embrace  a class  of  substances  known 
by  the  name  of  antiseptics,  (agents  which  prevent  animal 
or  vegetable  matter  being  decomposed,)  and  deodorizers 
(agents  which  destroy  hurtful  or  bad  smells,  when  arising 
from  decomposing  material.) 

(1.)  Natural  Disinfectants. — The  atmospheric  is  the 
great  disinfectant.  The  soil  has  been  found  a valuable  dis- 
infectant, decomposing  animal  matter  with  great  quickness, 
and  sending  out  gases  which  are  without  taint  of  any  kind. 
Hence,  the  necessity  of  deep  burial  of  animals  dying,  or 
that  have  been  killed,  on  account  of  contagious  diseases. 


DISINFECTANTS* 


73 


Ventilation  is  entirely  a mechanical  plan  of  disinfecting, 
and  which  it  is  in  the  power  of  every  farmer  in  the  land  to 
more  or  less  perfect  in  all  buildings  containing  horses,  cattle, 
etc.  In  ventilating,  it  is  only  necessary  to  admit  the  purest 
air,  and  for  this  purpose  have  the  openings  or  ventilators 
placed  at  least  eight  to  ten  feet  from  the  ground,  as  it  is 
well  known  that  heavy  vapors  are  sometimes  seen  a few 
feet  above  the  ground.  Also,  the  ventilation  should  come 
from  the  front  or  top  of  the  building,  as  the  back  of  a stable 
is  never  so  pure  as  its  front. 

Water  is  the  next  great  disinfectant  employed  by  nature, 
although  moist  bodies  decay  more  rapidly  than  dry.  It  is 
a disinfectant  by  the  process  of  washing,  which  is  mechani- 
cal. It  is  in  this  way  that  each  shower  of  rain  becomes  a 
natural  disinfectant.  Light  is  another  disinfectant,  which 
seems  to  have  been  overlooked  by  many,  when  their  barns 
and  stables  were  built.  Without  light,  the  rose  would  lose 
its  color,  and  man  and  animals  would  lose  and  never  attain 
their  vigor. 

In  proof  of  the  advantage  of  light  in  maintaining  health 
and  warding  off  disease,  it  is  stated  that  in  a barrack  at  St. 
Petersburg,  there  was  only  one  case  of  disease  on  the  side 
laid  open  to  the  light,  to  three  on  the  dark  side. 

Heat  and  cold  are  two  agents  highly  useful  as  disinfec- 
tants. Heat  prevents  fermentation  and  decay  by  drying 
and  changing  the  chemical  state  of  substances,  as  it  were, 
by  cooking,  whether  by  fire  or  the  sun.  Cold,  again,  is  the 
most  powerful  antiseptic  and  disinfectant.  Frosts  prevent 
decay  and  disease,  and  at  the  same  time  share  the  connec- 
tion existing  between  them. 

(2.)  Artificial  Disinfectants. — Creosote  is  a most 
powerful  antiseptic  and  disinfectant,  when  applied  to  a part, 
but  it  is  not  easily  managed.  Smoke  is  another  good  anti- 


74 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


septic,  as  it  contains  a little  creosote.  By  it  herring  and 
other  fish  are  preserved. 

Spices,  and  other  aromatic  substances,  have  long  been 
used  as  disinfectants,  but  they  possess  no  such  property,  as 
they  do  not  prevent  decomposition  of  bodies;  they  merely 
cover  the  smell. 

Chloride  of  lime  and  chloride  of  zinc  act  as  good  disin- 
fectants. 

The  chloride  of  manganese  is  certainly  as  economical  a 
disinfectant  as  can  be  used  by  the  farmer.  It  is  cheap’and 
efficient,  and  not  dangerous  like  chloride  of  zinc. 

Sulphurous  acid,  or  rather  its  fumes,  has,  in  all  ages, 
been  used  as  a disinfectant,  and  by  general  consent  is  con- 
sidered to  be  most  valuable.  Its  action  on  animal  and 
vegetable  substances  is  readily  seen  by  the  change  in  color 
produced.  In  the  form  of  sulphite  of  soda,  it  will  arrest 
the  vinous  fermentation  in  cider  and  other  materials ; or  if 
injected  into  the  veins  of  dead  animals,  it  embalms  them 
most  perfectly. 


For  stables  and  houses  filled  with  ani- 
mals nothing  will  answer  so  well  as  chloride 
of  lime,  or  McDougal’s  disinfecting  pow- 
ders, applied  to  the  floors  and  excrement 
once  per  day  with  a large  dredging  box. 

For  empty  houses  chlorine  gas  will  be 
found  as  convenient  and  good  as  any.  For 
this  purpose,  procure  a strong  wide-mouthed 
bottle,  fill  it  about  half  full  of  bin-oxide  of 
manganese,  close  all  the  doors  and  windows, 
and  other  open  places,  then  fill  up  the  bottle 
with  the  spirits  of  salts,  and  retire  and  close 
the  door.  This  may  be  repeated  a few  times  in  the  course 
of  a week.  The  fumes  that  are  disengaged  will  penetrate 


FLORENCE 
FLASK, 
used  in  gener- 
ating chlorine 
gas. 


DROPSIES. 


75 


to  every  crevice  and  corner  in  the  building.  This  operation 
any  farmer  can  perform  himself,  as  there  is  no  risk  what- 
ever. The  spirits  of  salt  will  have  to  be  kept  in  a glass- 
stoppered  bottle  till  it  is  wanted,  as  it  will  not  only  eat  a 
common  cork,  but  it  will,  by  exposure  to  the  air,  abstract 
moisture  from  it,  by  which  it  greatly  loses  its  virtue  and 
strength.  As  before  stated,  this  plan  of  disinfecting  is  only 
to  be  used  when  the  house  is  empty.  (See  Sulphurous  Acid 
Gas  in  Part  II.) 

Distemper. — (See  Influenza  and  Strangles.) 

Distemper,  Choking. — (See  Typhosus.) 

Diuretics. — A name  given  to  those  medicines  which 
cause  an  increased  secretion  from  the  kidneys.  Example, 
chlorate  and  nitrate  of  potassa,  the  Spanish  fly,  and  eupur- 
purin.  (See  Medicines.) 

Dropsies. — Every  school  boy  is  familiar  with  the  term 
dropsy,  which  means  an  unnatural  accumulation  of  water 
in  the  cavities  of  the  body-chest,  heart-case,  belly,  breast, 
sheath,  and  cellular  tissue  of  the  legs.  (See  Debility.) 

1.  When  water  is  in  the  chest  it  is  called  Hydrothorax. 
This  is  the  immediate  cause  of  death  in  pleurisy  in  the 
horse  and  pleuro-pneumonia  in  cattle,  the  animal  dying  by 
suffocation  or  asphyxia. 

2.  When  in  the  belly,  it  is  called  Ascites. 

3.  When  in  the  cellular  tissue,  and  confined  to  a portion 
only  of  the  body,  as  the  leg  or  sheath,  it  is  called  CEdema; 
but  if  the  swellings  are  over  different  portions  of  the  body, 
it  is  called  Anasarca. 

4.  When  in  the  heart-case  or  pericardium,  it  is  called 
Dropsy  of  the  Heart. 

Causes . Treatment  of  diseases  by  starving,  or'  low  diet, 


76 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


bleeding,  blistering,  and  physicking.  Injury  to  a part  will 
be  followed  by  watery  swellings  in  the  neighboring  parts. 

Treatment.  Blood-making  food  and  medicines  are  im- 
peratively demanded.  Corn-meal  mixed  with  bran  and 
cut  hay.  Grass,  if  it  can  be  had.  A bottle  of  strong  beef 
tea  or  soup,  given  daily,  will  be  of  great  use.  Give  the 
following  medicine  three  times  a day,  either  mixed  in  the 
feed  or  poured  down  the  mouth  with  a bottle  : Powdered 
sulphate  of  iron,  one  drachm;  powdered  gentian  root,  two 
drachms;  Spanish  fly,  two  grains.  Mix.  Friction  over 
the  swelling  will  be  of  use.  Sometimes  it  will  be  neces- 
sary to  make  slight  incisions  or  cuts  through  the  skin  to 
let  out  the  imprisoned  fluid.  Do  not  blister  such  swelling, 
as  it  is  apt  to  produce  ragged,  running  sores,  difficult  to 
heal,  and  leaving  a blemish. 

Water  in  the  chest  is  removed  by  introducing  ah  instru- 
ment, (see  Instruments,)  called  a trocar,  but  somewhat 
smaller  than  the  one  used  for  hoven  in  cattle.  Also  it  is 
removed  by  absorption  and  by  diuretics,  (which  see.) 

Dysentery. — (See  Diarrhoea.) 

Ear  Diseases. — (1.)  Small  Tumors. — Sometimes  tu- 
mors of  various  shapes  and  sizes  are  seen  in  the  ear  of  the 
horse,  producing  a kind  of  canker  in  that  organ. 

Symptoms.  Shaking  of  the  head;  will  not  let  much 
familiarity  be  made  with  it;  running  or  starting  back, 
when  the  collar  or  bridle  is  being  taken  up  over  the  ears. 

Causes.  Irritation  and  inflammation  of  thelskin  of  che 
ear,  producing  small  pimples  of  proud  flesh. 

Treatment.  Removal  with  the  knife,  scissors,  or  caustic  ; 
then  apply  the  simple  ointment  as  for  a simple  sore.  (See 
Prescription  in  Medicine  List.) 

(2.)  Injuries  of  the  Ear. — Injuries  to  the  ear  take 


77 


EMPHYSEMA, 

place  from  the  use  of  the  whip,  the  bite  of  a dog,  or  from 
another  horse  biting  it. 

Treatment  Treat  as  for  a common  sore,  by  simple  oint- 
ment and  by  cleanliness. 

(3.)  Deafness. — Not  often  observed  in  horses. 

(4.)  Foreign  Substances  in  the  Ear. — Remove 
them  by  the  forceps. 

(5.)  Abscess  in  the  Ear. — Treatment  as  for  Abscess, 
(which  see.) 

(6.)  Dry  Gangrene  in  the  Ear. — Two  cases  of  this 
affection  have  been  brought  to  my  notice,  in  which  the 
concha  of  the  ear  had  dried  up,  withered  and  dropped  off. 

Ecchymosis. — Black  spots  observed  on  the  lungs  of 
cattle  and  horses  having  died  from  pleuro-pneumonia. 

Eczema.— (See  Mange.) 

Elephantiasis . — A name  applied  to  a swelled  leg. 
(See  Grease.) 

Embrocation. — A term  applied  to  liniments.  (See  Pre- 
scriptions.) 

Emetics. — Medicine,  often  taken  into  the  stomach  of 
man  and  some  animals,  causing  them  to  vomit.  The  horse, 
ox,  and  sheep  do  not,  or  rather  cannot  vomit.  Hence, 
tartar  emetic  has  no  effect  upon  them. 

Emphysema. — This  is  a name  signifying  wind-swell- 
ing, caused:  by  the  escape  of  air  into  the  cellular  tissue,  as 
between  the  skin  and  the  flesh,  or  rather  the  fascia  and  the 
skin.  Pressure  with  the  hand  on  these  windy  swellings 
causes  a crackling  noise  or  sound.  This  condition  some- 
times arises  in  the  chest,  and  is  attended  with  difficult 
breathing  and  anxiety  of  countenance. 


78 


DISEASES  OP  THE  HORSE. 


Causes . Wounis  in  the  chest,  and  when  underneath  the 
skin,  it  is  caused  by  undue  pressure  on  the  part,  causing  a 
separation  of  the  skin  from  the  fascia. 

Treatment  This  consists  in  evacuating  the  air  by  slight 
punctures  on  the  surface  of  the  swelling,  assisted  by  gentle 
pressure  of  the  hand. 

When  in  the  lungs,  give  good  feeding,  and  occasionally 
small  doses  of  the  tincture  of  aconite  root,  say  ten  drops, 
three  times  in  the  day,  to  relieve  the  breathing,  until  the 
lungs  heal  up. 

Encysted  Tumors. — (See  Tumors.) 

Encephaloid. — (See  Tumors.) 

Endermic. — A plan  of  treating  disease  by  placing  the 
medicine  in  contact  with  or  under  the  skin.  Morphia  and 
strychnia  are  the  agents  in  common  use  in  this  form  of 
administration  (See  Typhosus.) 

Enema.  —(See  Injection.) 

Enteritis. — -(See  Bowel  Diseases.) 

Enzootic. — A good  name  for  cattle  disease,  as  it  makes 
the  disease  among  animals  instead  of  upon  man. 

Ephemeral.— A fever  which  runs  its  course  in  twelve 
to  forty -eight  hours. 

Epidemic. — This  term  is  applied  to  diseases  of  animals, 
but  improperly,  as  the  term  is  exclusively  a name  that 
should  only  be  used  for  diseases  when  man  is  the  subject. 
Epi , upon,  and  demo , the  people — a disease  upon  the  peo* 
pie.  Epizootic  is  the  proper  name  for  animal  diseases. 
Epi , upon,  zoon , an  animal — diseases  upon  animals. 

Epizootic. — A disease  that  attacks  many  animals  at 
the  same  time  and  season,  originating  in  one  common  causo^ 


EYES. 


75* 

Examples — epizootic-influenza  in  the  horse,  and  pleuro-* 
pneumonia  in  cattle. 

Epilepsy. — An  epileptic  horse  should  never  be  used 
for  family  driving.  (See  Megrims.) 

Epiphora. — Weeping  from  theEyes.  (See  Eye  Diseases.) 

Epsom  Salts. — (See  Medicines.) 

Eruptions. — Eruptions  are  more  a symptom  than  a 
disease.  (See  Strangles,  Surfeit,  Stings  of  Insects,  and 
Scarlatina.) 

Erysipelas. — This,  as  an  independent  disease,  is  not 
often,  if  at  all,  seen  in  horses.  It  is  often  present  after 
accidents,  as  a bruise  or  a broken  bone. 

Symptoms.  A hard,  tense  and  painful  swelling  of  the 
parts,  accompanied  with  irritation  and  excitement  through 
the  entire  system. 

Treatment.  Give  twenty  to  twenty-five  drops  of  the  tinc- 
ture of  aconite  root  four  times  in  a day,  to  calm  the  sys- 
tem. Apply  cold  iced  water,  with  woollen  cloths,  to  the 
part.  If  from  broken  bones,  try  and  remove,  or  adjust 
them  in  position  to  one  another,  and  secure  them  so  with 
splint  and  bandage.  In  severe  cases  of  broken  bones,  the 
animal  had  better  be  killed.  (See  Fractures.) 

Exostosis. — (See  Splint  and  Bony  Tumors.) 

Eyes,  Diseases  of  the. — Before  referring  to  the  dis- 
eases of  this  organ,  it  may  be  necessary  to  say  a few  words 
as  to  the  structure  of  the  eye. 

(1.)  The  eyelids  are  composed  of  skin,  and  under  it  the 
fibres  of  a circular  muscle  which  close  the  eyelids.  The 
eyelids  are  lined  internally  with  a mucous  membrane  called 


80 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


the  conjunctiva,  which  is  reflected  from  them  over  the  ante* 
rior  surface  of  the  eyeball. 

(2.)  The  globe  of  the  eye  is  not  exactly  round,  for  it  is 
more  like  a segment  of  a smaller  circle  put  into  a greater 
one. 

(3.)  The  clear  portion  of  the  eye  is  called  the  cornea,  and 
forms  a portion  of  the  globe. 

(4.)  The  sclerotic  coat  is  what  is  called  the  white  of  the 
eye ; and  just  back  of  it  is  what  is  called  the  choroid  coat 
of  the  eye.  And  immediately  within  this  choroid  coat  is 
placed  the  retina,  or  the  expansion  of  the  optic  nerve,  or 
the  nerve  of  sight. 

(5.)  The  humors  of  the  eye  occupy  the  anterior  chamber, 
as  well  as  pass  into  the  posterior.  The  iris  floats  in  this 
humor,  and  behind  it  will  be  found  the  magnifying  lens  of 
the  eye.  This  is  a double  convex,  and  is  placed  in  the 
centre  of  vision,  and  fronting  the  next,  or  vitreous  humor 
of  the  eye.  This  humor  is  enclosed  in  a capsule  called  the 
hyaloid  membrane.  The  eyes  of  the  horse  are  so  placed  in 
his  head,  that  he,  at  the  same  time,  sees  different  objects 
with  each  eye,  which  peculiarity  accounts  for  the  shying 
and  starting,  when  one  eye  is  imperfect  or  diseased.  If 
one  eye  only  be  altogether  destroyed,  the  horse  will  not  shy 
or  start,  but  will  be  a useful  animal.  This  is  the  reason 
why  cataract  on  the  eye  of  a horse  had  better  be  let  alone, 
as  any  imperfect  sight  will  make  the  horse  dangerous  to 
drive,  objects  being  seen  in  distorted  form.  Better  the  eye 
be  completely  destroyed  than  partially  so. 

(1.)  Amaurosis. — This  is  the  same  disease  that  Milton 
was  affected  with,  and  was  called  by  him  “drop  serene,” 
It  is  a complete  or  partial  blindness  from  loss  of  sensation 
or  feeling  of  the  optic  nerve. 

Symptoms . This  is  the  most  serious  disease  affecting  the 


EYES. 


81 


eye  of  either  man  or  horse,  and  is  ushered  in  by  weeping 
and  partial  closure  of  the  eyelids.  A thin  film  or  scum 
will  soon  be  observed  to  spread  over  the  whole  of  the  front 
of  the  eye.  This  condition  will  pass  off  for  a week  or  two, 
and  then  return  with  increased  violence  until  the  sight  will 
be  entirely  destroyed.  Spots  will  be  seen  between  each 
attack,  deep  in  the  eye,  gradually  increasing  in  size,  till  the 
nerve  of  sight  is  totally  destroyed. 

Causes . Inflammation  affecting  the  brain,  tumors,  or 
bone  pressing  upon  the  optic  nerve. 

Treatment . Doubtful  of  cure.  Small  doses  of  strychnine 
may  be  tried  to  restore  the  sensibility  of  the  optic  nerve,  or 
colchicum  may  be  used.  (See  Medicine.) 

Observe . There  are  many  horses  with  extremely  flat  fore- 
heads, the  bones  seemingly  pressing  upon  the  lower  por- 
tion of  the  brain,  just  where  the  optic  nerve  is  given  out  to 
the  eyes.  These  flat-headed  (that  is,  in  front  of  the  head) 
horses,  I have  observed  to  go  blind  about  the  seventh  year 
of  their  age.  Blindness  arising  from  such  a cause,  may 
justly  be  laid  at  the  door  of  hereditary  causes.  Breeding 
from  blind  mares  should,  therefore,  be,  as  a rule,  avoided. 
If  a mare  from  accident  become  blind,  there  are  no  scien- 
tific reasons  why  she  should  not  be  used  for  breeding  pur- 
poses. What  is  to  be  observed  is,  not  to  breed  from  a mare 
that  has  a very  flat  forehead  and  has  not  gone  blind  from 
accident  or  injury  to  the  eye. 

(2.)  Floating  Spots  in  the  Eye. — Sometimes  dark 
cloudy  spots  or  specks  will  be  seen  floating  in  the  eye, 
more  or  less  movable,  rising  and  falling,  as  the  eye  itself 
moves.  If  they  are  unattended  with  weakness  of  the  eye, 
or  the  spots  are  not  fixed,  and  dark,  indicating  the  com- 
mencement of  the  disease  named  above,  they  will  be  no 
great  injury. 

6 


82 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


Causes . Some  constitutional  disturbance,  over-driving, 
or  hard  work. 

Treatment.  Inject,  or  apply  cold  water  several  times  in 
the  day. 

(3.)  Iritis. — Inflammation  of  the  iris. 

Causes.  Cold  and  exposure,  producing  rheumatism  in 
that  portion  of  the  eye. 

Symptoms.  Redness  of  the  eye,  and  muddy  color  of  the 
cornea.  The  iris  is  a little  changed  in  color. 

Treatment.  The  application  of  moist  poultices  to  the  eye 
for  a few  days  to  allay  inflammation,  or  irritation.  Then 
apply  three  times  daily,  with  a small  brush  called  a camel's 
hair  pencil,  the  following  mixture:  Nitrate  of  silver, 
twelve  grains ; rain  water,  four  ounces.  The  brush  to  be 
dipped  in  the  mixture,  and  drawn  lightly  across  within  the 
eye.  Keep  the  horse  from  the  light  as  much  as  possible. 
(4.)  Inflammation  of  the  Sclerotic  Coat. 

Symptoms.  The  coat  is  of  a pink-red  color. 

Cause . Rheumatism. 

Treatment.  A teaspoonful  of  the  wine  of  colchicum  root, 
four  times  in  the  day  ; comfortable  stabling  and  generous 
feeding. 

Half-drachm  doses  of  the  iodide  of  potassium  may  be 
tried  in  this  case.  Half-ounce  doses  of  sesquicarbonate  of 
soda,  occasionally,  will  be  of  service. 

(5.)  Polypi.  Small  excrescences  are  sometimes  seen  to 
arise  from  the  iris,  but  require  no  treatment,  as  they  will 
pass  away  of  themselves. 

(6.)  Spots' and  Ulceration  of  the  Cornea. 

Symptoms . Blood-vessels  tinged  with  blood ; small  ele- 
vated spots,  which  are  sometimes  ulcers,  and  at  other  times 
small  abscesses,  owing  to  the  abscesses  being  whole  or 
broken. 


EYES. 


83 


Treatment.  Take  belladonna,  half  a drachm  ; cold  water, 
six  ounces.  Mix,  and  apply  to  the  parts  with  a camel's 
hair  pencil  dipped  in  the  mixture.  Scarify  or  open  the 
angular  veins  of  the  eye,  and  foment  with  warm  water,  to 
insure  a good  flow  of  blood.  This  treatment  should  be 
followed  by  a lotion  of  the  nitrate  of  silver,  or  of  blue  stone 
— sulphate  of  copper,  (see  Medicines,)  to  destroy  the  ulcers 
inside  of  the  eyelids ; then  apply  the  belladonna  lotion  as 
before.  It  will  require  repeated  applications  alternately 
to  effect  a complete  cure.  It  will  be  advisable  to  feed  the 
horse  well,  to  increase  absorption  of  effused  fluids  and 
thickenings.  Iron  and  gentian  will  be  useful.  (See  Medi- 
cines and  Prescriptions.) 

(7.)  Weeping  from  the  Eye. — This  is  more  properly 
a symptom  than  a disease — a swelling  of  the  caruncula 
lachrymalis — a small,  round  body. 

Treatment.  Touch  the  swelling  with  a camel's  hair 
-pencil  dipped  in  the  lotion  of  blue  stone,  or  nitrate  of 
silver.  Four  grains  to  an  ounce  of  rain  water,  will  be 
strong  enough  for  this  purpose.  This  treatment  will  cure 
the  weeping,  provided  the  tear-duct  be  open. 

(8.)  Closing  of  the  Eyelids. — Treatment.  Apply 
warm  water  with  a sponge  for  a period  sufficiently  long,  so 
as  to  dissolve  or  dilute  the  mucus,  which  causes  the  lids  to 
stick  together.  To  prevent  a recurrence  during  some  dis- 
eases of  the  eyes,  smear  the  lids  with  sweet  oil,  or  cold 
cream,  every  night  while  the  disease  lasts. 

(9.)  Hair  Growing  in  the  Eye. — Scientifically,  this 
is  called  Trichiasis . The  removal  of  the  hair  by  tweezers 
or  forceps,  and  the  application  of  some  eye-wash  to  remove 
the  irritation,  are  the  proper  means  to  be  employed. 

(10.)  Swelling  of  the  Eyelids. — This  is  sometimes 
observed  in  bad  cases  of  mange,  (which  see.) 


84 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


(11.)  Simple  Ophthalmia, or Catarrh alOphthal- 
MIA. — Symptoms . A thick,  mucous  discharge  from  the  eye, 
accompanying  cases  of  cold  or  catarrh,  redness  and  swelling 
of  the  membrane  lining  the  inside  of  the  eyelids.  This 
condition  and  appearance  resemble  the  lining  of  the  nose 
in  cases  of  cold.  This  affection  may,  with  propriety,  be 
called  muco-purulent  ophthalmia,  and  it  is  not  unlike  the 
Egyptian  ophthalmia  of  man,  produced  by  the  introduction 
of  the  flying  sands  of  the  Arabian  desert.  Ophthalmia  may 
be  simple  or  acute;  consequently  the  treatment  will  be  at?* 
cordingly. 


OPERATING  ON  THE  EYE. 


EYES. 


85 


Treatment.  The  application  of  cold  water ; or  if  the  cold 
seem  to  give  pain,  warm  water  should  be  used  instead. 
Open  the  angular  veins.  This  is  done  as  follows:  Take 
a sharp  knife,  and  simply  cut  the  skin  and  the  veins  which 
are  seen  underneath  at  the  lower  corner  of  the  eye,  and 
bathe  with  warm  water,  which  will  induce  them  to  bleed 
freely.  Give  grass,  or  some  other  opening  and  cool  feed.i 
Give,  also,  half-ounce  doses  of  sulphite  of  soda  daily  for  a 
few  days.  The  nitrate  of  silver  lotion,  or  the  blue-stone, 
will  do;  it  is  cheap  and  easily  procured,  and  therefore 
better  adapted  for  the  farmer  or  stable  man.  Apply  as 
elsewhere  recommended.  Never  use  sugar  of  lead  lotions 
as  an  eye-wash  to  the  eye,  which  books  so  often  recommend. 
They  are  positively  injurious  to  the  eye  by  their  producing 
dulness,  or  opacity  of  the  cornea — or  the  clear,  transparent 
part  of  the  eye — the  very -brightness  of  which  indicates 
health,  beauty,  and  intelligence  in  a horse  ; so,  once  for  all, 
I say,  use  no  Goulard’s  solution  of  lead.  Copper  is  in- 
finitely better,  and  never  leaves  dimness  of  the  eye  or  vision. 
If  copper  be  not  at  hand,  chloride  of  zinc,  one  grain,  to  an 
ounce  of  rain  or  distilled  water,  is  an  excellent  application 
to  the  eye  of  a horse  suffering  from  purulent  opthalmia. 
(See  Medicines  and  Prescriptions.) 

(12.)  Moon  Blindness,  terminating  in  Cataract. — 
This  disease  is  a serious  one,  and  frequent,  consisting  of  in- 
flammation of  the  internal  parts  of  the  eye-ball,  the  choroid 
coat  and  the  iris  more  particularly. 

Symptoms.  In  the  morning,  perhaps,  the  eyelids  will  be 
found  closed  ; a large  flow  of  tears  ; the  back  portion  of  the 
eye  dim  and  clouded.  No  specks  are  to  be  seen,  as  in  some 
other  diseases  of  the  eye.  A yellow  border  will  be  observed 
at  the  bottom  of  the  chamber.  This  is  pus.  The  attack, 
or  inflammation,  will  last  from  two  to  three  weeks : at  the 


86 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


end  of  which  time  the  eye  will  brighten  up,  and  the  ordi- 
nary observer  may  think  that  the  eye  is  completely  cured. 
The  pus  is  entirely  absorbed,  scarcely  leaving  any  traces 
behind,  except  a degree  of  dimness.  In  one,  two,  or  three 
months,  and  not  by  the  regularity  of  the  moon’s  changes, 
as  horsemen  suppose,  the  disease  reappears,  having  the 
same  symptoms  and  characteristics  as  in  the  first  attack, 
only  a greater  deposit  of  pus  will  be  left  at  each  subsequent 
attack.  One  attack  succeeds  another  until  the  whole  pupil 
is  filled  with  matter,  constituting  cataract,  thus  completely 
destroying  the  eyesight.  This  disease  is  usually  at  first 
confined  to  one  eye,  but  in  some  cases  both  are  affected,  one 
usually  more  severely  than  the  other. 

Treatment.  This  disease  is  deemed  incurable,  which  fact 
has  often  induced  the  owner  of  an  animal  thus  affected  to 
sell  him,  being  well  aware  that  the  disease  will  at  no  distant 
day  return,  and  leave  upon  his  hands  a blind  horse.  An 
application  of  cold  water  and  the  tincture  of  opium  should 
be  used  to  allay  pain  and  irritation  ; cold  water,  one  ounce ; 
tincture  of  opium, two  drachms;  to  be  applied  by  means 
of  a camel’s  hair  pencil. 

Observe.  When  one  eye  of  a horse  is  affected  with  this 
disease,  the  other  will  also  ultimately  become  affected.  To 
prevent  this,  it  has  been  advised,  as  is  done  in  man,  to  have 
the  diseased  eye  entirely  extirpated.  In  horses,  I would 
rather  puncture  the  cornea  with  a lancet,  and  allow  the 
watery  humor  to  escape,  thus  permitting  the  diseased  eye 
to  sink  in  the  head.  This  being  done  successfully  the 
remaining  eye  will  not  only  retain,  but  will  increase  in 
lustre  and  brightness. 

False  Quarter. — (See  Foot  Diseases.) 

Farcy. — The  reader  will  be  not  a little  surprised  at  the 


FARCY. 


87 


opinions  that  are  advanced  by  me  in  regard  to  this  disease, 
'■  especially  if  he  be  a reader  of  the  books  on  the  diseases  of 
horses.  In  these  books  we  are  distinctly  told  that  farcy  is 
a variety  of  glanders,  and  that  farcy  buds  are  of  the  same 
nature  as  the  ulcers  of  the  lining  membrane  of  the  nose  in 
cases  of  glanders.  This  may  or  may  not  be  true.  But 
why  not  have  given  the  reasons  why  these  relations  were 
so  sustained  to  each  other?  Thus  assertion  is  put  for  fact, 
and  ignorance  for  great  knowledge.  Farcy  is  not  a disease 
attacking  the  absorbent  vessels,  nor  glanders  of  the  lining 
membranes  of  the  nose.  Farcy,  we  are  again  told,  is  cura- 
ble, and  in  the  very  next  sentence  that  glanders  is  incura- 
ble. Why  this  peculiarity  ? For  if  the  diseases  be  the 
same,  they  should  be  equally  susceptible  of  cure.  From  all 
that  has  been  said  and  written  on  the  subject  of  farcy  and 
glanders,  nothing  satisfactory  has  been  gained,  but  much 
that  is  calculated  to  perplex.  Farcy  is  the  “ scrofula”  of 
the  horse.  It  is  unknown  in  countries  and  climes  where 
this  disease  in  man  is  never  seen,  and  a disease  inseparable 
from  the  present  manner  of  domestication.  In  a word,  the 
disease  called  farcy  is  nothing  more  or  less  than  the  effects 
of  a class  of  pathogens  called  ferments,  leavens,  or  zumins, 
acting  and  producing  fermentation  in  the  blood.  (See 
Glanders.)  In  medicines  zumins  are  used,  such  as  yeast, 
rennet,  pepsin,  and  cow-pox  matter.  Among  the  various 
diseases  of  the  horse  produced  by  ferments,  are  glanders, 
farcy,  purpura,  grease,  and  several  eruptions  of  the  skin 
and  legs.  This  is  readily  explained.  For  instance,  if  the 
liver,  kidneys,  skin,  and  bowels  of  a horse  be  not  acting 
right,  how  is  effete  matter  to  be  eliminated  or  carried  from 
the  blood  or  the  body  of  the  animal  ? This  effete  matter, 
as  a small  piece  of  membrane,  dead  bone  or  pus,  not  escap- 
ing by  the  usual  channels,  will  decay  and  become  an  active 


88 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


ferment  in  the  blood  and  in  the  fluids  of  the  body.  This, 
then,  is  the  only  true  explanation  of  the  phenomena  of 
farcy  in  the  horse. 

Symptoms.  An  unhealthy  coat ; bad  habit  of  body  ; one 
leg,  usually  the  fore  leg,  will  swell  to  a very  large  size — 
hot  and  painful,  and  in  a day  or  two  it  will  break  out  in 
small,  running  ulcers,  or  sores,  discharging  a sanious  fluid, 
sometimes  of  a thick  and  resinous  color.  On  the  inside 
of  the  leg,  or  on  the  side  of  the  body  or  the  neck,  will  be 
seen  a thick,  corded,  and  elevated  substance  under  the  skin 
of  considerable  hardness,  and  interrupted  at  distances  with 
a small  sore  similar  to  that  on  the  leg.  In  some  cases — 
not  in  every  case- — circumscribed,  and  soft,  puffy  swellings 
will  be  seen  about  the  mouth,  lips,  and  indeed  on  many 
parts  of  the  body.  These  swellings  are  not  to  be  con- 
founded with  swelling  of  the  legs,  belly,  breast,  sheath, 
etc.,  in  cases  of  weakness  or  debility.  These  swellings 
have  been  named  water  farcy  by  some  people,  but  have  no 
connection  with  true  or  malignant  farcy  whatever,  and  are 
not  in  any  way  infectious  or  contagious.  After  some  alter- 
ations and  changes  occupying  a few  weeks,  the  animal  be- 
comes much  changed  for  the  worse,  the  blood  becoming  so 
deteriorated  and  changed  in  character  that  the  animal’s 
vitality  soon  gives  way,  and  the  horse  dies  a miserable 
object. 

Causes.  Overcrowding  horses  in  small  and  insufficient 
houses,  with  little  or  no  ventilation,  each  animal  repeatedly 
breathing  the  noxious  or  waste  material  from  the  lungs  of 
his  companions,  thus  introducing  into  the  blood  a powerful 
pathogen  in  the  form  of  a ferment;  inoculation  from  the 
virus  of  glandered  or  farcied  horses,  the  inoculation  pro- 
ducing a ferment ; debility,  ending  in  changing  the  charac- 
ter of  the  blood.  Absorption  of  pus  from  sores  or  ulcers 


FARCY. 


89 


into  the  blood  is  another  powerful  ferment,  and  ends  either 
in  farcy,  glanders,  or  some  other  zymotic  disease. 

Treatment.  Having  fully  and  sufficiently  explained  the 
cause  of  this  disease,  the  treatment  is  almost  already  pointed 
out,  namely,  remove  the  cause,  and  the  effects  will  cease. 
For  this  purpose  give  the  following  substance  twice  a day, 
a tablespoonful  to  a dose  : Sulphite  (not  sulphate)  of  soda. 
This  new  chemical  salt  will  purify  the  blood,  as  its  action 
destroys  fermentation,  whether  in  a barrel  of  wine,  cider, 
or  in  the  blood  of  a horse.  Continuing  this  till  the  horse 
is  well,  and  for  a few  weeks  afterwards,  two  or  three  times 
a week,  will  be  of  good  service.  (See  Sulphite  of  Soda.) 
While  the  blood  is  thus  being  purified  and  made  fit  once 
more  for  the  purpose  of  life,  it  will  be  necessary  to  add 
something  to  it  also,  thus  assisting  the  powers  of  the  con- 
stitution to  overcome  the  difficulty.  We  will  not  only 
add  to  the  blood,  but  give  something  to  facilitate  the  re- 
moval-of  the  effete  matter  from  the  body,  without  weak- 
ening the  animal  with  debilitating  diuretics.  For  this 
purpose,  the  following  medicine  will  be  given  : Powdered 
sulphate  of  copper,  three  ounces;  powdered  Spanish  fly, 
one  drachm  ; powdered  gentian  root,  four  ounces.  Mix, 
and  divide  into  twelve  powders,  and  give  one  powder  at 
night  in  some  good  feed,  with  no  more  cold  water  in  it 
than  will  keep  the  particles  of  the  feed  together.  These 
powders  will  do  for  two  weeks ; at  the  end  of  that  time 
get  more,  and  continue  them  till  the  horse  is  well.  In  ad- 
dition to  what  has  been  recommended,  give  grass,  and 
good  and  generous  feed,  for  by  these  means  the  power  and 
strength  of  the  body  will  be  kept  up,  and  a cure  will  be 
more  surely  and  speedily  effected. 

While  this  treatment  is  going  on,  the  horse  will  have  to 
be  removed  to  a place  by  himself,  or  from  healthy  animals. 


90 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


Keep  all  articles  used  in  feeding,  clothing,  and  cleansing 
him,  in  the  building  with  him.  Remember,  this  is  con- 
sidered one  of  the  contagious  diseases  of  the  horse.  Not 
only  the  safety  of  your  own,  but  of  your  neighbor’s  horse, 
depends  upon  your  observance  of  these  directions.  In  case 
you  should  place  a horse  so  affected,  either  in  a field  next 
to  your  neighbor,  or  in  his  stable,  and  his  horses  become 
affected,  you  will  be  liable  to  a suit  at  law  for  damages 
arising  therefrom.  From  my  experience  in  horse  causes  in 
the  courts  of  Philadelphia,  it  will  be  easier  to  bring  a suit 
than  to  gain  it,  if  there  be  scientific  witnesses  on  the  stand, 
as  the  question  will  arise,  Was  the  disease,  or  was  it  not, 
communicated  from  the  sick  horse  so  placed?  ' Obviously, 
these  are  questions  more  easily  asked  than  answered. 

Fatty  Tumor,— (S  ee  Tumors.) 

Farrier. — Properly,  this  title  belongs  to  the  blacksmith, 
whether  a horse  shoer,  or  of  other  branches  of  iron  work- 
ing, faber  ferrarius  ; but  from  some  idea  or  other,  we  hear 
of  persons,  otherwise  well  informed,  saying,  when  speaking 
of  accident  or  sickness  to  horses,  to  have  or  send  for  a far- 
rier. Now,  what  is  there  possessed  by  workers  in  iron, 
that  they  should  know  any  more  about  diseases  and  their 
treatment  than  is  possessed  by  a worker  in  wood.  Persons 
of  education  should  look  into  the  etymology  of  a term, 
even  if  it  should  be  used  by  the  mass  of  the  people : for  it 
is  by  the  language  and  general  deportment,  that  a man  of 
education  is  known  from  his  less  learned  prototype. 

Fever,  Putrid. — (See  Typhosus.) 

Fever,  Sympathetic. — This  variety  of  fever  is  that 
which  is  produced  by  accident  and  disease.  Thus,  a horse 
gets  a nail  in  the  sensitive  part  of  the  foot,  excitement,  or 
sympathetic  fever  is  an  accompaniment.  Lung  disease  is 


FISTULA. 


91 


accompanied  with  fever,  and  hence  it  is  called  lung  fever. 
Fever  in  the  feet  is  a common  expression,  signifying  sym- 
pathetic fever.  Indeed,  it  is  a question  in  my  mind,  whether 
fevers  of  all  kinds  are  not  to  be  attributed  to  some  local  or 
general  disturbance  of  some  action  or  function  of  the  body. 
Thus,  the  many  fevers  which  attack  the  human  family,  can 
readily  be  traced  to  a predisposing  cause ; as,  for  example, 
typhus  fever  is  caused  by  insufficient  ventilation,  besieged 
towns  and  garrisons,  preventing  the  removal  of  exuvia. 

Fever  in  the  Feet. — This  is  a common  disease  of 
horses  in  large  towns  and  cities,  where  the  streets  are  paved 
with  stone  or  iron,  whereby  the  concussion  is  very  great, 
when  horses  are  driven  fast.  (See  Founder.) 

Fibroma, — A variety  of  tumor.  (See  Tumors.) 

Firing  Horses. — This  is  an  operation  which  is  a great 
favorite,  and  in  much  repute  among  horse  doctors.  For 
my  part,  I think  it  is  not  only  cruel  and  barbarous,  but 
unnecessary,  doing  no  good  whatever,  and  in  many  cases  a 
positive  injury,  the  effects  of  which  will  never  disappear 
from  the  legs  or  body  while  the  animal  lives.  Firing  is 
intended  by  its  advocates  to  prevent  and  cure  spavin, 
curbs,  sprains,  and  ring  bones,  by  scoring  the  parts  with  a 
red  hot  iron  in  lines  over  the  part  that  is  thought  will  be 
diseased  or  are  already  so. 

Fistula, — Examples . Fistula  of  the  shoulder,  of  the 
'poll,  poll-evil,  (which  see,)  and  quittor  or  sinuses  of  the 
foot,  (which  see.)  Fistulas  are  usually  deep-seated,  but 
sometimes  they  are  superficial,  or  just  under  the  skin. 
However,  although  we  see  them  sometimes  so  situated, 
it  must  be  confessed  that  the  cases  are  extremely  rare. 
The  fistula  most  frequent  and  difficult  of  cure  is  always 
deep-seated  and  1$  viCtfUty  °f  a as  the  poll  and 


92 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


shoulder.  The  reason  of  this  is  easy  of  explanation,  for 
when  these  parts  get  injured,  and  suppurative  action  is  set 
up,  the  pus,  instead  of  pointing  to  the  outward  surface, 
burrows  down  in  among  the  loose  textures,  and  forms 
sinuses  or  pipes,  pointing  in  several  directions.  Fistula 
differs  from  a simple  abscess  in  this  particular,  and  there- 
fore is  difficult  of  cure.  The  pus  secreted  is  nearly  the 
same.  The  pus  in  a simple  abscess  is  secreted  from,  and 
is  a liquification  of,  the  surrounding  tissue;  but  the  pus  of 
fistula  is  secreted  from  the  walls  of  a fibrous  sack,  which 
is  formed  in  most  cases  of  fistula.  The  fistula  may  be  open 
or  whole,  presenting  a large  swelling. 

Symptoms.  Pain  on  pressure  of  the  parts  affected,  fol- 
lowed by  heat,  pain,  and  swelling,  circumscribed  in  shape, 
hard  at  first,  and  becoming  soft  and  fluctuating  upon 
pressure  by  the  finger — a sure  indication  of  fluid  within. 
This  swelling,  from  the  firmness  and  integrity  of  the  sack 
and  skin  in  which  it  is  enclosed,  does  not  break,  nor  yet 
form  sinuses  that  take  on  the  character  of  an  encysted 
tumor,  which  does  not  break  of  its  own  accord,  as  simple 
abscesses  do.  At  other  times,  the  fistulous  tumor  breaks 
or  opens  in  several  places,  and  small  holes  discharge  pus, 
some  to-day  and  none  to-morrow.  The  day  the  discharge 
is  free,  the  pain  and  swelling  is  less.  Among  the  pus  will 
be  observed  organized  matter  similar  to  cheese,  or  in  other 
words,  not  uniform  in  thickness  or  appearance.  This  is  a 
disease  that  rarely  ever  gets  well  of  its  own  efforts,  from 
the  fact  of  the  sore  having  a sack,  which  is  only  removed  j 
by  art;  also,  from  the  situation  of  fistula  presenting  no' 
depending  opening  for  the  outlet  of  the  pus. 

Causes.  Bruises,  accidents,  caries  of  the  bones,  (which 
see,)  inflammation  of  the  bone,  or  any  accident  that  will 
cause  a simple  abscess,  will  cause  fistula. 


FITS. 


93 


A blow  that:  would  produce  a common  abscess  on  some 
portion  of  ttie  body,  will  result  in  fistula  in  other  portions, 
as  in  the  vicinity  of  a joint. 

Treatment  If  the  swelling  is  just  forming,  endeavor  to 
put  it  back  by  placing  chopped  ice,  in  a bag,  over  it  for  a 
few  days.  By  this  means,  many  a swelling  which  would 
terminate  in  a fistula,  will  be  cured  at  once.  This  not 
succeeding,  have  an  opening  made  into  its  lowest  side,  so 
as  the  bloody  water,  which  it  at  this  time  contains,  will  be 
discharged.  Then  syringe  a half  tablespoonful  of  the 
tincture  of  iodine  into  it  once  in  the  day  for  a few  days,  to 
eat  or  destroy  the  membranous  sack.  Then  treat  it  as  a 
common  sore  by  keeping  it  clean,  and  the  opening  from 
closing  before  it  has  healed  from  the  bottom.  For  this 
purpose,  place  a small  piece  of  cotton  in  the  mouth  of  the 
opening,  smeared  with  simple  ointment.  (See  Medicines 
and  Prescriptions.) 

Fistula  in  the  Foot. — This  disease,  by  common  con- 
sent, is  called  quittor,  a fistulous  abscess  in  the  foot.  (See 
Quittor.) 

Fistulous  Withers. — By  farmers  called  Thisolow,  or 
Fisolow.  This  is  an  affection  described  in  the  preceding 
article,  with  this  difference  in  some  cases,  that  it  extends 
through  over  the  top  of  the  bones  of  the  withers  or  shoul- 
ders to  the  other  side,  thus  forming  a very  broad  pad,  as 
it  were,  on  the  top  of  the  shoulder,  just  where  the  shoul- 
der in  health  is  the  sharpest  and  narrowest. 

Treatment  Lay  chopped  ice,  in  bags,  over  the  swelling, 
and,  if  necessary,  open  and  take  out  the  sack,  or  destroy  it 
by  the  injection  of  the  tincture  of  iodine,  and  dress  as  for 
8 common  sore.  (See  preceding  Article  and  Poll-Evil.) 

Fits# —This  is  a term  applied  to  horses  subject  to  me- 


94 


DISEASES  OP  THE  HORSE. 


grims,  or  staggers,  (which  see,)  causing  them  to  fall. 
Hence,  the  expression,  “ fitty  horse.” 

Flaxseed. — Every  part  of  this  seed  is  used  one  way  or 
another  in  the  treatment  of  diseases  of  the  horse.  The 
ground  seed,  mixed  with  warm  water,  is  an  excellent  cool- 
ing food  for  horses,  almost  a laxative.  The  pressed  juice, 
or  oil,  is  a certain  and  safe  purgative  for  the  horse,  in 
quart  doses.  The  residue,  which  remains  after  the  oil  has 
been  pressed,  commonly  called  cake  meal,  when  mixed 
with  warm  water,  makes  the  best  of  poultices  to  a sore  or 
wound.  (See  Poultices.) 

Food,  Hints  on. — 1.  All  horses  must  NOT  be  fed  in 
the  same  proportions,  without  due  regard  to  their  ages, 
their  constitutions,  and  their  work.  Because  the  impro- 
priety of  such  a practice  is  self-evident  Yet  it  is  constantly 
done , and  is  the  basis  of  disease  of  every  hind . 

2.  Never  use  bad  hay  on  account  of  its  cheapness. 
Became  there  is  not  proper  nourishment  in  it 

3.  Damaged  corn  is  exceedingly  injurious.  Because  it 
brings  on  inflammation  of  the  Bowels  and  skin  diseases. 

4.  Chaff  is  better  for  old  horses  than  hay.  Because  they 
oan  chew  and  digest  it  better . 

5.  Mix  chaff  with  corn  or  oats,  and  do  not  give  them 
alone.  Because  it  makes  the  horse  chew  his  food  more  and 
digest  it  better. 

6.  Hay  or  grass  alone  will  not  support  a horse  under 
hard  work.  Because  there  is  not  sufficient  nutritive  body  in 
ei  Iher . 

7.  When  a horse  is  worked  hard  his  food  should  chiefly 
b i oats  and  corn : if  not  worked  hard,  his  food  should 
cl  uefly  be  hay.  Because  oats  and  corn  supply  more  nourish - 
n ent  and  flesh-making  material  than  any  wther  kind  of food* 
1 iiy  not  much . 


FOOD. 


95 


8.  For  a saddle  or  coach -horse,  half  a peck  of  sound  oats 
and  eighteen  pounds  of  good  hay  are  sufficient.  If  the 
hay  is  not  good,  add  a quarter  of  a peck  more  oats.  A 
horse  that  works  harder  may  have  rather  more  of  each ; 
one  that  works  little  should  have  less. 

9.  Rack  feeding  is  wasteful.  The  better  plan  is  to  feed 
with  chopped  hay,  from  a manger.  Because  the  food  is  not 

then  thrown  about,  and  is  more  easily  chewed  and  digested . 

10.  Sprinkle  the  hay  with  water  that  has  salt  dissolved 
in  it.  Because  it  is  pleasing  to  the  animaVs  taste,  and 
more  easily  digested . [A  teaspoonful  of  salt  in  a bucket 
of  water  is  sufficient.] 

11.  Oats  and  corn  should  be  bruised  for  an  old  horse 
but  not  for  a young  one.  Because  the  former,  through  age 
and  defective  teeth,  cannot  chew  them  properly  ; the  young 
horse  can  do  so,  and  they  are  thus  properly  mixed  with  the 
saliva,  and  turned  into  wholesome  nutriment . 

12.  Grass  must  always  be  cut  for  hay  before  the  seed 
drops.  Because  the  juices  that  ripen  the  seed  are  the  most 
valuable  part  of  the  hay.  If  they  are  sucked  out  by  its 
ripening  and  dropping,  the  grass  wild  not  turn  into 
hay  ; but  will  only  wither  and  grow  yellow. 

13.  Vetches  and  cut  grass  should  always  be  given  in  the 
spring  to  horses  that  cannot  be  turned  out  into  the  fields. 
Because  they  are  very  cooling  and  refreshing , and  almost 
medicinal  in  their  effects ; but  they  must  be  supplied  in 
moderation , as  they  are  liable  to  ferment  in  the  stomach  if 
given  largely. 

14.  Water  your  horse  from  a pond  or  stream,  rather 
than  from  a spring  or  well.  Because  the  latter  is  general- 
ly hard  and  cold,  while  the  former  is  soft,  and  comparatively 
warm.  The  horse  prefers  soft , muddy  water  to  hard  water  % 
though  ever  so  clear . 


96 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


15.  A horse  should  have  at  least  a pail  of  water,  morn- 
ing and  evening;  or  (still  better)  four  half-pailfuls,  at  four 
several  times  in  the  day.  Because  this  assuages  his  thirst 
without  bloating  him . But  he  should  not  be  made  to  work 
directly  after  he  has  had  a full  draught  of  water ; 
for  digestion  and  exertion  can  never  go  on  together. 

16.  Do  not  allow  your  horse  to  have  warm  water  to 
drink.  Because , if  he  has  to  drink  cold  water , after  getting 
accustomed  to  warm , it  will  give  him  the  colic. 

17.  When  your  horse  refuses  his  food,  after  drinking, 
go  no  further  that  day.  Because  the  poor  creature  is 
THOROUGHLY  beaten.  (See  Humanity  to  Animals.) 

Fomentations* — This  term  has  been  used  exclusively 
in  the  application  of  warm  water  to  an  inflamed  or  sprained 
part,  and  sometimes  to  a sore.  I may  be  right  or  may  be 
wrong,  when  I say  that  the  application  of  cold  water  to 
parts  similarly  affected,  are  just  as  much  entitled  to  the 
term  fomentation,  for  certainly  it  is  applied  the  same  way 
and  for  the  same  purpose,  namely,  to  allay  irritation  in  the 
sore  or  sprained  part ; and  it  has  from  my  own  experience 
proved  to  have  a much  better  effect,  and  in  as  short  a time 
Cold,  applied,  has  an  effect  to  brace,  strengthen,  and  give 
tonicity  to  relaxed  sprains  and  sores.  Warmth  has  an 
opposite  effect,  i.  e.}  to  relax  and  debilitate.  In  foot  dis- 
eases, warm  water  will  be  preferable  for  softening  the  horn. 
Where  warm  water  is  used,  the  case  should  be  treated 
afterwards  by  cold  fomentations.  A good  way  to  apply 
cold  water  is  by  means  of  wet  woolen  cloths  wrapped 
loosely„ around  the  parts,  and  wet  every  hour  or  so  before 
the  skin  becomes  warm.  At  night  take  all  the  cloths  off: 
this  will  prevent  scalding,  and  falling  off  of  the  hair. 

Warm  water  should  be  applied  the  same  way  as  cold. 

Either  cold  or  warm  fomentations  should  be  continued 


FOOT  DISEASES. 


97 


for  a time  to  get  their  benefits.  It  will  be  well  to  remem- 
ber, that  when  the  cloths  are  allowed  to  become  dry,  an 
opposite  reaction  is  immediately  set  up.  Cold  is  followed 
by  increased  warmth  in  the  parts.  Warmth  is  followed  by 
cold.  This  should  be  well  understood,  for  in  my  opinion 
cold  applications,  with  absolute  and  entire  rest,  are  the 
only  and  best  agents  for  the  speedy  and  sure  cure  of 
sprains  in  whatever  part  of  the  legs  or  body. 

Foot  Diseases, — (1.)  Canker  in  the  Foot,— Hap- 
pily, this  is  a rare  affection,  because  it  is  not  easily  managed 
from  the  peculiar  tendency  in  the  horse’s  foot  to  grow  and 
produce  proud  flesh,  which  is  the  essential  principle  of 
the  affection.  Canker  in  the  foot  of  a horse  may  be  said 
to  be  a foot  deprived  of  a part  of  it  ssole,~Tn  lieu  of  which 
a fungus  is  formed.  It  is  difficult  to  keep  it  level  with 
the  remaining  portion  of  the  sole.  Not  only  so,  but 
we  have  to  change  this  disposition  in  the  foot  to  throw  out 
such  material,  and  induce  the  material  to  secrete  or  produce 
a new  sole.  This  is  the  difficulty  to  be  experienced  in  the 
treatment  of  this  affection.  Nevertheless,  cases,  and  very 
hard  ones,  too,  have  been  cured,  but  not  in  a day,  nor  a 
week,  but  months. 

Causes . Injuries  to  the  sensitive  sole  by  nails,  bruises, 
and  other  accidents,  as  a piece  of  the  sole  being  torn  off. 

Treatment . Removal  of  any  diseased  or  dead  sole,  and 
the  proud  flesh.  For  this  purpose,  the  knife  will  have  to 
be  used  to  remove  the  dead  sole,  and,  if  it  be  in  the  hands  j 
of  an  energetic  person,  the  most  of  the  fungus  or  proud  ‘ 
flesh  can  be  taken  off  in  the  same  manner.  If  not,  get 
caustic  potash,  and  quickly  reduce  it  to  a coarse  powder,  as 
it  soon  dissolves  on  exposure  to  the  air.  Lay  it  upon  the 
raw  surface.  This  apply  next  day,  if  the  first  application 
has  not  removed  sufficient  or  all  of  it.  After  the  proud 
7 


98 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


flesh  has  been  entirely  taken  off,  or  leveled  with  the  sole 
proper,  dress  every  day  with  Barbadoes  tar,  one  pound; 
sulphuric  acid,  three  drachms  ; powdered  sulphate  of  cop- 
per, half  an  ounce.  Mix  well,  and  spread  a portion  over 
the  sore  foot,  and  over  this  dressing  a pad  of  tow  or 
cotton,  held  firmly  down  on  the  padding  so  as  to  produce 
pressure , an  important  matter  in  the  treatment  of  canker  in 
the  foot.  This  can  be  secured  by  thin  pieces  of  splint 
from  young  wood,  being  placed  across  one  another  over  the 
pad,  and  the  ends  pushed  in  between  the  foot  and  the  shoe. 
By  this  means,  and  a little  patience,  with  a little  ingenuity 
in  fixing  and  applying  these  pads,  etc.,  even  very  bad  cases 
can  be  cured. 

(2.)  Contraction. — This  is  not  so  much  a disease  as  it 
is  bad  management  in  the  stable  and  in  the  blacksmith’s 
shop.  Contraction  may  be  said  to  be  an  alteration  of  the 
shape  and  structure  of  the  posterior,  or  back  portion  of  the 
hoof — a winding  in  of  the  heels. 

Causes . Want  of  proper  knowledge  on  the  part  of  the 
owner  or  horse-shoer  in  not  knowing  the  difference  be- 
tween the  foot  that  would  require  a piece  added  to  it  at 
each  shoeing,  and  the  one  that  requires  a large  portion 
taken  from  it,  so  as  to  insure  elasticity  and  expansion.  A 
foot  strong  and  inelastic,  and  unyielding  to  the  weight  of 
the  animal,  is  the  very  first  foot  to  become  contracted.  I 
know  flat,  weak-footed  horses  travelling  sound  for  ten  or 
fifteen  years,  without  in  the  least  being  contracted.  So 
long  as  we  have  strong-hoofed  horses,  and  shod  with  an 
inflexible  iron  ring  to  prevent  wear  and  tear,  and  the 
blacksmith  neglects  to  take  off  of  each  hoof  at  the  shoeing 
as  much  horn  as  the  horse  would  have  worn  if  he  had  been 
in  the  natural  state  and  not  shod,  we  will  have  contraction. 

Treatment  Cut  down  the  hoof  and  shorten  the  toe,  and 


FOOT  DISEASES. 


99 


make  the  hard  and  inelastic  foot  one  that  will  expand  at 
its  heels  every  time  the  weight  of  the  animal  puts  his  foot 
to  the  ground. 

One-sided  nailing  is  an  excellent  preventative,  as  well  as 
an  assistant  in  the  cure  of  contracted  feet.  What  is  meant 
by  one-sided  nailing  is,  that  nails  are  to  be  confined  to  the 
outside  toe  of  the  foot,  so  as  to  allow  free  expansion  for  the 
heels.  This  cannot  be  done  with  the  shoe  being  nailed  on 
by  nails  placed  at  each  side.  To  illustrate  this  point,  place 
a small  horse-shoe  flat  in  the  palm  of  the  hand  with  the 
fingers  close  to  one  another ; then  tie,  with  a piece  of  cord, 
the  little  finger  to  one  side  of  the  shoe,  and  the  thumb  to 
the  other  side;  then  you  will  realize  to  what  extent  you 
can  expand  the  fingers  so  secured.  So  it  is  just  with  the 
foot  of  a horse  with  the  shoe  nailed  on  at  each  side.  Re- 
move the  cord  from  one  finger,  and  the  whole  hand  is  free 
to  expand.  So  likewise  the  foot  of  the  horse  by  one-sided 
nailing. 

(3.)  Corns. — This  is  a red  spot  on  the  inner  portion  of 
the  heel  of  the  foot,  causing  lameness,  and  consists  of  a 
bruise  from  the  shoe  pressing  upon  the  part,  the  shoes 
having  shifted  from  their  proper  position,  or  never  having 
been  placed  there.  In  general,  the  production  of  corns 
maybe  laid  to  the  charge  of  the  horse-shoer,  and  sometimes 
to  the  owner  allowing  the  horse  to  go  too  long  before  the 
shoes  are  removed,  or  before  the  foot  has  grown  from  the 
shoes.  Corn  is  an  analogical  term,  although  bearing  no 
resemblence  to  that  well-known  affection  of  the  feet  of  man. 

Treatment . Remove  the  corns  by  cutting  them  out ; then 
apply  a few  drops  of  commercial  sulphuric  acid  to  the  part. 
Shoe  the  horse  sufficiently  often  to  insure  even  bearing  to 
the  shoe  upon  the  wall  only  of  the  foot. 

(4.)  False  Quarter.— This  is  a term  applied  to  the 


100 


DISEASES  OP  THE  HORSE. 


horn  or  portion  of  the  hoof,  which  overlaps  or  bulges  out 
from  the  line  of  the  sound  portion  of  the  hoof. 

Causes.  An  injury  to  the  coronet  or  ligament,  which 
secretes,  or  from  which  the  hoof  grows.  This  causes  an 
alteration  of  the  horn  of  the  hoof  below,  corresponding  to 
the  extent  of  the  injury. 

Treatment.  As  there  will  be  an  enlargement,  more  or 
less,  remaining  after  an  injury  to  the  coronet,  little  will  be 
required  to  be  done,  but  to  keep  the  horn  as  level  with  the 
hoof  proper  as  possible,  in  order  to  make  it  look  less  of  an 
eye-sore. 

(5.)  Inflammation  op  the  Foot. — (See  Founder.) 

(6.)  Pricks. — Pricks  may  occur  in  the  act  of  shoeing, 
or  from  a nail  being  picked  up  on  the  street,  and  from 
other  hard-pointed  substances. 

Treatment . Pull  the  nail  out,  and  poultice  the  foot  for 
twenty-four  hours ; then  make  an  opening  through  the  horn, 
over  the  place  where  the  nail  went  in,  so  as  to  allow  the 

pus  to  escape.  For,  if  this 
be  not  done,  and  the  pus  is 
left  in  the  foot,  it  will  in  a 
few  days,  and  at  a great  ex- 
pense of  suffering  to  the 
horse,  break  out  between  the 
hoof  and  the  hair,  constitu- 

<• 

ting  quittor.  After  an  open- 
ing has  been  properly  made, 
drop  five  drops  of  muriatic 
acid  into  the  hole  once  a day,  ‘ 
for  a day  or  two.  Poultice  every  second  night  or  day,  and 
not  oftener.  A healthy  hoof  can  be  poulticed  off  by 
constant  application. 

The  horse  can  go  to  work  as  soon  as  he  can  step  on  the 


FOOT  LANCET. 


FOOT  DISEASES. 


101 


ground  firmly  and  without  lameness.  Remember  that, 
in  all  cases  of  pricks  and  other  injuries  which  end  in  sup- 
puration, as  pus  in  the  foot  of  a horse,  make  a thorough 
opening  so  as  to  allow  the  pus  to  escape,  and  no  more  trouble 
need  be  apprehended  ; except  the  nail  has  entered  into 
one  of  the  tendons  of  the  foot,  in  that  case  no  pus  will  be 
usually  formed,  the  majority  of  cases  ending  in  locked -jaw, 
(which  see.)  Where  pus  is  formed  after  pricking,  no 
locked-jaw  follows;  it  is  in  those  cases  only  where  pus  is 
not  formed  that  locked-jaw  may  be  expected. 

(7.)  Bruises  of  the  Foot. — (Treat  as  for  Prick  of  Foot.) 

(8.)  Sand  or  Quarter  Crack. — This  is  a crack  or  split 
in  the  hoof,  usually  on  the  inner  side  of  the  fore  foot,  al- 
though splits  and  cracks  occur  in  all  places,  and  in  both 
fore  and  hind  feet. 

Causes . A brittle  condition  of  the  hoof,  from  the  want 
of  sufficient  moisture.  In  some  cases  the  horse  does  not 
stand  square  upon  his  fore  feet,  thereby  causing  undue 
weight  to  fall  upon  one  of  the  sides  of  the  hoof  and  causing 
it  to  crack. 

Prevention . Apply  to  brittle  feet  equal  portions  of  the 
oil  of  tar,  and  cod  liver  oil,  whale  oil,  or  any  fish  oil  well 
rubbed  in  with  a brush  to  the  hoofs  a few  times  a week; 
and  occasionally  apply  wet  cloths  to  the  feet  in  the  sum- 
mfer  season.  In  winter  the  feet  are  better  supplied  with 
moisture. 

Treatment  Rasp  the  edges  of  the  crack  thin,  the  nearer 
the  crack  the  thinner  the  horn  should  be  made ; this  can  be 
filled  up  with  shoemaker’s  wax.  After  the  horn  has  been 
properly  thinned  a piece  of  the- wall  of  the  hoof,  for  about 
half  an  Inch  on  each  side  of  the  crack,  is  to  be  cut  out  to 
prevent  any  bearing  of  the  shoe  upon  it,  thereby  prevent- 
ing the  constant  opening,  shutting,  and  sometimes  bleeding 


102 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


from  the  crack.  To  prevent,  or  rather  to  cause  the  new 
horn  to  grow  down  whole  and  without  a crack  in  it,  a 
piece  of  iron  is  to  be  placed  in  the  fire  and  made  red  hot, 
and  then  applied,  just  for  a moment,  flat  on  the  hair  at  the 
head  of  the  crack  sufficient  to  make  a scab.  This  will  in- 
sure a solid  growth  of  horn.  Promote  the  growth  of  the 
horn  as  speedily  as  possible,  to  facilitate  a cure  ; the  strap 
is  used  by  some  round  the  hoof  to  prevent  opening  of  the 
crack. 

(9.)  Navicular  Disease. — This  is  a disease  of  a bone  in 
the  foot  of  the  horse ; a serious  disease,  and  often  very  ob- 
scure in  its  symptoms,  altogether  depending  as  to  the 
advanced  condition  of  the  disease.  Happily,  however,  it  is 
scarcely  met  with  and  then  only  in  the  common  hack  horse. 
It  consists  of  ulceration,  of  various  degrees,  on  the  surface 
of  the  navicular  bone  within  the' foot. 

Causes . Hard  and  constant  work  upon  streets  paved 
with  stones.  Slight  inflammation  neglected  and  the  horse 
not  laid  up  until  it  gets  well,  and  then  inflammation  in- 
creasing, until  it  ends  in  ulceration  of  the  bone. 

Symptoms . Obscure,  or  at  least  very  like  many  of  the 
symptoms  similiar  to  other  diseases  of  the  feet  and  legs. 
It  is  chiefly  determined  by  the  undue  heat  in  the  foot,  and 
by  the  fact  that  no  diseases  can  be  detected  elsewhere  or  of 
a different  kind.  In  lameness  of  other  portion,  not  in  the 
foot,  we  have  heat  and  swelling — the  hoof  or  foot  of  the 
horse  cannot  swell.  It  is  a box,  and  we  cannot  see  into 
it  to  examine  its  contents  and  condition. 

Treatment.  Incurable,  although  much  can  be  done  to 
relieve  the  pain,  by  the  application  of  moisture,  poultices, 
and  occasionally  placing  the  hoof  in  warm  water  to  soften 
and  relieve  pressure.  Some  have  recommended  a blister 
around  the  coronet.  I cannot  see  on  what  scientific,  or 


FOOT  DISEASES. 


103 


other  grounds,  it  will  do  good.  In  well  established  cases, 
and  in  good  strong  feet,  the  division  of  the  nerves  which 
run  down  on  each  side  of  the  leg  and  into  the  foot,  will 
relieve  the  pain  and  the  horse  will  go  well  for  years.  But 
unfortunately  many  cases  so  operated  upon  have  lost  their 
hoofs  by  falling  off  which  have  been  unjustly  laid  to  the 
operation.  The  cause  of  this  is  not  so  much  in  the  operation 
as  in  the  operator  having  no  judgment  as  to  the  kind  of 
hoof,  and  whether  the  operation  would  be  successful 
or  not.  It  would  be  obviously  improper  to  recommend 
the  operation  upon  a flat-footed  horse,  as  the  animal 
'deprived  of  pain  would  let  his  thin-soled  foot  come  down 
to  the  ground  with  great  force  and , weight,  thus  injuring 
the  whole  structure  to  such  an  extent,  that  suppuration 
takes  place  and  ultimately  the  sloughing  and  falling  off  of 
the  hoof. 

(10.)  Seedy  Toe. — This  is  a name  given  to  a split  in  the 
centre  of  either  fore  or  hind  foot,  extending  a little  way  up 
from  the  point,  or  it  may  be  up  to  the  hair  itself. 

Causes . The  same  as  those  producing  sand-crack,  (which 
see.) 

Treatment  In  bad  cases  a clasp  or  plate  of  iron  secured 
by  short  screws.  In  simple  crack  or  split  from  the  toe 
upwards,  cut  off  all  communication  of  the  sound  parts  with 
the  cracked  or  split  portion.  For  this  purpose  a three- 
edged  file  will  be  a good  instrument  for  making  the  divi- 
sion. At  each  shoeing  the  split  portion  will  gradually 
become  less  or  shorter. 

(11.)  Pumiced  Sole. — This  name  is  used  or  applied  to 
the  sole  of  a foot  which  is  convex  instead  of  concave;  that 
is,  instead  of  the  nice  cupped  foot,  the  bottom  of  the  saucer 
is  presented. 

Causes . The  result  of  bad  or  severe  cases  of  founder,, 


104 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


where  the  coffin  bone  is  let  down  upon  the  sole,  and  causes 
its  descent  or  convexity. 

Treatment . This  is  merely  palliative  and  is  to  be  done 
by  placing  a shoe  upon  the  foot  that  will  insure  and  pro- 
tect the  sole  from  the  ground. 

(12.)  Thrush. — A diseased  condition  of  the  sensitive 
frog  of  the  foot,  and  from  which  a stinking  fluid  is  dis- 
charged, which  is  familiar  to  every  person  who  is  among 
horses. 

Causes . Too  much  moisture  to  the  foot,  as  from  animals 
standing  in  their  own  excreta,  or  from  wet  stabling,  the 
frog  becoming  perverted,  and  deteriorating,  and  secreting,  or 
discharging  a blackish  color,  and  otherwise  nasty  fluid.  It 
sometimes  accompanies  navicular  disease. 

Prevention.  Dry  stabling,  a stall  having  sufficient  in- 
clination or  drainage  to  carry  off  the  fluids.  Cleaning  the 
stables  regularly. 

Treatment  A few  drops  of  muriatic  acid  forced  into  the 
centre  of  the  frog  once  a day,  for  a few  days.  Keep  the 
stable  and  stalls  dry  and  clean.  A few  doses  of  the  sul- 
phite of  soda  in  half  ounce  doses,  once  a day,  for  a few 
days,  will  do  good  by  its  alterative  and  puritive  effects 
upon  the  system. 

(13.)  Tread. — This  is,  as  its  name  indicates,  a contused 
bruise  inflicted  on  the  coronet  or  immediately  above  the 
hoof  by  a tramp  of  the  shoe  on  another  foot,  or  even  by 
another  horse.  Keep  the  wound  clean,  and  apply  the 
tincture  of  myrrh  and  aloes  daily. 

(14.)  Quittor. — This  is  a serious  and  painful  disease 
of  the  foot,  of  the  same  nature  as  poll-evil  and  fistula  in 
the  shoulder ; it  is  known  by  a large  swelling  around  or 
above  the  hoof,  or  where  the  hair  joins  the  hoof,  which 
soon  breaks  and  discharges  pus. 


tfOOT  DISEASES* 


105 


Symptoms.  Horse  off  his  feed.  Considerable  excitement 
and  fever.  Holding  the  foot  off  the  ground,  and  very 
painful.  A swelling  soon  shows  itself  at  the  coronet,  and 
in  a few  days  breaks  and  discharges  pus.  After  this  the 
horse  will  resume  his  feed,  but  will  not  make  very  free 
with  his  foot,  which  will  be  better  to-day  and  worse  the 
next  day,  depending  upon  the  discharge  of  pus  from 
the  foot. 

Causes.  A prick  from  a nail,  a bruise  on  the  sole,  a 
suppurating  corn,  or  sometimes  from  a sand  crack  taking 
on  suppurative  action. 


QTJITTOB  SYRINGE. 


Treatment.  The  great  secret  of  the  treatment  of  this  dis* 
ease,  is  to  make  a free  opening  from  the  bottom  of  the  foot. 
When  this  is  done  at  once,  you  will  be  greatly  surprised 
to  see  the  swelling  go  away  as  quickly  as  it  made  its 
appearance,  and  if  the  swelling  has  broken,  it  will  soon 
cease  to  discharge  when  the  opening  is  made  from  below, 
or  at  the  bottom  of  the  foot.  Having  effected  this  purpose 
of  an  opening,  get  a small  syringe  and  inject  into  the 
opening  above,  if  there  be  any,  and  if  not  from  the  opening 
below,  a mixture  of  the  sulphate  of  zinc,  two  ounces ; rain 
water,  eight  ounces,  once  in  the  day.  If  the  shoe  has  been 
taken  off  for  the  purpose  of  making  the  opening,  have  it 
put  on  again  so  as  to  hold  some  soft  stopping  in  the  sole  to 


106 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


keep  it  soft.  Cow  dung  is  as  good,  if  not  better,  for  this 
purpose,  than  the  best  of  costly  flaxseed.  Never  in  cases 
of  this  disease,  apply  poultices  around  the  whole  of  the 
hoof,  as  in  that  case  the  hoof  may  fall  off.  Healthy  hoofs 
can  be  poulticed  off.  Whatever  poultice,  it  must  be  ap- 
plied to  the  sole.  If  no  opening  has  been  made  from 
below,  drop  ten  drops  of  muriatic  acid  into  the  opening 
above,  once  in  the  day,  for  a few  days.  This  will  destroy 
the  disease. 

Founder. — (1.)  Acute  Founder. — Every  school-boy 
is  familiar  with  the  name  of  founder  when  applied  to  a 
lame  horse,  but  few  horsemen  ever  comprehend  the  nature 
and  seat  of  this  affection.  Founder  in  all  its  forms  is 
inflammation  of  the  laminae  or  leaves,  which  dovetail  into 
each  other,  and  bind  the  sensible  and  insensible  portions  of 
the  foot  together.  Hence,  it  is  called  by  some  learned 
persons  in  diseases  of  horses  laminitis,  by  adding  the  Greek 
word  ids.  Founder  is  again  called  by  some  persons  fever 
in  the  feet.  However  as  to  names,  the  disease  is  of  often 
’ occurrence,  and  when  left  to  itself,  destroys  many  good 
horses  by  leaving  them  ever  afterward  sore  and  tender  in 
front,  as  the  horsemen  have  it. 

Symptoms.  The  horse  will  scarcely  move;  stands  upon 
his  heels,  with  fore  feet  and  legs  stretched  out  as  far  as  he 
can  get  to  throw  the  weight  off  them.  Thus,  to  all  ap- 
pearances, making  the  animal  hollow  in  the  breast,  which 
appearance  has  given  rise  to  the  idea  that  the  horse  is  chest 
foundered.  The  hind  legs  are  brought  far  in  under  the 
belly.  The  head  of  the  horse  is  erect  and  high.  Fever 
and  constitutional  disturbance  are  very  great.  The  horse 
is  extremely  excitable,  and  breathing  fast  and  laborious. 
Altogether,  the  poor  suffering  horse  is  the  very  picture  of 
distress  and  disease. 


FOUNDER. 


107 


Causes . Giving  cold  water  when  overheated,  and  tired 
from  overwork.  A tendency  in  the  feet  to  take  on 
inflammatory  action.  The  animal  not  in  proper  health  or 
condition  for  performing  heavy  or  fast  work. 

Treatment . Place  the  horse  in  a wide  and  airy  stall,  with 
plenty  of  good  straw  for  bedding  to  encourage  the  horse  to 
lie  down,  which  will  relieve  him  very  much.  Indeed,  so 
much  is  this  the  case,  that  it  has  been  recommended  that 
every  foundered  horse  should  be  forcibly  thrown  and  kept 
down,  till  the  active  stage  of  the  disease  has  passed  off. 
This,  however,  I do  not  advise,  as  the  horse*  is  excited 
enough  without  increasing  it  by  throwing  him  from  his 
feet.  Rather  give  good  bedding,  and  the  majority  of 
horses  so  affected  will  be  ready  and  willing  to  lie  down  of 
their  own  accord.  After  the  place  is  all  fixed,  and  the 
horse  moved  into  it,  give  him  twenty  drops  of  the  tincture 
of  aconite  root  in  a cupful  of  cold  water,  poured  into  the 
mouth  with  a bottle  having  a strong  neck.  Repeat  the 
dose  every  four  hours,  till  six  to  eight  doses  have  been 
given.  Apply  cold  ice-water  cloths  to  the  feet.  In  a few 
hours,  possibly,  the  shoes  can  be  taken  off.  At  first,  this 
generally  cannot  be  done,  except  the  animal  is  down. 
Care  should  be  taken  in  removing  the  shoes,  so  that  every 
nail  is  made  loose  before  an  attempt  is  made  to  pull  off  the 
shoes.  Have  as  little  hammering  on  the  foot  as  possible, 
as  it  will  shake  the  great  and  over-sensitive  frame.  Let 
the  cold  water  be  kept  on  constantly  for  the  first  day,  or  until 
the  active  pain  gives  way.  At  leisure,  the  feet  can  be 
pared  thin  on  the  soles,  so  they  will  yield  to  pressure  with 
the  fingers.  By  getting  the  animal  to  lie  down  as  soon  as 
possible  after  he  gets  in  ; the  cold  water  cloths  applied,  and 
the  aconite  given  ; the  animal  in  a day  or  two  may  be 
nothing  the  worse  from  the  attack.  The  longer  the  animal 


108 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


remains  before  these  remedies  are  applied,  the  less  likely  is 
he  to  be  free  from  its  effects  afterwards.  Before  the  horse 
is  again  put  to  work,  be  assured  he  has  quite  recovered. 
During  the  treatment,  give  plenty  of  cold  water  to  drink. 

; Never  give  tepid  water  to  a horse  while  he  is  sick  from 
disease.  Give  grass  or  soft  mashes  for  a day  or  two,  but 
do  not  keep  a sick  horse  too  long  on  low  feed,  as  debility 
and  swelling  of  the  legs  and  various  portions  of  the  body 
will  take  place. 

Remember . Do  not  bleed,  neither  from  the  neck,  nor 
foot,  nor  from  any  place  else  in  a disease  of  this  kind. 

(2.)  Chronic  Founder. — Symptoms , Cause  and  Treat- 
ment will  be  much  the  same,  only  it  will  not  be  necessaty 
to  push  the  treatment  so  far.  Principally  depend  upon 
softening  the  horn  of  the  feet,  paring  the  soles  of  the  feet, 
and  a few  days*  rest.  The  horse,  for  a week  or  two  after- 
wards, should  be  placed  in  a stall  having  six  inches  of 
sawdust  spread  over  it,  and  kept  a little  moist  with  water 
poured  over  it  once  in  a day.  When  horses  are  recovering 
from  acute  founder,  they  also  might  be  placed  in  a stall  so 
prepared.  Clay  stalls  are  objectionable. 

Fractures,— This  term  signifies  a broken  bone.  Frac~ 
tures  are  the  result  of  great  force  applied  to  the  bone,  as 
from  kicks,  falls,  and  accidents. 

Fractures  occur  in  three  forms. 

» (1.)  The  simple  fracture  or  break,  either  oblique,  or 

slanting,  or  straight  across  the  bone. 

(2.)  The  compound  fracture,  where  the  bones  are  bi^ken 
in  several  places. 

(3.)  The  comminuted  fracture,  where  the  bones  art 
broken  in  pieces,  and  the  ends  of  the  broken  bones  are 
seen  cutting  through  the  skin,  and,  possibly,  severing  some 


FRACTURES. 


109 


of  the  blood  vessels,  causing,  in  many  cases,  death  from 
loss  of  blood. 

The  first,  or  simple  fracture,  is  the  only  variety  that 
calls  for  much  notice,  as  the  other  forms  of  fracture,  when 
occurring  in  horses,  are  beyond  remedy.  Simple  fracture 
of  the  following  named  bones  may,  with  care,  be  in  a great 
measure  cured,  and  the  animal  be  made  useful  for  many 
purposes ; as,  for  instance,  it  would  be  obviously  wrong 
to  have  a valuable  mare  destroyed,  because  of  simple 
fracture  of  one  of  many  bones,  as  she  would  be  useful  for 
breeding  purposes,  if  not  for  the  farm  or  the  road. 

Fracture  of  the  bones  of  the  leg  anywhere  from  the 
elbow  down,  except  it  may  be  the  knee  joint,  can  readily, 
with  a little  care  and  attention,  be  secured  in  its  place,  and 
the  animal  be  made  useful.  So  also  the  hind  legs  from 
the  hock  down  to  the  foot.  Fractures  of  the  ribs  usually 
get  well  of  themselves,  because  they  are  always  kept  in 
place.  So  also  of  the  haunch  bone.  Indeed,  simple  frac- 
tures of  most  any  of  the  long  bones  will  unite  of  their  own 
accord,  if  the  bones  are  put  and  kept  in  their  place  by 
proper  fixings. 

Symptoms.  The  symptoms  of  fracture  of  the  long  bones 
of  the  legs  are  seen  at  once  by  the  looseness  of  the  leg,  the 
horse  not  having  the  power  to  move  it.  The  leg  can  be 
turned  in  any  direction.  The  horse  is  in  great  pain, 
excitement,  sweating,  etc.  If  there  are  bones  pointing 
through  the  skin,  the  horse  had  better  be  shot. 

Treatment.  Place  the  horse,  if  in  summer  season,  in  the 
field,  and  in  winter  in  the  barn-yard,  where  there  is  not 
much  straw  to  prevent  the  foot  being  carried  without 
interruption. 

Then  give  twenty-five  drops  of  the  tincture  of  aconite 
root  every  five  hours,  for  the  first  twenty-four  hours,  to 


110 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


relieve  pain,  excitement,  and  fever.  Take  hold  of  the 
broken  leg  carefully,  and  place  it  in  a position  as  near  like 
the  other  leg  as  possible,  not  only  in  shape,  but  in  actual 
length  by  measurement,  for  it  is  the  neglect  of  this  that 
some  legs  are  left  shorter  and  some  longer  after  fractures. 
The  whole  position  of  the  leg  being  got  at,  apply  a good 
coating  of  tar  to  the  leg,  around,  above,  and  below  the 
point  of  fracture.  Then  wrap  the  whole  leg  in  oakum, 
coarse  tow,  or  carded  cotton.  Over  this,  place  broad  pieces 
of  boards,  like  shingles,  on  the  sides  and  front  of  the  leg, 
and  fill  all  unevenness  with  the  tow  or  cotton,  so  the  splint 
or  boards  will  lay  flat  on  the  leg.  Secure  the  whole  by 
careful  tying  with  broad  strings  or  soft  cords.  The  great 
secret  in  the  successful  treatment  of  simple  fractures  of  the 
bones  of  the  legs,  is  the  fixing  of  the  leg,  so  it  cannot  move 
until  they  have  united.  Feed  the  horse  well,  and  see 
every  day  that  the  splints  on  the  legs  are  not  loose.  Never 
sling  a horse  from  his  feet  in  cases  of  fracture,  for  it  will 
be  regretted.  If  the  horse  is  to  be  kept  in  a stall,  make  a 
hole  in  the  floor  of  the  stall,  underneath  the  foot  of  the 
broken  leg,  so  that  he  can  stand  with  the  leg  at  full  length. 
Bear  in  mind,  no  horse  will  put  his  foot  to  the  ground  till 
he  is  able  to  do  so;  therefore,  leave  everything  to  the 
broken -legged,  except  the  matter  of  securing  the  broken 
bones  in  their  place.  And  by  giving  him  his  feed,  he  may 
be  safely  left  to  himself,  and  nature  will  do  the  rest  for 
him. 

Fracture  of  the  Hip  or  Pelvis. — Symptoms.  The 
horse  is  extremely  down  in  one  of  the  hips,  with  a peculiar 
loose  motion  of  the  hind  leg,  almost  giving  way  every  step 
the  horse  makes.  There  are  no  diseases  this  can  be 
mistaken  for  in  the  hind  leg  or  hip.  This  fracture  is  pro- 
duced in  a moment ; and  even  whilst  the  horse  is  trotting. 


FRACTURES. 


Ill 


he  will  stop  all  at  once  as  if  he  were  shot.  Fracture  of  the 
hip,  I say  hip — so  that  the  unprofessional  reader  will  better 
understand — but  it  is  the  bone  of  the  pelvis.  The  mere 
name  will  not  amount  to  much,  for  the  treatment  is:  let  it 
alone,  and  it  will  get  well  in  three  months  of  itself  without 
any  interference  from  medicine  or  art.  Turn  the  horse  out 
for  a few  months,  either  in  pasture  or  in  the  barn-yard, 
and  give  him  plenty  to  eat. 

Fracture  of  the  ribs  will  require  no  treatment,  except  it 
may  be  a few  days’ rest.  Sometimes  a swelling  will  be 
seen  on  the  side  of  a horse  having  a broken  rib,  in  a few 
days  after  the  accident.  It  may  form  an  abscess;  if  so, 
have  it  opened  to  let  out  the  matter;  and  if  it  should  not 
become  soft  and  hold  matter,  let  it  alone,  as  it  will  do  little 
harm  ; or,  make  the  application  for  a few  times,  say  once  a 
week  for  three  weeks,  of  the  ointment  of  iodine.  (See 
Prescriptions  and  Medicines.) 

Fractures  of  the  simple  kind  take  place  in  various 
parts  of  the  body,  and  when  such  is  the  case,  and  they  do 
not  interfere  with  any  action  or  function  of  the  body,  they 
can  be  assisted  only  in  so  far  as  bandage  and  splint  are 
concerned,  so  as  to  secure  the  ends  in  proper  position. 
This  will  require  some  ingenuity,  and  cannot  be  described, 
as  a bone  is  not  always  broken  at  one  place,  nor  is  it 
always  of  one  set  kind  of  break.  The  means  will  on  these 
occasions  have  to  meet  the  ends  required  of  them  in  the 
best  way  possible.  Sometimes  pieces  of  broken  bone  will 
have  to  be  taken  out,  where  the  bone  has  become  detached. 
If  this  occur  in  the  bones  of  the  leg,  of  course  the  horse 
had  better  be  shot.  Where  small  pieces  of  bone  become 
loose,  it  is  usually  in  some  of  the  flat  bones,  as  the 
shoulder  blade  and  lower  jaw  bone,  from  kicks  from 
other  horses. 


112 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


Fractures  of  the  teeth  take  place  often,  and  where  they 
are  very  loose  in  the  head,  they  had  better  be  taken  out 
altogether,  and  rasp  the  sharp  points  of  the  broken  ones 
with  a file  or  rasp,  to  prevent  cutting  the  mouth  when  the 
horse  is  chewing. 

Fungi  as  a Cause  of  Disease. — Much  has  been  said 
and  written  of  late  years  of  minute  fungi  being  the  cause 
of  diseases.  Dr.  Lassaure  has  made  experiments  with 
pencell um,  etc.,  and  concludes  from  them  that  fungus  is 
not  a cause,  but  an  accidental  presence.  In  contradition 
of  Hallier,  and  I might  truthfully  say  of  many  other  per- 
sons, it  has  been  shown  that  nothing  is  to  be  gained  in  the 
study  of  the  causes  of  disease  by  cultivating  microscopic 
fungi,  and  it  cannot  be  regarded  as  a contagious  element 
until  we  have  succeeded  in  producing  disease  from  art. 

Frost  Bites. — The  results  of  frost  bites  may  be  called 
chilblains,  which  again  give  rise  to  extreme  swellings  of  the 
heels  and  back  parts  of  the  hind  legs,  until  finally  the  skin 
gives  way,  terminating  in  sores  and  ulcers  that  may  at  once 
be  taken  for  scratches.  The  sores  are  deeper  in  such  cases 
than  in  scratches  or  greasy  leg,  but  closely  resemble 
Phagadena , (which  see.)  In  the  worst  cases  we  have  seen, 
the  skin  and  flesh  shoughed,  followed  by  gangrene  or 
mortification  of  the  leg,  and  death  of  the  horse  from  the 
poison  thus  produced  and  absorbed.  We  have  seen  several 
cases  of  frost  bites  in  different  stages  and  severities,  and 
which,  in  all  cases,  was  the  result  of  broken  and  imperfect 
doors  facing  the  northern  exposure,  and  behind  which 
stood  the  hind  legs  and  heels  of  the  horse. 

Treatment . If  the  legs  be  found,  on  oyening  the  stable, 
to  be  swollen  and  painful,  rub  the  parts  with  snow  or  ice- 
cold  water,  then  follow  gradually  with  warm  water,  a 


GASTRITIS  MUCOSA. 


113 


degree  or  two  above  freezing;  and  when  warmth  is  re- 
stored, bathe  with  weak  spirits.  When  the  legs  and  heels 
break  into  sores  and  ulcers,  apply,  twice  daily,  carbolic  acid 
(in  crpstals),  four  drachms;  olive  oil,  four  ounces.  Mix. 

Gangrene. — This  is  a name  applied  to,  or  is  synonymous 
with,  mortification  or  death  of  a part,  and  is  characterized 
by  a livid  or  black  color.  Gangrene  is  attended,  or  is  ush- 
ered in,  by  a sudden  giving  way  of  pain,  which  has  often  been 
mistaken  for  recovery.  When  gangrene  of  an  outward  or 
external  part  takes  place,  there  is  a change  in  the  condition 
of  the  part,  it  assumes  a different  aspect,  the  swelling  sub- 
sides, and  upon  touching  the  part  a crackling  sound  is 
produced,  owing  to  the  evolution  of  gas. 

Gastritis  Mucosa. — This  is  a new  name  to  many 
persons,  even  well  informed  in  diseases  of  horses,  notwith- 
standing it  is  a very  common  one  in  the  spring  of  the  year, 
assuming  always  an  epizootic  form,  and  being  closely  allied 
to  the  epizootic  catarrh,  sometimes  called  typhoid  influenza. 
(See  Influenza.)  The  chief  difference  in  the  symptoms 
between  the  two  diseases  being  the  absence  of  a cough, 
which  is  always  observed  in  influenza.  The  one  disease 
attacking  the  lining  membrane  of  the  windpipe;  the 
the  other,  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  stomach  and  bowels, 
or  in  other  words,  the  digestive  organs,  more  than 
the  respiratory.  * Gastritis  Mucosa  is  a fatal  disease,  if 
treated  by  low  diet,  bleeding,  blistering  and  physicking, 
because  it  always  assumes  a low  standard  of  vitality,  or 
great  weakness.  Hence  the  horse  so  affected,  and  so  treated, 
has  no  chance  for  his  life,  whatever. 

Symptoms.  As  before  stated,  the  horse  has  no  cough  and 
the  breathing  is  not  disturbed.  The  breath  and  mouth  is 
not  hot  nor  dry,  but  often  the  mouth  is  slimy,  and  to  such 


114 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


an  extent  that  it  looks  as  if  the  horse  were  salivated. 
The  legs  soon  swell,  or  become  rounded,  or  filled  as 
they  are  often  called.  The  swellings  are  not  inflamma- 
tory, nor  painful;  they  contain  lymph,  or  plastic  mat- 
ter from  the  blood,  which  disappears  as  it  came,  when  the 
strength  of  the  horse  gets  up  again,  and  the  disease  sub- 
sides. The  appetite  is  entirely  suspended  from  the  com- 
mencement of  the  disease.  There  is  one  of  the  many 
symptoms,  which  is  never  absent  in  this  disease,  and  is 
very  characteristic  of  its  name  and  seat,  and  this  symptom 
is  that  the  foeces  or  dung  is  small,  or  in  pellets,  and  covered 
with  slime  and  portions  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
stomach  and  bowels,  or  what  the  stable-man  calls  “ very 
feverish.”  The  prominent  symptom  of  this  disease  is 
great  weakness,  and  this  is  the  case,  almost  from  the  first 
moment  of  the  attack. 

Causes . The  cause  of  this  as  well  as  of  all  epizootic 
diseases,  is  involved  in  not  a little  obscurity,  and  to  get  out 
of  this  state  of  ignorance,  and  uncertainty  as  to  the  cause, 
we  are  graciously  pleased  to  call  it  atmospheric . This 
atmospheric  influence,  may  be  either  electric,  a poison,  or 
a chemical  element,  capable  of  altering  or  changing  the 
various  parts  or  portions  of  the  body  most  exposed  to  its 
subtle  influences.  However,  this  disease,  as  before  stated, 
is  peculiar  to  the  spring  of  the  year,  commencing  as 
the  hermetically  sealed  earth  begins  to  open  its  pores  to 
the  rain  and  sunshine  of  spring.  May  there  not  be  dele- 
terious emanations  from  the  earth,  or  at  least  after  great 
frost  or  snow,  is  there  not  during  the  process  of  thawing  a 
colder  air  or  gas  given  forth  from  the  thawing  process,  than 
the  animal  is  breathing  a few  feet  higher  up  from  the 
ground  ? This  was  one  of  the  points  entering  into  the 
celebrated  controversy  between  myself  and  the  distin- 


GASTRITIS  MUCOSA. 


115 


guished  Professor  R.  E.  Rogers,  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  salt  and  slush  question,  a few  years 
ago,  whether  it  was  or  was  not  injurious  to  the  health  of 
man  or  horse  to  sprinkle  salt  upon  the  tracks  to  thaw  the 
snow  from  them.  If  my  argument  did  not  prevent  further 
use  of  the  salt  upon  the  track,  it  did  some  good  in  making 
it  obligatory  upon  the  railway  companies  to  keep  all  gutters 
and  inlets  clear,  to  allow  the  slush  to  escape  at  once  from 
the  street.  So  I think,  it  is  clearly  established,  that  the 
cold  emanating  from  the  soil,  during  the  process  of  thawing 
or  breaking  up  of  winter,  is  a great  and  exciting  cause, 
not  only  of  this  disease,  but  of  many  others  in  both  man 
and  beast,  and  which  have  hitherto  been  called  atmospheric. 
And  in  connection  with  this  condition,  we  have  in  horses, 
at  least,  a want  of  their  usual  protection,  for  with  the 
warm  sun  of  spring,  the  animal  throws  oft  his  hairy  coat, 
thus  as  it  were  unnecessarily  exposing  himself  to  these 
insidious  causes  of  disease. 

Treatment . When  cases  of  this  and  other  diseases  of  the 
same  type  (gastritis  mucosa)  first  came  under  my  care,  I 
treated  upon  different  principles  and  with  different  medi- 
cines than  what  is  here  recommended.  I look  back  with 
extreme  dissatisfaction  on  the  false  doctrines  and  false 
teachings  of  the  books  and  the  schools  which  have  led 
many  inquiring  minds  astray  since  their  day  of  teaching 
commenced.  The  treatment  now  recommended  is  sound, 
scientific  and  successful,  and  in  a very  short  time  the  horse 
will  beat  work  again,  as  if  nothing  had  been  amiss.  The 
first  day  of  the  disease,  give,  every  four  hours,  twenty  drops 
of  the  tincture  of  aconite  root  in  a little  cold  water;  next  day 
give  the  tincture  of  nux  vomica  in  fifteen  drops  every  four 
hours,  in  the  same  way,  till  the  horse  is  well,  which  usually 
will  be  about  the  sixth  or  seventh  day,  and  sometimes  even 


116 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


sooner.  If,  however,  the  case  does  not  improve,  and  the 
appetite  is  not  good,  give  powdered  carbonate  of  ammonia 
and  gentian  root,  each  three  drachms  to  a dose,  morning, 
noon  and  night,  in  addition  to  the  tincture  of  nux  vomica. 
These  medicines  will  have  to  be  mixed  with  cold  water, 
and  the  horse  drenched  out  of  a strong-necked  bottle  or  ox’s 
horn  cut  slanting  at  the  mouth.  Keep  the  ammonia  in  a 
bottle  tightly  corked  till  it  is  used,  as  it  loses  its  strength 
by  exposure  to  the  air.  Let  the  horse  have  as  much  cold 
water  to  drink  as  he  wants ; and  for  this  purpose  a 
bucketful  should  be  kept  before  him.  Pure  air  and  good 
ventilation  should  be  insured  to  all  sick  horses.  Green,  or 
soft  feed  should  be  given  from  the  first  day,  if  the  horse 
will  eat  it.  Green  feed  all  the  time  of  sickness  will  be  of 
advantage,  but  oats  will  have  to  be  given  in  addition,  to 
support  the  strength  and  vital  powers  of  the  system,  to 
enable  him  to  throw  off  the  effects  of  the  disease.  Such, 
then,  is  the  manner  of  curing  a disease  which  has  destroyed 
many  horses,  even  when  treated  by  men  calling  themselves 
veterinary  surgeons,  or  least  horse  doctors.  (See  Influ- 
enza and  Rheumatism.) 

Glanders. — The  following  synopsis  of  a lecture  deliv- 
ered by  Dr.  McClure  published  in  the  Evening  Bulletin 
will  answer  for  the  history  and  nature  of  the  disease 
called  glanders.  The  treatment  will  be  made  more  plain 
for  non-professional  readers. 

Dr.  Robert  McClure,  Veterinary  Surgeon,  delivered  a 
very  interesting  lecture  at  the  Veterinary  College. 
His  subject  was  “ Glanders  in  Horses.”  He  said  : Glanders 
is  a disease  dating  from  the  time  of  Xenophon,  or  four 
hundred  years  before  Christ,  and  we  are  assured  by  Hippo- 
crates, (ruler  of  the  horse,)  that  confirmed  glanders  was  in- 
curable, and  that  it  was  then  known  by  the  name  Proflu- 


GLANDERS. 


117 


vium  Atticum.  Veterinary  surgeons  recognize  two  varie- 
ties of  Equinia  in  the  horse,  viz. : Equinia  mitis,  contract- 
ed from  horses  with  greasy  heels  ( Paronychia  Equi),  and 
Equinia  Glandulosa,  a dangerous  disease,  and  readily  com- 
municated to  man.  Glanders  is  unknown  at  the  tropics 
and  at  the  poles,  and  is  not  seen  where  struma  is  not  a dis- 
ease of  the  people.  It  is  a domestic  disease.  The  assigna- 
ble causes  are  many,  among  which  may  be  enumerated 
starvation,  filth  and  debilitating  diseases,  as  strangles, 
catarrh  and  lung-fever,  or,  indeed,  any  disease  capable  of 
generating  pus ; and  this  pus  being  absorbed  into  the  general 
circulation,  thus  forming  a Ferment,  a Zumin,  or  a Leaven, 
as  the  Bible  has  it,  within  the  blood,  the  effort  of  na- 
ture to  get  rid  of  this  offending  matter  is  seen  in  the 
ulcerations  of  the  lining  membranes  of  the  nose.  The  re- 
cent experiments  of  Professor  Giovanni  Polli,  of  Milan, 
seems  to  corroborate  this  view,  as  he  has  produced  glanders 
and  other  Zymotic  diseases  in  seventy  dogs,  by  injecting 
into  their  blood  in  some  cases  fetid  bullock’s  blood,  pus, 
and  glandered  products,  and  neutralizing  the  ferment  so  set 
up  by  the  administration  of  an  alkaline  sulphite — a new 
intero-chemical  doctrine — on  the  principle  of  arresting  the 
vinous  fermentation  set  up  in  a vessel  of  cider  by  add- 
ing to  it  a preparation  of  lime.  The  experiments  of  this 
distinguished  professor  enable  the  veterinary  surgeon  to 
extend  his  usefulness,  and  the  domestic  physician  to  snatch 
many  a useful  life  from  an  early  grave.  How  many  brave 
men  have  stood  the  storm  of  battle  in  the  late  war — were 
admitted  to  the  hospital  with  perhaps  a shattered  bone — 
amputation  was  performed,  the  case  did  well  for  few  days. 
The  kind-hearted  surgeon  saw  a change  for  the  worse ; ap- 
petite gone,  the  rigor  and  chill  supervened  till  it  was  too 
plainly  seen  that  the  pus  from  the  stump  had  been  absorbed 


118 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


into  the  blood  of  the  unfortunate  man;  fermentation  was  set 
up,  and  death  staring  him  in  the  face,  there  was  no  power  to 
save.  The  discovery  of  a ferment  and  its  antidote  have 
changed  the  scene  from  death  to  that  of  life.  So,  likewise, 
with  veterinary  surgeons,  however  ignorant  and  slow  some 
of  them  are  to  see  and  understand,  it  will  enable  them  to 
preserve  the  life  of  many  a useful  animal  to  its  owner, 
thus  adding  very  materially  to  the  happiness  and  prosperi- 
ty of  this  great  and  prosperous  people. 

Glanders  are  recognized  by  ulceration  of  the  lining 
membrane  of  the  nose,  or  the  formation  of  pustules,  and 
commonly  situated  in  the  septum  nasi . These  pustules 
soon  ulcerate  and  discharge  pus  of  a greenish  color,  rapidly 
drying  up  when  spread  over  the  nostrils,  and  sinking  in 
water,  owing,  as  is  supposed,  to  it  containing  no  oil  or  pus 
cells,  but  principally  albumen.  There  is  one  phenomenon 
never  absent  in  this  disease,  and  that  is  the  enlarged  gland 
under  the  jaw  ; hence,  the  common  name  of  the  disease — 
glanders.  There  are,  said  the  lecturer,  many  wrong  ideas 
entertained,  not  only  in  regard  to  the  contagious  mature  of 
the  disease,  but  also  in  regard  to  its  incurability  and  even 
fatality.  Glanders  is  no  more  contagious  than  the  heavy, 
stinking  discharge  from  the  nose  of  some  horses  with 
catarrh,  as  the  pus  of  an  abscess  on  the  nose  of  a horse 
with  a cold,  when  introduced  into  the  blood  of  healthy 
animals,  will  produce  a ferment — which  explains  the  rea- 
son why  a cold  in  horses  terminates  in  glanders ; it  is  the 
absorption  of  the  pus.  This  will  be  readily  understood, 
when  it  is  said  the  horse  is  running  or  bordering  on  glan- 
ders. Horses  affected  with  chronic  glanders  will  live  and 
work  for  years,  which  fact,  being  well  known,  has  caused 
dissatisfaction  with  local  laws,  prohibiting  the  use  of 
glandered  horses. 


GLANDERS. 


iiy 


Fresh  specimens  of  sections  of  the  lungs,  nose,  and  other 
portions  taken  from  aglandered  animal,  were  placed  at  the 
disposal  of  the  lecturer  for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  to 
. the  audience,  showing  the  morbid  changes  effected  by  the 
disease.  At  the  close  of  the  lecture,  the  doctor  showed  the 
manner  of  generating  nascent  hydrogen  for  the  purpose  of 
detecting  the  presence  of  the  alkaline  sulphite  in  the  secre- 
tions of  horses,  under  its  effects,  for  the  purpose  of  the  cure 
of  glanders.  Before  touching  upon  the  plan  of  treatment, 
the  reader  is  referred  to  the  article  Farcy . 

Treatment . The  proposition  of  restoration  in  a disease  of 
this  kind,  is  the  destruction  of  the  ferment,  the  removal  of 
its  products  or  effects,  and  the  improvement  of  the  bad 
habit  of  body  by  enriching  the  blood. 

To  remove  or  neutralize  the  ferment  or  poison,  give  one- 
half  to  one  ounce  doses  of  the  sulphite  of  soda  at  night,  in 
cut  feed,  for  several  weeks,  and  five  grains  of  the  powdered 
Spanish  fly  along  with  it,  which  will  act  not  only  as  a 
powerful  tonic,  but  as  an  agent  whereby  the  product  of  the 
disease  will  be  removed  from  the  body  of  the  animal  by 
the  kidneys.  This  treatment  will  not  interfere  with  the 
other  medicine,  which  is  powdered  gentian  root,  three 
drachms;  powdered  sulphate  of  copper,  two  drachms. 
Mix  these  articles,  and  give  the  whole  for  a dose,  and  give 
one  dose  morning  and  mid-day. 

These  medicines  will  have  to  be  continued  for  along 
time,  not  only  to  cure  the  disease,  but  to  improve  the  health. 
Tffe  horse  must  be  well  and  highly  fed,  and*removed  from 
other  horses  while  the  treatment  is  going  on.  Change  the 
feed  often,  so  as  to  get  all  the  elements  that  the  blood  re- 
quires, and  to  keep  up  the  appetite,  for  if  the  appetite  fails, 
no  cure  can  be  made. 

Remember.  Glanders  associated  with  tubercles  of  the 


120 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


lungs  cannot  be  cured,  and  it  then  partakes  rather  of  the 
nature  of  consumption  than  of  simple  glanders  without 
tubercles,  which  is  easily  cured. 

Glass  Eye. — (See  Eye  Diseases.) 

Gleet. — (Nasal.)  This  term  is  used  to  denote  a thin, 
transparent  discharge  from  the  nose  in  cases  of  coryza,  and 
as  a sequel  to  catarrh  and  cold  in  old  and  debilitated  horses. 
Whilst  there  are  no  ulcers  on  the  lining  membrane  of  the 
nose,  or  no  enlargement  of  gland  under  the  jaw,  the  case 
may  be  dismissed  as  simple  gleet,  which  can  be  readily 
cured  by  good  feeding  and  a few  tonic  powders,  such  as 
powdered  sulphate  of  copper  three  ounces  ; powdered  gen- 
tian root,  four  ounces ; powdered  Spanish  fly,  one  drachm. 
Mix,  and  divide  into  twelve  powders,  and  give  one  powder 
once  in  the  twenty-four  hours.  These  powders  will  last 
two  weeks,  and  can  be  renewed  if  necessary.  Give  the 
powders  in  large  bulk  or  cut  feed,  so  as  to  protect  the  coat 
of  the  stomach  from  the  effects  of  the  Spanish  fly. 

Granulation. — This  means  the  little  red  portions  of 
flesh,  which  grow  in  and  fill  up  holes  made  by  wounds. 
Sometimes  these  grow  too  fast;  then  they  are  unhealthy, 
being  soft,  and  grow  beyond  the  edges  of  the  wound.  To 
prevent  this,  sprinkle  a little  powdered  bluestone,  or  a 
little  sulphate  of  zinc,  and  the  wound  will  soon  heal  level 
with  the  surrounding  surface. 

Gravel  in  the  Foot, — This  name  conveys  an  impres- 
sion that  sand  or  gravel  has  got  into  the  foot,  which  is 
often  the  case  from  cracks  or  other  openings  in  the  foot, 
whether  from  above  or  below.  Wash  out  the  sand,  if 
possible ; if  not,  remove  some  of  the  horn,  and  wash  out 
well,  and  fill  up  the  hole  by  shoemakers  wax  applied  hot, 
and  smoothed  over  by  the  hand  previously  wet,  so  the 


GREASE. 


12? 


warm  wax  will  not  stick  to  it.  If  the  opening  be  in  the 
sole,  shoe  with  leather  soles,  tar  and  cotton,  until  the  hole 
has  grown  out  or  closed  up. 

Grease. — this  is  a disease  of  the  heels  and  legs  of 
horses,  characterized  by  an  unsightly  condition  of  the  parts. 
The  whole  being  the  result  of  suppurative  inflammatory 
action  of  the  skin  and  heels  of  the  hind  legs,  usually,  but 
sometimes  of  the  fore  ones ; is  more  common  in  coarse-bred 
western  horses,  and  heavy  breeds,  than  in  well  or  fine- 
bred  horses. 

Cause.  Sudden  changes  of  the  temperature  of  the  earth, 
whether  from  heat  to  cold,  or  from  wet  to  dry.  This  dis- 
ease always  follows  sloppy  or  wet  streets,  stables  or  lands, 
producing  a relaxed  condition  of  the  parts  from  too  much 
moisture. 

Treatment.  Keep  the  legs  clean  and  dry,  and  apply  a 
mixture  to  the  heels  twice  in  the  twenty -four  hours : Water, 
one  pint;  sulphuric  acid, two  drachms;  corrosive  chloride 
of  mercury,  one  drachm.  Mix,  and  shake  up  before  using. 
Many  cases  are  readily  cured,  by  simply  keeping  the  heels 
clean,  and  anointing  with  glycerine,  or  lard,  having  no  salt 
in  it.  It  must  be  confessed  by  everybody  who  has  had 
any  experience  at  all  in  the  treatment  of  this  disease,  that 
there  is  uncertainty  of  an  early  cure;  some  cases  will  be 
cured  in  a short  time,  and  in  others  it  would  seem  that  the 
discharge  would  never  dry  up  and  be  healed.  For  cases 
that  prove  obstinate,  the  following  plan  will  effect  a cure, 
when  other  vaunted  remedies  have  failed  : Take  one  box 
of  concentrated  lie,  and  dissolve  it  in  two  quarts  of  water, 
and  bottle  up  for  use  when  wanted,  in  the  following  way : 
Pour  a wine-glassful  of  the  solution  of  lye  into  a small 
bucket  of  cold  water,  and  wash  and  bathe  the  heels  and 
legs  for  half  an  hour,  morning  and  night.  A great  change 


122 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


for  the  better  will  be  seen  in  a day  or  two.  This  wash 
seems  to  have  the  power  of  relaxing  and  softening  the  skin, 
and  at  the  same  time  causes  the  legs  to  sweat  greatly. 
Dry  them  as  often  after  the  bathing  as  you  like,  there  will 
pour  out  great  quantities  of  moisture  from  the  skin  as  soon 
as  you  have  done. 

Shot  of  Grease. — This  is  a different  disease  from 
the  one  described,  from  the  fact  that  it  attacks  only  one 
leg,  and  that  one  of  the  hind  ones,  and  comes  on  in  a night, 
without  any  preceding  symptoms  whatever,  and  hence  it  is 
called  a shot  of  grease.  There  is  no  cracking  of  the  skin 
of  the  heels  or  legs,  but  it  remains  whole  and  unbroken. 

Cause . Robust  stamina,  or  too  fat  and  full  of  flesh,  and 
to  get  rid  of  this  superfluity,  plastic  lymph  is  thrown  into 
one  of  the  hind  legs,  which  causes  welling  of  the  leg  to  an 
enormous  size.  If  this  material  were  thrown  from  the 
blood  into  one  of  the  fore  legs,  where  the  nearness  to  the 
heart  increases  the  activity  of  the  capillary  circulation, 
matter  would  not  remain  as  it  does  in  the  hind  legs,  which 
are  so  far  from  the  centre  of  circulation.  This  disease  is 
not  unlike  the  phlegmassia  dolens , or  milk  leg  in  the 
human  family. 

Treatment  If  the  disease  be  observed  early  or  before  the 
leg  becomes  hard,  take  about  one  quart  of  blood  from  the 
neck,  and  give  slop  feed,  that  is,  bran  with  plenty  of  water 
in  it.  Also,  give  one  ounce  doses  of  the  sulphite  of  soda 
once  in  the  day,  for  a few  days,  and  bathe  the  legs  three 
times  in  the  day  with  the  same  solution  of  concentrated  lye, 
as  is  recommended  in  grease,  (which  see.)  If  the  swelling 
does  not  lessen  in  two  days  after  these  various  agents  have 
been  employed, then  incisions  of  an  inch  in  length,  through 
the  skin,  will  have  to  be  made  for  the  purpose  of  letting  out 
the  imprisoned  fluid  before  the  arteries  of  the  legs  have 


GUNSHOT  WOUNDS. 


123 


become  'plugged  or  filled  up,  which  constitute  the  thick  or 
fat  leg  so  often  seen  in  horses  in  large  cities.  In  addition, 
the  leg  will  have  to  be  bandaged  pretty  tightly  with  a 
broad  bandage,  and  be  still  bathed  three  times  in  the  day 
with  the„solution  of  concentrated  lye.  Many  good  horses 
have  been  rendered  of  little  value  from  want  of  a knowl- 
edge of  this  disease  and  its  proper  treatment. 

Gripes. — This  name  is  sometimes  applied  to  colic, 
(which  see.) 

Grogginess. — A term  meant  to  convey  the  idea  that 
the  horse  does  not  travel  very  steady  in  front,  from  con- 
tracted or  bent  legs  at  the  knee,  or  from  soreness  in  the  feet 
from  a previous  attack  of  founder  in  the  feet,  (which  see.) 

Grunter. — This  name  is  applied  to  horses  that  give 
forth  a grunting  noise.  Any  condition  giving  rise  to 
wheezing,  roaring,  whistling,  piping,  and  rattling,  will, 
with  slight  modification,  produce  a grunter. 

Observe . If  the  collar  is  not  too  tight  on  the  neck,  in- 
terfering with  the  free  passage  of  air  in  and  out  of  the 
windpipe. 

Causes . Generally  from  some  thickening  of  the  glands 
of  the  neck,  or  of  the  windpipe — the  effects  of  bronchitis 
or  distemper,  not  treated,  or  improperly  treated,  in  not 
supporting  the  strength,  whereby  all  thickenings  are  taken 
up,  or  reduced  and  even  prevented. 

Gullet,  Obstructions  in  the. — (See  Choking.) 

Gunshot  Wound. — This  is,  excepting  in  times  of  war, 
a rare  occurrence,  and  the  treatment  consists  in  extracting 
the  bullet,  and  healing  the  wound  as  for  an  ordinary 
sore.  The  bullet  is  extracted  by  an  instrument  represented 
in  the  accompanying  cut,  and  is  called  Bullet  Forceps. 


124 


DISEASES  OP  THE  HOKSE. 


The  instrument  is  represented  as  grasping  the  bullet,  show- 
ing, also,  the  way  in  which  it  is  introduced  to  extract  the  ball. 


BUIXET  FORCEPS  of  different  patterns 


Gutta  Serena. — (See  Eye  Diseases.) 

Heart,  Diseases  of  the. — Of  diseases  of  the  heart 
little  need  be  said,  and  as  little  can  be  done  in  the  way  of 
cure : so  all  I propose  under  this  head  is  merely  to  name  a 


HEART. 


125 


few  of  the  altered  conditions  of  the  heart,  which  are  all 
embraced  in  the  sweeping  term  “ Heart  Disease.” 

(1.)  Enlargement  of  the  heart. 

(2.)  Wasting  or  shrinking  of  the  heart. 

(3.)  Foreign  bodies  in  the  heart. 

(4.)  Fatty  degeneration  of  the  heart. 

(5.)  Inflammation  of  the  heart. 

(6.)  Ossification  of  the  heart. 

Such,  then,  are  some  of  the  distinctions  made,  when 
speaking  of  diseases  of  the  heart.  And  as  an  illustration 
of  what  a horse  with  heart  disease  can  do,  and  what  can 
be,  and  is  sometimes  done  with  such  an  animal  so  affected, 
I reproduce  articles  from  the  Scottish  Farmer , which  may 
be  of  interest  to  some  of  our  American  farmers. 

“ If  one  of  the  busy  paternity  who  delight  in  a deal,  on 
a dark  Wednesday  night,  in  the  grass  market,  were  asked 
what  sort  of  horse  he  wished  to  procure,  as  a safe  invest- 
ment for  his  ill-gathered  coin,  he  would  certainly  prefer  a 
good-looking  Clydesdale,  sound  in  limb;  not  a roarer,  but 
with  a mysterious  screw  loose,  which  few,  including  the 
horse-coper  himself,  can  discover.  Such  an  animal  has 
been  turned  over  many  and  many  a time  within  the  last 
three  weeks,  in  or  near  Edinburgh.” 

Our  readers  will  remember  a second  article  on  heart 
disease , in  which  three  cases  were  specially  mentioned,  and 
one  amongst  them,  under  “ observation.”  “ A full-sized, 
active  gray  mare,  apparently  fit  for  a goods  van,  having 
been  treated  for  a cold  by  a blacksmith,  proved  to  be 
suffering  from  dilation  of  the  right  side  of  the  heart.  She 
was  looked  upon  with  interest  by  a strong  muster  of  stu- 
dents, who  hoped  to  see  further  into  matters,  and  proposed 
to  buy  the  mare,  to  be  destroyed,  as  the  only  humane 
method  of  treating  her.  But,  as  we  are  informed,  a friend, 


126 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


seeing  the  animal  with  swelled  legs  only , thought  he  could 
cure  the  case,  and  urged  that  she  should  be  sent  to  his  farm 
where  he  would  put  her  to  the  plough.  In  opposition  to 
professional  advice,  this  was  agreed  upon,  and  the  students 
were  disappointed  in  getting  the  prize.  Not* many  days 
elapsed  before  the  farmer  found  that  he  had  undertaken  a 
hard  task,  in  attempting  to  cure  the  swelled  legs.  Seven 
dollars  and  a half  were  realized  for  this  likely-looking 
animal,  and  we  believe  a smith,  near  Edinburgh,  was  the 
purchaser.  Here  the  trickery  commenced,  and  a simple 
countryman  greedily  closed  a bargain  which  enriched  the 
smith  by  forty-two  dollars  and  fifty  cents.  The  animal’s 
wind  was,  however,  wrong,  and  cart-work  would  not  suit 
her ; so  that,  in  despair,  an  exchange  was  effected  with 
some  of  the  ingenious  dealers  in  horse-flesh  in  this  town. 
Exchange  followed  exchange,  and  it  proved  very  trouble- 
some to  trace  the  animal,  until  at  last,  in  broad  day-light 
she  fell,  by  the  auctioneer’s  hammer,  to  the  lot  of  a man 
from  Glasgow  side.” 

Mauy  a twenty  dollar  note  can  be  made  out  of  a poor 
animal  thus  knocked  from  hand  to  hand,  until,  in  the 
course  of  nature,  it  drops  dead  in  harness.  The  history  of 
the  case  is  as  interesting  as  would  have  been  the  post 
mortem  to  the  students;  and  it  will  be  found  that  one  of 
the  most  remarkable  features  in  such  cases,  is  the  length 
of  time  that  animals  retain  a selling  appearance,  though 
absolutely  unfit  for  any  exertion. 

Heaves. — This  is  a term  in  frequent  use,  but  not  so 
well  understood  as  it  ought  to  be,  seeing  its  importance  as 
to  the  proper  value  of  an  animal.  Heaves,  then,  may  be 
defined  as  a difficulty  in  breathing,  whereby  the  value  and 
usefulness  of  a horse  is  seriously  impaired.  There  is 
every  degree  of  intensity  to  be  seen  in  this  disease.  Some 


HEAVES. 


127 


animals  are  so  seriously  affected,  that  it  is  hard  to  look  at 
the  terrible  efforts  made  in  the  act  of  respiration.  The 
deep  and  not  suffered-to-be-completed  respiration  tells  the 
tale  of  great  asthmatic  effort  and  oppression.  In  others, 
it  is  so  slight  that  only  experts  can  observe  it;  not  from 
the  quickness  of  breathing,  nor  yet  from  its  depth,  but 
from  a peculiar  double  beat  or  hitch,  differing  from  all 
other  varieties  of  breathing,  either  of  fever,  inflammation, 
or  debility. 

Cause . Debility  of  the  parvagum  nerve;  for  if  this 
nerve  is  divided  or  cut  in  its  course,  heaves,  or  broken 
wind,  is  set  up  at  once.  The  real  condition  of  this  nerve, 
which  gives  rise  to  heaves,  is  not  at  present  known ; and 
it  is  difficult,  in  many  cases,  to  trace  and  distingush  any 
alteration  of  the  nerves,  as  they  may  retain  their  color,  yet 
their  influence  may  be  greatly  impaired.  For  two  reasons 
I have  said  debility.  First,  because,  if  it  was  cut,  or  had 
entirely  lost  its  influence,  the  animal  would  die  in  forty- 
eight  hours.  Second,  because,  by  the  administration  of 
powerful  tonics,  the  symptoms  of  the  disease  are  greatly 
relieved,  and  in  some  cases  they  entirely  disappear. 

Treatment  Horse-dealers,  in  order  to  allay  the  symp- 
toms, that  is,  the  peculiar  breathing,  give  an  ounce  each, 
of  powdered  sulphate  of  iron,  gentian  and  ginger  root.  It 
is  the  largeness  of  the  dose  that  is  given,  and  repeated  for 
a few  days,  that  imparts  a tonicity  to  the  nerve.  Although 
I have  here  spoken  of  this  matter,  I do  not  wish  to  be 
understood  as  advocating  such  treatment,  nor  as  attempt- 1 
ing  to  cheat  or  deceive  any  one;  but  the  large  dose  of  iron' 
meets  my  decided  disapproval,  as  being  highly  injurious  to 
the  horse — although  the  giving  of  round  or  spherical  shot, 
as  is  practiced  in  England,  is  much  worse.  The  treat- 
ment, whatever  that  may  be,  to  do  good  permanently. 


128 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


must  be  by  a gradual  and  progressive  improvement. 
Five  grain  doses  of  arsenic,  given  once  in  the  twenty-four 
hours  for  two  weeks;  then,  after  a week’s  intermission, 
commencing  as  before,  will  soon  cure  many  cases.  Give 
the  animal  feed  in  small  bulk.  Use  as  little  hay,  or  rough 
feed,  in  large  bulk,  as  possible.  Improve  the  condition 
of  the  horse  by  every  way  or  means,  and  you  will  relieve 
the  animal. 

Heat. — General  heat  of  the  skin  indicates  fever;  local 
heat,  inflammation. 

Hepatic  Diseases. — (See  Liver,  Inflammation  of  the.) 

Hernia, — This  is  a name  given  to  ruptures,  (see  Rup. 
tures.) 

Herpes. — A name  used  in  skin  diseases,  (see  Mange 
and  Skin  Diseases.) 

Hereditary  Diseases, — No  one,  of  any  observation, 
can  deny  that  hereditary  influence  exists  in  the  production 
of  disease.  This  influence  must  not,  in  the  production  of 
disease,  be  considered  as  invariably  reliable.  The  fact  of 
horses  or  mares  having  a disease,  is  no  reason  why  their 
young  will  have  the  same  disease,  also.  It  was  through 
change  or  alteration  of  structure,  action  or  function,  that 
existed  in  either  of  the  parents,  that  disease  fastened  upon 
them,  and  these  same  forms  which  existed  in  them  are 
likely  to  be  transmitted  to  the  offspring,  thus  carrying  the 
various  formations  of  structure,  which  will  ultimately,  in 
all  probability,  produce  the  same  disease.  A great  num- 
ber of  the  affections,  which  are  usually  styled  hereditary, 
do  not  make  their  appearance  until  years  after  their  birth, 
because  it  requires  time  and  work  to  develop  them.  Few 
persons  would  expect  a horse  with  cow  hock,  (which  see,) 
to  become  curbed  without  work,  as  a secondary  cause. 


HIDE  KOUHD. 


129 


There  is  one  other  point  worthy  of  remark,  in  speaking  of 
hereditary  diseases,  which  is  that  many  animals,  after 
being  poorly  bred,  have  been  badly  fed  and  cared  for; 
whereas  if  good  feeding  and  care  had  been  bestowed  upon 
them,  it  would  have  gone  a long  way  in  lessening  the  cer- 
tainty of  developing  hereditary  disease  in  them,  and  their 
offspring.  This  is  every  day  being  illustrated  in  the 
family  of  man.  There  are  several  rules  laid  down  to  be 
observed  as  measures  to  prevent  and  modify  conditions 
which  result  in  producing  diseases  of  hereditary  predis- 
position. And  there  have  been  receipts  found  in  the 
temple  of  JEsculapius,  and  said  to  be  in  the  handwriting 
of  Hippocrates  himself,  for  the  purpose  of  mitigating  the 
hereditary  conditions,  which  are  so  often  seen  in  the  hu- 
man family.  Although  these  rules  cannot,  in  all  cases,  be 
applied  to  animals,  nevertheless  much  can  be  done.  The 
better  way  will  be  to  avoid  breeding  from  diseased  animals. 
So  long  as  like  begets  like,  so  long  will  we  have  heredi- 
tary diseases  among  horses. 

Hide  Bound. — This,  properly  speaking,  is  not  a dis- 
ease, but  the  symptoms  of  a bad  condition,  “ out  of  sorts,1 ” 
debility,  etc. 

Treatment.  Feed  in  large  bulk,  mixed  feed — cut  hay, 
corn  meal,  and  bran  in  good  proportion — with  no  more 
water  than  will  keep  the  particles  together.  Give  the  fol- 
lowing powder  in  feed  everynight,  for  twelve  nights : — 
Powdered  sulphate  of  iron,  three  drachms;  powdered  gen-  \ 
tian  root,  four  drachms.  Mix.  If  the  animal  is  fat  and 
yet  hide  bound,  substitute  the  following,  instead  of  that 
above  recommended:  Take  sulphuret  of  antimony,  three 
drachms;  sulphur  in  flour,  three  drachms;  sulphite  of. 
soda,  half  an  ounce.  Mix,  and  give  in  one  dose,  repeating 
9 


130 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HOKSB. 


it  every  night  for  two  weeks.  If  in  the  winter,  use  an 
extra  blanket.  If  in  the  summer,  give  cut  grass  to  eat. 

Hip-joint  Disease. — Happily,  this  is  a very  rare  dis- 
ease in  horses,  and  does  not  make  its  appearance  so  soon  as 
in  man.  It  is  always  the  result  of  accident  or  injury,  and 
is  a joint  affection — not  of  the  muscles,  because  the  mass  of 
muscles  are  so  very  great  over  the  hip,  that  it  is  not  an 
easy  matter  to  sprain  them.  I speak  of  this  here,  because 
among  horsemen  it  is  a great  bug-bear,  often  occuring  in 
their  ideas;  whereas,  in  ninety-nine  cases  out  of  a hundred 
of  their  so-called  hip  and  whirl  bone  disease,  the  lameness 
will  be  found  in  the  hock-joint.  Why  do  they  jump  at 
the  conclusion  that  the  lameness  is  in  the  hip  ? Because 
in  every  movement  of  the  hock-joint,  the  vibration  or  hitch 
is  more  distinctly  seen  by  the  altered  action  of  the  muscles 
of  the  hip,  as  when  the  hock-joint  moves  but  partially,  and 
not  completely,  it  is  not  so  readily  seen  at  the  hock  as  at 
the  hip.  Hence,  this  is  but  the  old  adage,  cause  and  effect; 
in  this  case  the  horseman  has  them  reversed.  (See  Spavin.) 

Symptoms . Lowness  or  falling  in  of  the  hip;  a peculiar 
manner  of  moving,  not  indicating  inability  as  is  seen  in 
fracture  of  the  pelvis  bone,  but  of  great  pain  and  difficulty; 
not  yielding  or  bending  low  down  on  that  quarter  when 
the  horse  takes  a step.  The  leg  appears  shorter,  and  is 
placed,  when  standing,  slightly  under  the  body,  and  not 
doubled  up,  or  standing  upon  the  toe  as  is  seen  in  cases  of 
hock-joint  disease. 

Treatment . Absolute  and  entire  rest  for  a few  weeks. 
The  application  of  cold  water  cloths  over  the  hip,  taking 
them  off  at  night,  and  applying  them  in  the  morning  again. 
This  will  have  to  be  kept  up  for  a week,  at  least,  so  that 
all  heat  and  tenderness  will  be  removed  before  any  irritant 


HOCK. 


131 


can  be  used  to  the  parts.  (Never  apply  hot  liniments  to  a 
part  already  too  hot  and  painful.)  Then  apply  by  rubbing 
with  the  hand  over  the  parts,  every  second  day,  the  fol- 
lowing: Oil  of  turpentine,  one  ounce;  oil  of  olives,  two 
ounces;  creosote,  one  ounce.  Mix.  This  will  not  only 
act  as  an  irritant,  but  as  a powerful  sedative  to  the  nerves 
of  the  parts,  causing  relief  from  pa' a,  so  that  the  animal 
can  be  made  useful. 

Hock,  the. — This  is  an  important  joint  or  part  of  the 
horse,  and  is  the  seat  of  many  diseases,  causing  lameness. 
In  the  majority  of  hind  leg  lameness,  the  hock  is  the  true 
situation.  This  fact  is  not  apparent  to  the  non-profes- 
sional person,  as  the  hock,  while  diseased,  does  not  swell  so 
often  as  other  portions  of  the  body  or  legs  when  diseased. 
Bog  or  blood  spavin  and  thorough-pin,  a blind  man  can 
almost  see.  With  these  exceptions,  I say,  hock-joint  lame- 
ness, in  the  majority  of  cases,  is  charged  to  the  hip  or 
somewhere  else,  simply  because  persons  fail  to  see  any  pe- 
culiarity, even  when  pointed  out  to  them.  (See  Stringhalt.) 

Sprain  of  the  hock-joint  is  to  be  treated  with  cold  water 
cloths,  for  a few  days,  and  the  application  of  the  following, 
once  every  second  day,  for  a week,  with  friction  or  rubbing : 
Oil  of  turpentine;  oil  of  olives  ; equal  parts.  Mix.  This 
is  a simple,  cheap,  and  good  liniment,  and  will  answer 
every  purpose. 

Rupture  of  the  internal  and  external  lateral  or  side  liga- 
ments of  the  hock-joint  is  occasionally  seen,  and  is  caused 
by  a violent  slip.  The  rupture  is  at  once  recognized  by 
the  loss  of  power  of  the  horse  over  the  leg  below  the  joint ; 
but  can  stand  on  the  leg,  as  if  it  were  sound,  and  there  is 
little  or  no  swelling — which  peculiarities  serve  to  show 
the  difference  between  a broken  bone  of  the  leg  and  the 
ruptured  ligaments  of  a joint.  (See  Ligaments.)  The 


132 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


cure  is  accomplished  by  absolute  and  entire  rest,  with  oc- 
casional friction  with  the  turpentine  liniment,  just  men- 
tioned above.  Be  assured  of  the  complete  union  of  the 
ligaments — which  will  have  taken  place  when  the  horse 
can  bend  and  properly  use  the  leg — before  exercise  or 
work  be  exacted. 

Hooks  in  the  Eyes. — This  is  a term  in  use  by  coun- 
try folks  when  referring  to  the  peculiar  action  of  the  mem - 
brana  nictatans  in  cases  of  locked-jaw,  (which  see.)  Many 
persons  have  advised  that  these  useful  membranes  should 
be  cut  out.  Nothing  could  be  further  wrong  than  this; 
for  it  is  merely  the  effect  of  a cause.  Rather  remove  the 
cause,  or  cure  the  locked-jaw  and  the  protruding  of  the  hook 
or  horns  will  cease.  This  is  the  only  true  plan  to  adopt. 

Horse,  Natural  History  of  the. — The  horse  comes 
under  the  division  vertebrata,  class  mammalia,  tribe 
ungulata,  order  pachydermata,  family  solipeda. 

Horse  Fly. — This  comprehends  the  gad  or  breeze  fly, 
Gasterophilus  oestrus . The  spotted  horse  fly,  G . Equi. 
The  red-tailed  horse  fly,  G.  hemorrhoidctlis.  This  last  fly 
deposits  her  eggs  on  the  lips  of  the  horse,  and  the  former 
glues  them  to  the  hair  of  the  legs.  These  various  eggs  are 
ultimately  taken  into  the  stomach,  and  in  one  year  they 
have  become  sufficiently  matured  that  they  are  thrown 
out  to  the  outer  world  to  get  wings,  and  finally  fly  about 
and  propagate  their  kind  in  the  same  manner  as  the  parent 
stock.  (See  Worms.)  < 

Humanity  to  Animals,  Hints  on. — (1.)  Warm  the 
bit  in  frosty  weather  before  putting  it  into  the  horse’s  mouth. 

(2.)  Let  the  horse  lick  a little  salt  from  your  hands 
whenever  you  offer  the  bit. 

(3.)  Never  startle  a horse  by  striking  him  suddenly  or 


HUMANITY  TO  ANIMALS. 


133 


unexpectedly.  This  caution  is  specially  important  if  he 
has  a blind  bridle. 

(4.)  Uniformly  gentle  treatment  will  secure  faithful  and 
steady  work.  Anger,  severity,  and  sudden  jerking,  endan- 
ger your  harness,  your  vehicle,  and  your  life,  besides 
permanently  injuring  your  horse. 

(5.)  Be  well  provided  with  horse-blankets,  particularly 
at  night.  If  you  are  waiting  for  passengers,  while  you 
look  out  for  your  own  comfort  by  a warm  fireside,  or  in 
thick  wrappers,  see  that  your  faithful  brute  companion  is 
also  protected  from  the  chilly  air. 

(6.)  Wash  the  inside  of  the  collar  frequently  with  castile 
soap  suds,  and  when  it  has  thoroughly  dried,  gently  warm 
the  leather  and  soak  it  with  oil,  so  as  to  soften  it.  But  do 
not  allow  any  oil  to  remain  on  the  surface  of  the  leather, 
unabsorbed. 

(7.)  If  the  shoulders  are  tender,  feverish,  and  disposed 
to  chafe,  they  should  be  well  rubbed,  and  afterwards 
washed  with  salt  water.  This  should  be  done  after  un- 
harnessing, so  that  the  parts  bathed  may  be  dry  before 
work  is  resumed. 

(8.)  Do  not  be  tempted  by  extra  pay  to  overload  your 
team.  Overloading  occasions  blindness,  spavin,  splint, 
glanders,  farcy,  and  other  painful  and  fatal  disorders,  and 
thus  risks  the  loss  of  your  capital,  besides  injuring  yourself 
by  encouraging  a cruel  disposition. 

(9.)  See  that  the  harness  fits  easily  in  every  part,  and 
that  the  shoes  are  tight,  and  well  put  on.  If  there  are 
chains  connected  with  any  part  of  the  harness,  let  them  be 
well  covered  with  soft  padded  leather  or  fur. 

(10.)  Let  your  tones,  in  addressing  the  horse,  be  always 
gentle,  soothing,  and  pleasant.  Pat  him  often,  and  en- 
courage every  sign  of  attachment  that  he  gives. 


134 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


(11.)  Every  truck,  or  other  vehicle,  should  have  a prop 
stick  hung  to  the  shafts,  to  relieve  the  burden  of  the  load 
whenever  the  team  is  standing. 

(12.)  Curry,  rub,  and  clean  well  and  thoroughly,  at 
least  once  every  day.  The  effect  is  worth  half  the  feed. 
A dirty  coat  and  skin,  when  the  animal  is  deprived  of 
exercise  in  pasture,  and  of  rolling  on  the  grass,  cannot  fail 
to  produce  disease. 

(13.)  Never  use  a check  rein.  It  is  a false  taste  that 
thinks  a horse  more  beautiful  when  his  head  is  fastened  in 
an  unnatural  position.  The  bearing  rein  keeps  a horse  in 
a constant  fret,  makes  him  restless  and  uneasy,  and  often 
prevents  him  from  recovering  himself  in  case  of  a stumble 
or  fall. 

(14.)  Your  stable  should  be  perfectly  level,  or  very 
slightly  inclined,  well  lighted,  well  drained,  well  ventilated, 
and  well  protected  from  draughts,  and  from  extremes  of 
heat  and  cold.  Keep  the  crib  clean  and  free  from  dust* 
and  keep  the  hay  and  other  fodder  as  far  from  the  stall  as 
possible,  so  as  to  be  away  from  the  steam  and  breath  of  the 
animal. 

(15.)  If  you  use  ground  feed,  remember  that  at  many  of 
the  mills  and  stores  it  is  adulterated  with  marble  or  plaster 
of  paris,  or  with  the  sweepings  of  canal-boats  and  barges. 
Such  adulteration  not  only  robs  your  animals  of  nourish- 
ment, but  produces  stone , and  shortens  life. 

(16.)  If  you  suspect  adulteration,  you  can  sometimes 
detect  it  by  heating  a portion  of  the  feed  to  a red  heat,  in 
an  iron  vessel.  After  the  whole  has  been  reduced  to  ashes, 
if  they  contain  plaster,  the  ashes  will  soon  set  or  harden, 
after  being  mixed  with  water  to  the  consistency  of  paste. 

(17.)  In  hot  weather,  keep  a wet  sponge  on  the  head  of 
the  horse  or  mule ; cool  the  mouth  and  face  with  wet 


HUMANITY  TO  ANIMALS. 


135 


sponges;  furnish  drinking  water  often,  and  sponge  the  legs 
and  such  parts  as  are  liable  to  chafe  by  perspiration  or 
otherwise;  drive  slowly,  and  lessen  the  weight . usually 
imposed  in  cooler  weather;  see  that  the  harness  is  not  un~ 
nessarily  cumbersome  and  heavy;  the  discomfort  may  be 
materially  relieved  by  taking  off  the  eye-blinds,  which  are 
useless  appendages  and  cause  much  annoyance  to  theanimal. 

(18.)  Do  not  urge  your  beast  beyond  a walk  when  the 
heat  is  oppressive ; finally,  use  a head-shelter  or  awning, 
constructed  of  wire  and  covered  with  canvass,  which  can 
be  attached  to  the  animal’s  head  without  materially  add- 
ing weight. 

(19.)  In  icy  weather  keep  your  animal  sharp  shod, 
renewing  the  sharpening  as  often  as  the  toes  become  blunt. 
A few  dollars  expended  in  this  way  will  undoubtedly  save 
your  horse  from  serious  injury,  and,  perhaps,  from  loss  of 
life. 

(20.)  Standing  on  fermenting  manure  softens  the  hoo£ 
produces  thrush,  and  brings  on  lameness.  Keep  the  litter 
dry  and  clean,  and  cleanse  the  stall  thoroughly  every 
morning. 

(21.)  Sharp  bits  make  the  mouth  tender  at  first,  and 
afterwards  callous,  so  that  the  horse  becomes  unmanageable. 

(22.)  If  your  horse  kicks  and  plunges  on  mounting, 
look  to  the  stuffing  of  your  saddle,  and  see  if  it  has  become 
hard  and  knotty  with  use. 

(23.)  Keep  your  wheels  well  greased,  and  thus  reduce 
the  labor  of  drawing  the  load. 

(24.)  Keep  the  feet  well  brushed  out,  and  examine  every 
night  to  see  if  there  is  any  stone  or  dirt  between  the  hoof 
and  the  shoe.  Change  the  shoes  as  often  as  once  a month. 

(25.)  Disease  or  wounds  in  the  feet  or  legs  soon  become 
dangerous  if  neglected. 


136 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


(26.)  When  a horse  is  hot  and  fatigued  from  labor,  walk 
him  about  till  cool ; groom  him  quite  dry,  first  with  a wisp 
of  straw,  and  then  with  a brush  ; rub  his  legs  well  with 
the  hand,  to  remove  any  strain,  soothe  the  animal,  and 
detect  thorns  and  splinters;  and  give  him  his  grain  as 
soon  as  he  is  cool,  dry,  and  willing  to  eat. 

(27.)  On  the  evening  before  a journey  give  double 
feed ; on  the  morning  of  starting  give  only  half  a feed  of 
grain,  or  a little  hay ; on  the  road  feed  in  small  quantities 
about  every  two  hours. 

(28.)  When  horses  are  long  out  at  work  provide  them 
with  nose-bags  and  proper  food.  The  nose-bag  should  be 
leather  at  bottom,  and  of  basket-work  or  open  texture 
above.  On  coming  home  give  a double  feed  of  grain. 

(29.)  Lead  the  horse  carefully  into  and  out  of  the  sta- 
ble. Accustom  him  to  stand  quite  still  till  you  are  seated. 
Start  at  a walk,  and  go  slowly  the  first  and  the  last  mile. 

(30.)  Never  use  the  whip  if  you  can  help  it.  It  will 
then  always  be  available  as  a last  resource. 

(31.)  Be  always  on  your  guard,  just  feeling  the  mouth 
with  the  bit,  lightly  and  steadily. 

(32.)  If  a horse  shies,  neither  whip  him  nor  pat  him, 
but  speak  encouragingly,  and  let  him  come  slowly  towards 
the  object. 

(33.)  If  you  value  your  own  life,  the  lives  of  others,  or 
your  horse,  never  drive  fast  in  the  dark,  or  in  a town. 

(34.)  Never  add  your  own  weight  to  a load  that  is 
already  heavy  enough.  Get  out  and  walk  when  you 
ascend  a hill.  If  you  stop  on  a hill,  put  a stone  behind 
the  wheel. 

(35.)  Never  tease  or  tickle  the  horse. 

(36.)  Don’t  forget  that  the  old  horses,  like  old  men,  lose 
their  teeth  and  their  chewing  abilities ; therefore,  bruise 


HYDROPHOBIA. 


137 


the  oats  and  corn,  and  chop  the  hay  for  the  old  nags 
who  can’t  get  “ store  teeth.” 

Hydrothorax. — This  is  a name  given  to  water  when 
it  accumulates  in  the  chest.  Hence,  hydro,  water;  and 
thorax,  the  chest. 

Causes . Debility  from  the  effects  of  inflammation  of 
some  of  the  organs  within  the  chest. 

Treatment.  Tonics  to  improve  the  general  health,  and 
medicines  to  draw  off  the  water  by  the  kidneys  and  bowels. 
An  operation  is  recommended  by  which  the  fluids  are 
drawn  from  the  side  by  means  of  a trocar.  (See  Dropsy.) 

Hydrocele. — A collection  of  fluid  in  the  scrotum  of 
stallions. 

Treatment.  Paint  the  scrotum  with  the  tincture  of  ben- 
zoin or  iodine.  If  these  remedies  are  not  successful  in 
causing  absorption  of  the  water,  the  skin  of  the  scrotum 
will  have  to  be  opened  to  let  out  the  fluid. 

Hydronemia. — A name  used  when  speaking  of  the 
blood  when  it  contains  too  much  water — water  in  the 
blood.  (See  Dropsy.) 

Hydrophobia. — This  disease,  happily,  is  rare— in  a 
practice  of  thirteen  years,  and  doing  much  in  the  treatment 
of  diseases  of  horses,  and  being  well  acquainted  with  the 
practice  of  other  persons,  I can  only  record  three  cases,  and 
one  of  these  was  a mule.  This  disease  is  sometimes  called 
water  dread  and  canine  rabies,  from  the  fact  that  it  is  only 
generated  in  the  dog  and  feline  species  of  animals. 

Cause  in  Horses.  Bites  of  the  mad  dog,  and  sometimes 
the  bite  from  the  common  cat  is  capable  of  producing  the 
disease. 

Symptoms.  In  those  cases  that  came  under  my  notice, 


138 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE, 


the  symptoms  were  anything  but  like  each  other.  In  one 
animal,  the  propensity  to  bite  at  objects  was  more  severe; 
and  in  another,  the  horse  would  walk  and  look  about  him, 
utter  a peculiar  sound,  and  lie  down  and  get  hold  of  the 
heels  and  part  of  arm  of  the  fore  leg  with  his  teeth,  till 
he  had  them  bleeding,  get  up  again,  and  walk  about 
without  any  apparent  object  in  view.  But  the  destructive 
impulse  attributed  by  some  authors,  I think,  is  merely  the 
fancy  of  an  inexperienced  mind  in  such  matters.  The 
symptoms  of  the  mule  differed  from  each  of  the  horses, 
inasmuch  as  he  would,  at  times,  eat  hay  very  ravenously, 
stop  all  at  once,  and  with  a peculiar  sound,  not  like  the 
bark  of  a dog,  but  of  a character  which  cannot  be 
described,  lie  down  and  have  a good  roll  to  himself; 
then  he  would  run  at  any  person  within  his  reach  with 
open  mouth.  But  in  no  instance  did  any  of  the  cases 
attempt  to  bite  at  anything  not  endowed  with  animal  life. 
All  of  these  animals  were  confined  in  enclosures  from 
which  they  could  not  escape.  They  lived  about  thirty- 
six  hours  after  the  active  symptoms  of  the  disease  set  in. 
(See  Bites  of  Mad  Dog.)  Any  person  having  the  least 
experience  with  horses,  may  observe  peculiarities,  at  times, 
which  do  appear  not  to  belong  to  common  diseases. 

Hypertrophy. — This  name  means  a state  of  certain 
organs  increased  in  size,  and  decreased  in  power.  The 
heart,  kidneys,  spleen,  liver,  and  other  parts  of  the  body, 
are  liable  to  this  disease. 

Hypodermic. — Under  the  skin.  (S  e Endermic.) 

Hysteria. — This  is  a disease  which  is  sometimes  seen  ‘ 
in  mares  only. 

Causes.  Irritation  of  the  uterus,  or  of  some  of  it  snerves. 

Symptoms.  Great  excitement  and  incapability  of  standing. 


jCSTFECTlwK 


139 


and  it  appears  as  if  some  of  the  bones  of  the  back  or  loins 
were  broken.  • 

Treatment.  Give  twenty  drops  of  the  tincture  of  aconite 
root  every  four  hours,  whilst  the  symptoms  last.  Build 
up  the  strength  of  the  mare  by  the  following:  Sulphate 
of  iron,  three  drachms;  gentian  root,  three  drachms.  Mix, 
and  give  in  one  dose  every  day,  for  a week  or  ten  days. 
Give  good  feeding. 

Caution . Unsafe  to  use;  will  return  again. 


HYPODERMIC  SYRINGE. 


Indigestion. — However  much  man,  in  the  sedentary 
walks  of  life,  may  be  the  subject  of  this  disease,  the  horse 
with  a task-master  is  comparatively  free  from  it.  Cases 
do  occur,  occasionally,  in  our  large  cities,  where  in  too 
many  cases  the  horse  is  left  standing  in  the  stable,  twenty 
out  of  the  twenty-four  hours.  Idleness  begets  indigestion, 
and  indigestion  begets  crib-biting,  or  wind-sucking,  and 
between  them  the  poor  horse  loses  flesh,  condition  and 
spirit.  (See  Crib-biting.) 

Treatment  Send  the  horse  to  pasture,  and  when  he 
returns  give  him  regular  feed,  and  regular  work  to  pre* 
vent  a return  of  it. 


Infection. — (See  Contagion.) 


140 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HOUSE 


Inflammation. — Inflammation  of  the  various  portion® 
or  parts  of  the  body  will  be  found  treated  of  under  the 
name  of  the  organ  or  part  affected. 

Influenza. — This  is  a name  which  is  properly  applied 
to  epizootic  catarrh  of  frequent  occurrence  in  the  spring 
of  the  year.  Indeed,  it  is  very  rare  that  we  see  a cold 
run  its  course  as  such,  without  some  complication  of  one 
kind  or  another. 

Symptoms.  A chill  or  shivering  fit,  succeeded  by 
increased  heat  of  the  body,  with  fever  and  irritation. 
Loss  of  appetite,  cough,  discharge  of  mucus  from  the 
nose,  watering  of  the  eyes,  great  prostration  of  strength, 
followed  in  a day  or  two  with  swellings  of  the  legs,  and 
in  bad  cases,  of  the  belly,  breast,  and  in  males,  of  the 
sheath ; such  is  a true  and  succinct  account  of  the 
symptoms  of  this  disease.  The  symptoms  will  vary,  as 
in  other  diseases,  with  the  intensity  of  the  affection. 

Causes.  A subtle  poison  in  the  air,  sudden  changes  in 
the  dryness  or  moisture  of  the  earth’s  surface,  easterly 
winds,  cold  accompanied  with  dampness  in  the  air.  These 
are  conditions  which  too  often  accompany  or  precede  influ- 
enza, which  differs  from  an  attack  of  common  cold,  chiefly 
in  the  severity  of  its  effect,  causing  more  fever  and  greater 
debility.  In  England  it  was  first  observed  in  1819,  and 
again  in  1832,  and  more  or  less  ever  since,  In  the  United 
States  it  first  manifested  itself  in  1856,  and  is  still  seen 
every  spring  and  fall  with  symptoms  more  or  less  severe. 

Treatment  The  mortality  in  this  disease  is  great, 
when  treated  according  to  the  books  which  our  publishers 
frequently  issue — old  English  books,  with  new  dresses  cut 
to  the  fashion.  Bear  this  in  mind,  when  undertaking  the 
treatment  of  a disease  of  this  kind,  that  one  step  wrongly 
taken  can  never  be  recalled.  Place  the  horse  in  a cool 


INJECTIONS. 


141 


(not  cold)  and  airy  place,  put  a light  covering  upon  him, 
and  give  him  twenty  drops  of  the  tincture  of  aconite  root 
in  a little  cold  water,  every  four  hours,  till  five  doses  are 
given.  Place  plenty  of  cold  water  before  the  horse  so  that 
he  can  drink  as  much  as  he  wants.  When  the  aconite  has 
been  all  given,  commence  with  fifteen-drop  doses  of  the  ! 
tincture  of  nux  vomica,  which  repeat  every  four  hours,  ( 
continuing  it  for  a few  days,  and  if  the  animal  improves, 
and  the  appetite  returns,  nothing  more  in  the  way  of 
medicine  need  be  given.  Recovery  being  slow  and  the 
appetite  poor,  give  the  following  powders,  morning,  noon 
and  night : Powdered  carbonate  of  ammonia,  three  ounces; 
powdered  gentian  root,  two  ounces ; powdered  pimenta 
berries,  two  ounces  ; mix,  and  divide  into  twelve  powders, 
and  give  them  mixed  in  a little  cold  water,  and  drench  the 
horse  out  of  a strong-mouthed  bottle.  The  powders  will 
have  to  be  wrapped  well,  so  as  to  keep  them  from  the  air, 
and  prevent  the  loss  of  their  strength.  Twenty  drops  of 
commercial  sulphuric  acid  may  be  given  occasionally,  in 
half  a bucket  of  cold  water,  which  the  horse  will  readily 
drink.  Do  not  apply  blisters  or  anything  to  the  throat,  as 
is  too  often  done;  they  can  do  no  good,  but  positively 
much  harm.  Be  assured  the  animal  has  fully  recovered 
its  strength  before  putting  to  work.  If  treated  in  the 
manner  described,  in  from  five  to  six  days  the  horse  will 
be  almost  well  again.  (See  Gastritis  Mucosa,  and  Rheuma- 
tism.) 

Injections.— These  are  composed  of  warm  water,  soap, 
and  a handful  of  table-salt;  the  water  about  luke-warm. 
The  usual  way  to  give  injections,  is  by  means  of  a large 
syringe,  capable  of  holding  a quart  of  the  fluid.  The 
diseases  which  call  for  injections,  are  the  various  varieties 
of  colic.  Few  medicines  will  cure  colic  without  the  aid  of 


142 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


injections,  whereas  colic,  in  very  many  cases,  can  be 
readily  cured  by  the  injection  alone.  Therefore,  never  put 
confidence  in  any  person  who  undertakes  to  cure  colic, 
without  injections  of  warm  water,  soap  and  salt. 

Instruments. — The  various  cuts  of  instruments,  rep- 
resented throughout  the  book,  explain  themselves.  The 
few  here  given,  may  be  explained  as  follows : 


Above  are  shown  two  patterns  of  the  ecraseur  manu- 
factured in  Philadelphia  for  use  in  the  University  of 
Pennsvlvania,  veterinary  department. 


No.  2. 


This  is  a very  good  representation  of  a sim- 
ilar instrument  which  is  also  manufactured  in 


INSTRUMENTS. 


143 


Philadelphia.  The  ecrasseur  is  now  extensively  and  suc- 
cessfully used  for  castrating  colts,  and  for  the  removal  of 
tumors.  The  object  of  using  this  instrument  is,  that  no 
bleeding  follows  its  use.  (See  Castration.) 

No.  3 is  a spring  lancet,  and  was 
invented  by  a Mr.  Weiss,  of  London, 
for  the  use  of  farmers  who  could  not 
use  its  more  surgical  prototype,  the 
lancet.  This  was  at  a time  when 
bleeding  was  thought  to  be  the  great 
panacea  for  all  the  ills  and  aches  to 
which  man  and  beast  is  heir. 


No.  3. 


No.  4. 


No.  4 is  a small  syringe,  used  for  injecting  medicines 
into  the  cavities  of  tumors,  to  destroy  their  diseased 

* walls. 

No.  5 is  a carved  trocar  and  canula,  and  is  used  for 
piercing  dropsical  swellings  and  tumors,  to  run  off  the 
fluid.  The  trocar  is  drawn  out  after  the  parts  have  been 


C 


144 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


pierced,  and  the  canula  remains  as  a tube,  whereby  the 

water  escapes. 

No.  6 is  a straight  trocar  with  canula,  and  is  used  in 
different  sizes  and  for  various  purposes.  Its  first  and 
most  important  use  is  for  piercing  the  rumen  of  cows  and 
oxen  when  attacked  with  hoven.  Second,  it  is  used  occa- 
sionally for  piercing  the  horse,  in  cases  of  flatulent  colic, 
and  in  drawing  off  the  fluid  or  serum  accumulated  in  the 
chest  from  disease  of  the  lungs  and  pleura.  Third,  a small 
size  of  this  instrument  is  used  in  piercing  the  head  of 
sheep  affected  with  hydatids.  After  the  trocar  has  entered 
the  hydatid  sack,  the  trocar  is  pulled  out,  the  canula 
remains,  the  point  of  a small  and  well-packed  syringe  is 
placed  in  the  head  of  the  canula,  and  the  suction-force 
draws  the  fluid  into  the  syringe,  and  the  small  cysts' into 
the  canula — which  can  be  caught  and  pulled  out  by  means 
of  a pair  of  forceps.  A trocar  and  canula  should  be  kept 
by  every  farmer  who  has  a cow  or  an  ox. 

Intestines. — Introsusception,  or  an  entangling  of  the 
intestines,  sometimes  takes  place  in  horses,  and  proves  fatal. 

Causes . Bowels  empty,  and  the  horse  being  driven  fast. 

Symptoms . When  the  horse  comes  in,  he  is  observed  to 
be  uneasy — lying  down,  pawing  with  his  feet,  following 
closely  the  symptoms  of  colic.  The  difficulty,  or  impossi- 
bility of  procuring  relief,  is  only  seen  on  examination, 
after  the  horse  is  dead.  (See  Bowel  Diseases.) 

Itch. — (See  Mange  and  Skin  Diseases.) 

Interfering. — This  name  is  in  use  when  speaking  of 
a horse  hitting  himself  on  the  inside  of  the  pastern  joint, 
either  on  the  hind  or  fore  leg.  Sometimes  it  is  called 
cutting.  It  is  usually  done  with  the  side  of  the  opposite 
foot. 


JOINT  DISEASES. 


145 


Causes . The  blacksmith  is  many  times  wrongfully 
blamed  for  want  of  attention  or  skill  in  shoeing  the  horse, 
because  he  interferes.  There  are  cases,  no  doubt,  where  a 
little  observation  and  care,  on  the  part  of  the  shoer,  would 
> have  prevented  it.  From  much  observation,  however,  I 
am  satisfied  that  the  chief  cause  lies  in  the  weakness  of  the 
horse,  particularly  in  the  spring  of  the  year.  Horsemen 
well,  know  that  their  horses  did  not  interfere  in  the  winter 
months,  when  the  weather  was  not  oppressive,  and  the 
horse  in  excellent  spirits  ; and  no  changes  have  been  made 
in  the  shoer  or  manner  of  shoeing. 

Treatment.  Give  a few  powders  of  iron  and  gentian  in 
the  feed,  to  restore  the  horse  to  strength.  (See  Medicines.) 

Jack. — A small  point  on  the  inside  of  the  hock-joint 
of  the  horse  affected  with  bone  spavin. 

Jaundice. — This  signifies  bile  in  the  blood ; biliary 
intoxication,  tinging  the  membranes  of  the  nose,  mouth, 
etc.,  with  the  yellow  color. 

Joint  Diseases, — The  diseases  of  the  various  joints  in 
the  horse,  are  many.  Among  them  may  be  enumerated : 
Of  spavin — bone,  blood,  bog  and  occult — four  varieties,  all 
of  the  hock -joint;  of  the  patella,  in  the  form  of  dislocation ; 
of  the  hip,  or  whirl-bone  joint,  ulceration  and  sprain;  of 
the  joints  of  the  back-bones,  caries  and  ulceration;  of  the 
foot,  coffin-joint,  commonly  called  navicular-joint,  lame- 
ness ; of  the  pastern  joints,  anchylosis  or  stiff-joint;  of  the 
lower  pastern,  ring-bone;  of  the  knee-joint,  stiffness  and 
open  joint;  of  the  point  of  the  shoulders,  ulceration  and 
bulging  out  of  the  capsular  ligament  of  the  joint;  wind 
galls,  of  almost  all  the  joints,  more  specially  in  the  pasterns. 
The  cause  and  treatment  of  these  affections  will  be  found 
under  their  proper  heads,  throughout  the  book. 

10 


146 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


Jugular  Vein,  Inflammation  of. — This  may  be 

merely  a simple  swelling,  after  bleeding,  caused  by  bruising 
the  parts,  by  too  great  force  applied  when  bleeding,  or  by 
closing  the  wound  too  tightly,  causing  extravasation  of 
blood,  between  the  skin  and  the  fascia.  Inflammation  of 
the  jugular  may  be  of  great  magnitude,  involving  that 
vessel  the  whole  length  of  the  neck,  above  and  belc>w  the 
wound  made  by  bleeding,  ultimately  causing  its  entire 
obliteration.  And,  occasionally,  the  inflammation  extends 
to  the  brain  itself,  destroying  life.  Happily,  bleeding  is 
not  now  recommended  in  the  treatment  of  disease;  conse- 
quently, this  affection  will  be  among  the  diseases  of  the  past. 

Treatment.  Remove  the  pin,  or  whatever  has  been  used 
to  close  the  wound,  and  apply  a piece  of  blue-stone  to  the 
bleeding  sore;  this  may  be  used  once  a day,  for  a day  or 
two.  Hot  fomentations,  or  a small  poultice,  should  be 
applied  to  the  part,  to  abate  the  inflammation  or  irritation. 
The  fomentation  will  have  to  be  applied  the  whole  length 
of  the  thick  corded  vein,  to  cause  its  relaxation.  Cut  the 
feed  for  the  horse,  so  as  to  save  the  movements  of  the  jaws, 
thus  giving  rest,  as  much  as  possible,  to  the  parts  affected. 

Kidneys,  Diseases  of  the. — The  most  important  of 
which  is  that  already  described  under  the  head  of  diabetes, 
(which  see.)  Hsematuria  or  bloody  urine  is  occasionally 
seen  in  horses,  more  frequently  in  cattle,  and  consists  in  a 
diseased  state  of  the  kidneys,  from  violent  strains  or  acci- 
dents. 

Calculi , or  stone  in  the  kidneys,  are  often  found  in  the 
kidneys  of  horses,  and  cause  considerable  irregularity  in 
making  water. 

Treatment  Occasionally  give  thirty  to  forty  drops  of 
muriatic  acid,  in  a bucket  of  cold  water,  to  drink. 

Bloody  urine  may  be  treated  by  warm-water  cloths,  laid 


KNUCKLING. 


147 


over  the  back  or  in  a situation  above  the  kidneys.  Use 
flaxseed  tea  as  a drink,  to  soothe  the  parts.  Give  no  salt- 
petre or  other  medicine. 

In  old  horses,  as  in  old  men,  considerable  chronic  dis- 
ease of  the  kidneys  exists.  Although  little  can  be  accom- 
plished in  the  way  of  cure  by  medicines,  a great  deal  can 
be  done  to  soothe  the  parts,  by  soft  and  soothing  feed  and 
drink,  such  as  steamed  or  boiled  feed  and  flaxseed  tea,  cut 
grass  and  other  green  feed,  with  plenty  of  cold  water,  at 
all  times,  to  drink.  The  more  fluids  that  go  into  the 
body,  the  less  irritation  of  the  bladder  and  kidneys.  (See 
Bladder  Diseases.) 

Knees  Broken,  (See  Broken  Knees.) 

Knee  Joint,  Loose  Cartilages  in  the. — Small 
loose  cartilage  is  sometimes  found  floating  in  the  kneejoint 
of  horses,  as  well  as  of  man,  and  is  the  cause  of  much  of 
the  obscure  lameness  that  is  so  often  unaccounted  for,  and, 
so  far  as  I am  aware,  has  never  been  noticed  by  other 
writers.  The  lameness  is  very  sudden,  and  passes  off  as  if 
nothing  had  happened,  constantly  coming  and  going. 

Treatment . Remove  the  body  from  the  joint  by  first 
getting  it  into  a corner,  and  holding  it  there,  and  cutting 
and  taking  it  out ; this  is  too  dangerous  an  operation  for 
every  person  to  undertake,  as  it  is  cutting  into  a synovial 
cavity. 

Knuckling, — This  is  a peculiar  loose  double  action  of 
the  pastern  of  the  hind  legs,  and  is  a symptom  rather  than 
a disease  of  itself. 

Cause.  Disease  in  the  hock-joint,  and  weakness  in  the 
part  from  the  effects  of  sprains,  or  other  injury.  It  also 
accompanies  occult  and  bone  spavin. 

Obsei've.  Knuckling  of  the  hind  pasterns  is  a symptom 


148 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


strongly  indicative  that  the  animal  has  had  an  attack  of 
paralysis  or  is  likely  to  have  one:  at  all  events  it  clearly 
shows  that  either  the  brain  or  spinal  cord  is  to  a certain 
extent  diseased,  resulting  in  loss  of  motive  power  in  tne 
pasterns. 

Treatment.  Feed  the  horse  well,  and  give  fifteen  drops 
of  the  tincture  of  nux  vomica  three  times  in  the  day.  If 
the  hock-joint  be  the  cause,  treat  the  hock  as  for  spavin, 
or  palliate  the  symptoms  by  applying  two  parts  of  olive 
oil,  and  one  part  of  creosote  and  oil  of  turpentine,  two  or 
three  times  in  the  week. 

Lameness. — Lameness  occurs  in  many  ways,  and  from 
many  causes,  such  as  fractures,  bruises,  sprains,  wounds  or 
injuries,  all  of  which  will  be  found  treated  of,  under  thek 
various  names,  through  the  book. 

Laminitis. — A name  in  use  by  veterinary  surgeons 
when  speaking  of  founder,  and  is  a generic  term  from 
lamina , or  leaf — which  forms  the  bond  of  unity  between 
the  sensible  and  insensible  structures  of  the  horse’s  feet, 
and  is  the  seat  of  the  disease  commonly  called  founder. 
(See  Foot  Diseases.) 

Lampas. — This  is  a name  applied  to  a slight  enlarge- 
ment, swelling,  or  fulness  of  the  bars  of  the  mouth  of 
young  horses  from  the  changes  of  teething.  Pinching  the 
skin  of  the  bars  with  the  nail  of  the  thumb  till  they  bleed, 
and  rubbing  in  a little  table  salt,  is  much  better  than 
burning  the  mouth  with  a red  hot  iron — the  effects  of 
which  the  animal  never  forgets  nor  forgives,  as  is  shown 
in  any  attempt  to  do  anything  about  his  head. 

Laryngitis. — This  is  a disease  or  inflammation  of  the 
upper  portion  of  the  windpipe  accompanied  with  fever. 


LIVER. 


149 


increased  breathing,  and  cough.  The  cause  and  treatment 
of  this  disease  will  be  the  same  as  for  bronchitis,  (which  see.) 

Leg,  Fractures  of  the.— (See  Fractures.) 

Lice. — Lice  of  various  kinds  are  often  the  source  of 
much  trouble  amongst  horses  kept  in  the  vicinity  of  hen 
or  chicken  houses. 

Symptoms . Uneasiness,  rubbing,  and  scratching;  stamp- 
ing with  the  feet  and  biting  at  the  legs,  as  if  something 
were  annoying  him. 

Treatment . Take  of  the  liver  of  sulphur,  one  ounce; 
cold  water,  one  pint.  Mix,  and  apply  with  a hard  brush 
to  but  a portion  of  the  body  at  a time.  If  that  is  not 
effectual,  get  bi-chloride  of  mercury,  thirty-two  grains ; 
cold  water,  one  pint.  Mix,  and  apply  with  a brush  to  a 
portion  only  at  a time,  or  a piece  of  the  body  every  day, 
till  all  has  been  gone  over  with  the  brush.  This  is  very 
weak,  and  can  do  the  horse  no  harm. 

Ligaments. — These  are  strong,  fibrous  substances, 
which  bind  together  the  different  bones  of  the  body  or 
skeleton.  There  are  two  great  classes  of  ligaments:  the 
rounded,  or  the  lateral,  and  the  capsular,  or  sack-like 
ligaments,  as  of  the  shoulder  and  hip-joint. 

Lipoma. — A variety  of  fatty  tumor.  (See  Tumors.) 

Liver. — The  liver  is  the  largest  secreting  gland  of  the 
'body,  situated  within  the  short  ribs  on  the  right  side. 
Its  function  is  the  secretion  of  bile — a yellow  alkaline  or 
soapy  fluid. 

Without  the  liver,  digestion  and  animal  heat  cannot  be 
maintained,  and  the  waste  or  effete  matter  cannot  be  re- 
moved from  the  blood.  So,  therefore,  when  the  liver  is 
disturbed,  there  can  be  no  health  in  the  rest  of  the  system. 


150 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


Inflammation  of  the  Liver. — The  horse  is  rarely 
the  subject  of  inflammation  of  this  organ  in  an  acute,  but 
more  commonly  in  a chronic  form.  It  is  often  met  with 
from  the  fact  of  many  horses  being  highly  fed,  and  having 
nothing  to  do. 

Symptoms.  The  affected  part  is  very  obtuse.  But  we 
have  a very  striking  analogy  of  this  disease  between  man 
and  the  horse,  which  materially  assists  in  forming  a correct 
opinion  as  to  the  disease.  Pain  and  lameness  in  the  right 
shoulder  are  characteristic  of  liver  disease,  whether  in  man 
or  horse,  and  have  often  been  mistaken  for  and  treated  as 
the  disease  itself.  Not  less  so  is  the  peculiar  yellowness  of 
the  membranes  of  the  eye,  nose,  and  mouth,  constituting  a 
disease  called  by  old  horse  doctors  the  yellows. 

Treatment  Give  powdered  aloes,  four  drachms ; pow- 
dered ginger  root,  two  drachms;  podophyllin,  one  drachm. 
Mix,  and  make  into  a paste  with  molasses,  and  form  a 
bolus,  or  crumble  the  mass  in  a little  thin  gruel,  and 
drench  the  horse  with  it.  Feed  the  horse  with  green  and 
soft  feed  to  keep  his  bowels  open. 

These  measures  being  neglected,  suppuration  or  an 
abscess  will  be  formed,  and  break  into  the  bowels,  or 
become  absorbed  and  produce  glanders,  which  I believe  to 
be  a prolific  cause  of  this  disease,  and  which  is  preceded  by 
dll  health  and  bad  habit  of  body,  terminating  by  a mysteri- 
ous and  unaccountable  discharge  from  the  nose,  inasmuch 
as  it  is  not  accompanied  with  cough,  and  other  symptoms 
of  cold. 

Locked-jaw.— This  disease  occurs  usually  after 
wounds  of  the  feet,  as  from  nails  running  into  the  feet, 
from  wounds  and  fractures,  and  from  a simple  wound  of 
a tendinous  portion  of  the  body.  Locked-jaw  occurring 
after  wounds  or  other  injuries,  is  called  traumatic.  And 


LOCKED-JAW 


151 


when  locked-jaw  takes  place,  as  it  sometimes  does,  without 
any  injury  or  assignable  cause,  it  is  called  idiopathic  locked- 
jaw.  Locked-jaw  may  be  defined  a spasmodic  contraption 
of  the  muscles  of  the  body,  often  confined  to  one  set  of 
muscles  alone.  I have  in  practice  seen  the  same  contrac- 
tion in  one  set  of  muscles  of  the  body,  and  the  muscles 
of  the  jaw  free  from  the  cramps  and  not  fixed  at  all,  and 
depending  upon  the  same  causes  that  often  produce  fixed- 
ness of  the  jaw.  Locked-jaw  is  sometimes  confined  to  the 
muscles  of  the  neck,  and  is  then  called  trismus . 

Symptoms.  The  symptoms  accompanying  locked-jaw  in 
the  horse  are  so  well  known  to  everybody,  that  little  need  be 
said  by  me  about  them  further  than  that  there  is  general 
stiffness  and  fixedness  in  the  manner  of  standing, and  a pecu- 
liar expression  of  countenance.  The  extended  and  dilated 
nostrils,  and  the  fixed  ear,  tell  the  fact  very  plainly,  that 
the  muscles  of  the  head  and  neck  are  beyond  the  control 
of  the  animal,  else  his  jaw  or  mouth  would  not  be  kept 
closed. 

Treatment.  Remove  the  painfully-stricken  animal  into  a 
place  by  himself,  where  he  will  have  plenty  of  air,  and  no 
sound  or  sight  to  disturb  him,  and  where  no  curious  idler 
can  enter.  Place  a bucket  of  cold,  thin  gruel  where  the 
horse  can  get  at  it,  without  an  effort  to  himself  to  reach  it. 
This  is  all  the  feed  he  will  be  likely  enabled  to  take  for  a 
period  of  from  three  to  sixteen  days.  Renew  it  once  a 
day,  and  keep  it  sweet.  He  may  be  able  to  suck  this 
through  his  teeth.  Small,  choice  morsels  of  other  food 
should  also  be  placed  within  his  reach,  so  as  no  opportu- 
nity be  lost  whereby  his  stomach  may  be  filled,  and  his 
overtaxed  strength  be  supported. 

In  securing  the  gruel  or  other  feed,  have  everything  at 
hand,  so  that  only  one  journey  will  be  necessary,  in  the 


152 


DISEASES  OP  THE  HOUSE. 


twenty-four  hours,  to  the  place  he  is  confined  in.  Open 
not  the  door  of  his  house  twice  when  once  can  be  made  to 
answer : thus  much  suffering  may  be  avoided,  and  the 
chances  of  recovery  enhanced.  All  the  medicine  necessary 
for  the  horse  to  have,  will  be  one  drachm  doses,  once  in 
twenty-four  hours,  of  PRUSSIC  ACID.  Great  care  will 
have  to  be  exercised  iu  keeping  this  powerful  poison  ; and 
considerable  judgment  as  to  how  this  medicine  is  to  be 
given  to  an  animal  with  his  jaws  closed.  Gently  elevate 
the  head  a little  to  insure  proper  gravitation,  and  pour  the 
acid  into  the  widest  part  between  the  teeth,  and  hold  the 
head  steadily  for  a few  minutes ; then  retire,  and  close  the 
door,  not  a loud  word  being  spoken.  A table  or  dessert 
spoon  will  answer  for  the  purpose  very  well.  Veterinary 
surgeons  have  an  elastic  tube,  which  is  introduced  into  the 
back  part  of  the  mouth,  and  the  acid  poured  down  the  tube. 

If  the  animal  live  from  three  to  four  days,  and  is 
afforded  every  opportunity  to  eat  a little,  he  may  get  well. 
Whatever  the  wounds  or  injuries  that  have  given  rise  to 
the  locked-jaw,  they  should  be  dressed  with  equal  portions 
of  olive  oil  and  creosote,  which  will  soothe  the  irritated 
nerves  of  the  part.  An  occasional  poultice  of  flaxseed  may 
be  necessary. 

Above  all  things,  neither  bleed  nor  physic,  as  these  can 
do  no  good,  and  will  only  hasten  the  death  of  the  animal 
by  taking  away  whatever  strength  he  may  have,  all  of 
which  will  be  necessary  to  carry  him  through  so  severe  a 
disease. 

Loins. — Sprain  of  the  loins  or  small  of  the  back  is 
sometimes  seen  in  weakly-built  horses  of  irritable  dispo- 
sition. 

Symptom.  Weakness  upon  pressure,  as  of  a saddle- 
horse  yielding  to  the  rider,  when  mounting  the  horse 


LUNGS. 


153 


Treatment  Warm-water  cloths  should  be  laid  over  the 
parts  for  a few  days,  followed  in  the  same  manner  by 
cold-water  cloths.  Give  rest  and  good  feed,  and  use  the 
horse  in  the  shafts  of  a light  four-wheeled  carriage,  or  in 
double  harness.  Saddle  work  may  be  the  means  of  its 
return,  more  especially  if  ridden  by  a heavy  person. 

LOSS  of  Appetite,— This  is  more  of  a symptom  than 
a disease,  and  requires  for  its  removal  the  cause  which 
gave  rise  to  it.  In  cold,  influenza  and  fever,  the  appe- 
tite is  bad,  and  with  their  removal  it  will  be  restored. 
Take  powdered  carbonate  of  ammonia,  pimenta  berries, 
gentian  root,  each  two  drachms,  mix  in  some  cold  gruel, 
and  drench  the  animal  twice  a day.  This  will  not  only 
remove,  in  a measure,  the  cause,  but  will  restore  the  appe- 
tite also. 

Lumbago. — This  is  applied  to  a peculiar  stiffness  over 
the  loins  or  back,  partaking  of  the  nature  of  rheumatism, 
(which  see.) 

Lungs. — These  are  the  organs  of  breathing,  and  are 
subject  to  many  diseases,  having  names  familiar  to  every 
horseman.  Under  this  head,  however,  I will  only  notice 
inflammation  of  the  substance  of  the  lungs,  'pneumonia , 
(lung  fever,)  and  of  the  surface  of  the  lung,  pleurisy , 
abscess , adhesion , and  congestion.  (See  Cough,  Cold, 
Bronchitis  and  Emphysema.) 

(1.)  Pneumonia.- — ( Pronounced  numonia.) — This  is  an 
inflammation  of  the  substance  of  the  lungs,  of  late  years 
called  lung  fever,  and  is  sometimes  very  common  in  the 
spring  after  a severe  winter. 

Symptoms.  Chill  followed  by  fever  and  increased  for  a 
short  time,  and  is  succeeded  by  cold  legs  and  ears, 
quickened  breathing,  and  wide,  open  nostrils.  A peculiar 


154 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE, 


quivering  of  the  muscles  of  the  side  and  breast  will  be 
observed  in  all  cases  of  inflammation  of  the  lungs,  and  will 
rarely  deceive.  The  animal  will  eat  nothing,  and  per- 
sistently stands  with  his  nose  and  mouth  in  the  manger; 
and  if  taken  out  of  the  stall  and  stable  to  the  open  air,  he 
will  almost  refuse  to  go  back  again  into  the  stable,  relief 
being  experienced  from  the  fresh  air.  Hence,  the  necessity 
for  plenty  of  fresh  air  in  all  diseases  of  the  lungs.  When 
the  ear  is  applied  to  the  side  of  the  neck,  a peculiar  creak- 
ing noise  is  heard.  Slight  discharge  of  serous  flakes  or 
matter  will  be  observed  sticking  to  the  sides  of  the  nose. 
If  this  disease  be  not  subdued  or  cured,  it  ends  in  abscess. 
The  peculiar  pulsations  observed  in  this  and  other  diseases, 
will  be  found  treated  of  in  the  introductory  remarks.  To 
the  non-professional  person,  the  general  aspect  or  appear- 
ance of  the  horse,  when  under  this  disease,  is  infinitely 
more  important  as  a rule  and  guide  in  determining  the  seat 
and  nature  of  the  disease,  than  any  assistance  they  can  gain 
from  the  pulse. 

Cause.  Alternations  and  sudden  changes  in  heat,  cold, 
and  moisture;  an  animal  not  in  condition  for  work;  a 
hereditary  predisposition  in  the  lungs  to  take  on  disease. 
Changes  which  will  produce  lung  disease  in  one  horse,  will 
produce  disease  of  a different  character  in  another. 

Treatment.  Place  the  horse  in  a light  and  airy  place,  and 
clothe  him  according  to  the  weather.  Bandages  to  the 
legs  will,  at  all  seasons,  be  necessary  to  keep  them  warm, 
and  to  that  extent  relieve  the  lungs  of  a portion  of  blood. , 
Aconite  judiciously  given,  is  the  most  powerful  remedy  I 
am  acquainted  with.  Tartar  Emetic,  so  valuable  in  this 
disease  in  man,  dogs  and  swine,  has  no  more  effect  whatever, 
upon  either  horse,  sheep  or  cattle,  than  so  much  flour  or 
meal.  Give  twenty-five  drops  of  the  tincture  of  aconite 


LUNGS. 


155 


root,  in  a cupful  of  cold  water,  and  drench  the  horse.  Re- 
peat the  dose  every  four  hours,  till  six  doses  are  given. 
In  the  majority  of  cases,  one  to  two  doses  will  be  all  that 
is  required  to  effect  a cure. 

(2.)  Pleurisy. — Inflammation  of  the  membrane  cover- 
ing the  lungs  and  lining  the  cavity  of  the  chest. 

Symptoms.  A rigor  or  chill,  fever,  disinclination  to  turn 
short,  an  occasional  short  painful  cough,  and  careful 
breathing,  accompanied  with  a sigh  or  grunt.  A peculiar 
line  will  be  be  observed  in  pleurisy,  running  from  the 
haunch,  round  the  belly  to  the  breast-bone.  The  breath- 
ing is  deep,  not  so  short  and  quick  as  in  inflammation  of 
the  lungs.  In  the  first  twenty-four  hours  after  the  attack, 
pain  will  have  given  way,  and  the  horse  be  apparently 
better.  This,  in  the  majority  of  cases  of  pleurisy,  when 
left  a few  hours  to  itself  and  not  checked,  terminates  in 
Hydrothorax , (which  see,)  or  water  or  serum  in  the  chest, 
sometimes  causing  adhesions.  The  favorable  termination 
of  pleurisy  is  by  what  is  called  resolution . 

Causes.  Changes  in  the  atmosphere.  Exposure  to  cold. 
Broken  ribs  or  wounds. 

Treatment.  Treat  the  horse  as  for  inflammation  of  the 
lungs,  by  giving  him  pure  air,  cold  water  and  aconite; 
followed  on  the  second  day  by  five  grains  of  powdered 
Spanish  fly  in  gruel,  once  in  the  twenty-four  hours.  To 
remove  the  fluids  from  the  body,  give,  after  the  active  stage 
of  the  disease  has  passed,  good  feeding  and  generous  diet. 

(3.)  Abscess. — As  elsewhere  stated,  abscess  is  the  termi- 
nation of  inflammation  of  the  lungs.  Pus  is  a common 
result  of  inflammatory  action,  and  when  in  the  lungs  is 
called  vomieoe , causing,  in  some  cases,  consumption.  Where 
absorption  of  the  pus  has  taken  place,  glanders  is  the  result. 

The  abscess  frequently  breaks  into-  the  bronchiartubes. 


156 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


and  then  pus  escapes  into  the  larynx  and  naves  of  the 
nose.  Hence,  the  persistent  discharge  which  is  so  char- 
acteristic of  glanders. 

Treatment  The  same  as  for  glanders:  generous  diet, 
tonics  and  stimulants,  with  the  sulphite  of  soda  and  the 
Spanish  fly.  (See  Glanders.) 

(4.)  Effusion  of  Serum. — Hydrothorax  is  one  of  the 
ways  in  which  pleurisy  terminates,  and  when  this  effusion 
is  extensive,  not  much  hope  of  recovery  may  be  expected. 
Cures,  however,  have  been  made  by  drawing  off  the  fluid 
by  means  of  a trocar  pierced  through  between  the  ribs  into 
the  chest. 

(5.)  Adhesions. — The  surface  of  the  lungs  becomes 
attached  to  the  sides  of  the  chest  by  fibrous  bands  of  great 
strength,  another  common  result  of  pleurisy.  Nothing 
can  be  done  but  to  keep  up  the  health  and  strength  by 
good  feeding,  etc. 

When  animals  do  not  thrive  and  pick  up  their  spirits 
and  flesh  after  cases  of  pleurisy,  some  of  these  various  con- 
ditions may  be  reasonably  expected  to  be  present. 

(6.)  Congestion  of  the  Lungs. — The  lungs  are  liable 
to  become  congested  when  they  are  overcharged  with  blood. 

Symptoms . The  horse  blows,  his  nostrils  are  very  much 
expanded,  he  is  heaving  at  the  flanks,  and  is  the  picture 
of  distress  and  stupidity. 

Cause . Weakness  and  want  of  power  in  the  blood  ves- 
sels to  contract  and  empty  themselves. 

Treatment . Allow  free  access  to  cool  air,  clothe  thej 
body  and  bandage  the  legs  to  encourage  the  blood  to  the 
skin  and  legs,  and  give  the  following  mixture:  Sweet 
spirits  of  nitre,  half  an  ounce;  powdered  carbonate  of  am- 
monia, half  an  ounce;  mix  in  a bottle  of  cold  gruel,  in  the 
form  of  a drink.  If  these  articles  are  not  at  hand,  give 


MAD  STAGGERS. 


157 


two  bottles  of  warm  ale,  or  half  a bottle  of  brandy  or 
whiskey. 

(7.)  Pneumothorax. — So  called  because  the  air  escape? 
into  the  cavities  of  the  pleura. 

Lymph. — This  is  a name  applied  to  the  clear  fluid 
which  circulates  in  the  lymphatic  vessels  and  that  which 
is  poured  out  in  cut  surfaces,  after  bleeding  has  stopped, 
and  forms  the  medium  by  which  the  parts  adhere,  and  are 
joined  together.  In  this  instance  it  is  called  coagulable 
lymph,  the  principal  element  by  which  adhesive  inflam- 
mation is  carried  on. 

Lymphangitis. — This  is  a disease  which  attacks  large 
coarse-bred  horses  that  are  difficult  to  keep  in  good  condi- 
tion, and  consists  in  the  outpouring  of  plastic  lymph  into 
the  femoral  veins  of  one  of  the  fore  legs,  which,  as  a con- 
sequence, swells  to  a very  great  size,  and  exhibits  to  the 
touch  a feeling  of  a great  many  irregular  prominences 
under  the  skin.  It  is  hot,  painful,  stiff,  and  accompanied 
with  fever,  which,  in  a short  time,  passes  off.  In  a few 
days  the  heat,  pain  and  swelling  will  diminish  a little,  and 
the  horse  will  move  more  freely,  but  will,  in  most  cases, 
retain  a “ thick  leg”  for  life.  Fomentations  of  warm 
water  should  be  applied  to  relieve  heat,  tension, and  pain; 
to  be  followed  in  a few  days  with  broad  bandages  tightly 
rolled  round  the  limb.  Give  soft  feed,  such  as  cut-mess, 
bran  and  green  food.  As  soon  as  the  animal  can  move 
the  leg  he  may  be  put  to  slow  work. 

Madness. — A disease  produced  by  the  bite  of  a mad 
dog.  (See  Hydrophobia.) 

Mad  Staggers. — An  affection  of  the  brain.  (See 
Staggers.) 


158 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


Maggots. — These  are  sometimes  seen  in  neglected 
wounds  and  sores,  in  warm  weather.  To  remove  them, 
apply  equal  parts  of  creosote  and  olive  oil,  or  a solution  of 
corrosive  sublimate. 

Malignant. — A term  applied  to  diseases  of  a.  fatal 
character;  as  glanders,  for  instance.  Why  the  term  ma- 
lignant should  not  be  applied  to  such  diseases  as  locked- 
jaw,  and  inflammation  of  the  bowels,  which  are  so  often 
fatal,  is  one  of  the  inexplicables  of  medical  nosology  or 
terminology,  not  easy  for  me  to  understand. 

Malignant  Epidemic. — English  writers  tell  us  that 
a malignant  epidemic  has  attacked  horses  on  the  European 
Continent.  Influenza  is  a disease  from  which  scarcely  one 
per  cent,  should  die  when  scientifically  and  intelligently 
treated;  but  by  bleeding,  blistering,  physicking,  and  low 
diet,  a really  simple  and  non-fatal  disease  is  at  once  con- 
verted into  a fatal  and  malignant  epidemic. 

Mallenders. — A term  used  by  old.  books  and  horse 
doctors,  to  designate  a scaly  condition  of  the  skin  back  of 
the  leg  and  opposite  to  the  knee.  A term  winch  certainly, 
to  say  the  least,  should  long  ago  have  been  blotted  out  of 
all  the  books,  as  vague,  uncertain,  unmeaning. 

This  scaly  eruption  is  the  result  of  dryness  of  the  skin 
of  the  back  part  of  the  leg,  where  the  greatest  and  almost 
constant  movement  of  the  joint  is  going  on.  The  same 
condition  is  seen  on  the  face  of  some  joints,  and  in  others 
on  the  back,  from  the  constant  mobility  of  the  parts. 

Who  has  not  seen  scruffy  or  scaly  heels  of  horses  ending 
with  scratches?  (See  Skin  Diseases.) 

Mange* — This  is  a disease  of  the  skin,  and  is  caused  by 
^ small  mite  called  acari,  which  breeds  and  burrows  in  the 


MESENTERICA. 


159 


skin.  To  cure  mange,  destroy  the  insect.  (See  Skin 
Diseases.) 

Materia  Medica. — This  is  a name  applied  to  every 
substance  used  in  the  treatment  and  cure  of  disease. 

Megrims* — A disease  of  the  brain  occurring  at  peri- 
ods, especially  in  hot  weather,  and  when  exposed  to  a 
powerful  sun.  This  differs  from  epilepsy  only  in  the  ab- 
sence of  spasms.  (See  Epilepsy.) 

Causes.  Tumors  in  the  choroid  plexus,  and  enlarge- 
ment of  the  pineal  gland. 

Treatment  Merely  palliative,  by  using  a dutch  collar, 
so  as  not  to  interfere  with  the  circulation  of  the  blood 
from  the  head. 

Observe . In  summer  the  horses  subject  to  brain  disease, 
or  fits  of  any  kind,  should  not  be  used  for  family  pur- 
N^ses.  In  winter  they  will  make  useful  animals. 

Melanosis. — A variety  of  cancer  peculiar  to  gray 
horses,  which  turns  white  with  age,  and  is  caused  by  the 
transfer  of  the  coloring  pigment  from  the  skin  to  the 
blood.  (See  Cancer.) 

Melanoid. — (See  Cancer  and  Tumors.) 

Mesentery. — A membrane  formed  of  two  folds  of  the 
peritoneum,  between  each  of  which  there  are  numerous 
glands,  lacteals,  lymphatics,  arteries,  veins  and  nerves.  It 
is  called  the  mesentery,  because  it  adheres  to  three  lumbar 
vertebrae,  and  has  the  small  intestines  hanging  to  it.  One 
portion  of  it  is  called  the  mesocolon — supporter  of  the  colon 
— and  another  the  mesorectum,  which  encloses  the  rectum. 

Mesenterica. — Wasting  of  the  mesentery  is  a disease 
which  is  not  very  common  to  horses,  although  some  clear- 
ly marked  cases  are  sometimes  seen,  characterized  by  wast- 


160 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


ing  of  the  body,  weakness,  and  general  debility  of  the  whole 
system.  Bowels  irregular,  sometimes  soft,  at  other  times 
hard,  of  a pale  or  straw  color,  and  frequently  of  bad 
smell.  All  that  can  be  done  is  to  keep  the  strength  and 
condition  of  the  horse  up  by  iron  and  gentian,  so  fre- 
quently recommended  throughout  the  book. 

Metastasis. — A term  denoting  a change  or  shifting  of 
disease  from  one  part  of  the  body  to  another,  as  is  well 
illustrated  in  cases  of  rheumatism. 

Moon  Blindness. — (See  Eye  Diseases.) 
Mortification. — Death  of  a part.  (See  Gangrene.) 

Moribund. — A term  in  use,  and  applied  when  men  or 
animals  are  in  a dying  condition. 

Mouth,  Diseases  of  the. — These  are  but  few;  per- 
haps the  irregularities  of  the  teeth  are  the  most  important. 
So  much  is  this  the  case,  that  from  diseased  or  carious 
teeth  an  affection  arises,  to  many  external  appearances, 
similar  to  glanders;  and  horses  have  accordingly  been 
destroyed,  whereas,  if  a carious  tooth,  producing  a stinking 
discharge  from  the  nose,  had  been  removed,  these  appear- 
ances would  have  passed  off.  The  edges  of  the  teeth  of 
Horses,  at  all  ages,  are  apt  to  become  sharp,  and  cot  or 
wound  the  inside  of  the  mouth,  and  interfere  with 
mastication  or  chewing.  When  horses  are  off  their  feed 
and  losing  flesh,  it  will  be  well  to  have  the  teeth  examined. 
To  remedy  any  irregularity  of  the  grinders,  a rasp  or  file, 
with  a concave  surface  and  long  handle,  is  used  to  make 
the  teeth  smooth  and  level.  Wolf  teeth  are  supernu* 
merary,  but  do  no  injury  to  either  the  mouth  or  the  eyes . 

(1.)  Scald  Mouth. — Another  simple  affection  of  the 
mouth,  which  is  characterized  by  the  horse  slobbering  or 


MOUTH. 


161 


frothing  from  the  mouth,  as  if  salivated.  In  aggravated 
cases  fever  is  present. 

Treatment . Give  ten  drops  of  the  tincture  of  aconite  root 
in  a little  cold  water  three  times  in  the  day,  for  48  hours, 
and  allow  the  horse  to  have  a bucket  of  cold  water  sus- 
pended or  placed  before  him,  to  cool  his  mouth  in. 


TOOTH  CHISEL,  RASP  AND  HAMMER. 


(2.)  Wounds  of  the  Tongue. — Should  be  treated  the 
same  way,  but  without  the  aconite.  If  the  tongue  is 
nearly  cut  through,  have  the  cut  portion  entirely  removed. 
The  horse  can  do  wonderfully  well  without  a large  part  of 
his  tongue. 

(3.)  Black  Tongue. — This  is  not  a disease,  but  the 
effect  of  a simple  and  non-fatal  affection,  frequently  treated 
by  bleeding,  blistering  and  physicking — destroying  vitality, 
and  inducing  mortification  of  the  tongue,  as  well  as  of  other 
portions  of  the  body. 

(4.)  Aphthous  Thrush. — Soreness  of  the  mouth,  with 
white  patches  on  the  tongue,  inside  the  cheeks  and  roof  of 
the  mouth.  In  man,  this  condition  of  the  mouth  is  called 
stomatitis . 

Causes . Bad  condition  of  the  stomach  and  dyspepsia. 

11 


162 


DISEASES  OP  THE  HORSE. 


Treatment.  Borax  in  powder,  one  ounce ; molasses,  three 
ounces  ; mix,  and  apply  with  a soft  brush,  or  soft  piece  of 
cloth.  Give  soft  feed  or  cut  grass.  A few  doses  of  sulphite 
of  soda,  half  an  ounce  to  a dose,  given  for  a few  evenings, 
will  be  all  that  is  wanted.  (See  Latnpas.) 

The  mouth  is  a favorite  and  convenient  place  for  horse- 
men to  try  the  keenness  of  their  pocket  knives,  when  tb  „ 
least  pretext  is  offered. 

The  palatine  artery  is  sometimes  cut  lengthwise ; and 
when  that  is  the  case,  the  bleeding,  thus  unnecessarily 
induced,  will  not  stop  when  it  is  wanted.  Many  plans 
and  contrivances  are  recommended,  by  individuals,  to  stop 
such  bleeding;  but  none  are  equal  to  a piece  of  iron  or 
kitchen-poker  immersed,  for  a few  minutes,  in  hot  water, 
and  applied  to  the  wound  for  a moment,  which  will  at 
once  stop  further  loss  of  blood. 

(5.)  Parrot  Mouth. — A malformation  consisting  in  the 
upper  front  teeth  projecting  over  the  lower  ones.  Young 
horses  are  little  inconvenienced  by  it,  but  not  so  with  old 
ones,  when  the  teeth  are  long ; for  then  the  lower  teeth 
wound  the  soft  palate  of  the  upper  jaw,  especially  when  the 
horse  is  eating.  Keep  the  teeth  short  by  the  use  of  the  file. 

MUCOUS  Membrane. — A thin  lining  of  all  the  air- 
passages;  so-called,  because  the  surface  is  kept  moist,  with 
a slimy  matter,  as  referred  to  in  the  succeeding  article. 
When  this  mucus  is  altered  in  quantity  and  quality,  and 
when  mucous-pus  is  poured  out,  disease  is  present.  This 
is  seen  in  cases  of  cold,  bronchitis,  and  inflammation  of  the 
eyes,  (which  see.) 

MUCUS. — A thick,  viscid  substance,  thrown  out  from 
the  mucous  membrane,  throughout  the  body. 

Myalgia. — A term  given  to  inflammation  of  a set  of 


NECROSIS. 


163 


muscles,  and  is  applied,  by  some,  to  wasting  of  the  mus- 
cles, as  is  sometimes  seen  in  sweenie. 

Narcotics. — Medicines  which  act  upon  the  nervous 
system,  diminishing  its  power  and  sensibility,  and  so  re- 
lieving inflammation,  irritation,  and  pain.  A medicine 
capable  of  doing  this,  also  contains  the  properties  of  an 
anodyne,  a sedative,  soporific,  carminative,  and  nauseant.  1 

There  are  but  few  medicines  possessing  this  power  over 
the  horse,  and  these  are,  aconite,  prussic  acid,  veratrum, 
and,  perhaps,  lobelia.  In  my  practice,  nothing  answers 
the  purpose  so  well  as  aconite.  It  is  the  great  antiphlo- 
gistic. Indeed,  so  great  is  its  power,  that  in  bronchitis, 
inflammation  of  the  lungs,  feet,  and  bowels,  or  where  there 
is  pain  and  fever,  no  remedy  or  remedies  can  compare  with 
this  invaluable  medicine  in  the  treatment  of  diseases  of 
the  horse.  (See  Medicines  and  Prescriptions.) 

Nasal  Gleet. — A thin,  transparent  discharge  from  the 
nose.  (See  Gleet.) 

Navicular  Disease. — This  is  a disease  commonly 
called  coffin-joint  lameness,  and  by  some  it  is  termed 
grogginess.  (See  Foot  Diseases.) 


BONE  HOLDER. 


Necrosis.— This  is  a term  given  to  a dead  bone  when 
it  is  attached  to  a sound  one.  The  difference  between 
t nines  and  necrosis  is  this : Caries  is  present  when  the  bone 


164 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


is  impaired  only,  and  necrosis  when  the  bone  is  entirely 
dead,  and  its  functions  have  entirely  ceased.  When  a bone 
has  fallen  into  the  condition  of  necrosis,  its  removal  be- 
comes as  necessary  as  the  removal  of  any  other  dead  or 


LISTON'S  BONE  FORCEPS. 


foreign  matter,  in  order  that  reparation  and  restoration  of 
the  function  be  repaired,  and  a cure  be  made. 

Nephritis. — A technical  term  applied  to  inflammation 
of  the  kidneys,  (which  see.) 

Nervousness. — Few  persons  having  the  care  of  horses 
have  failed  to  observe  in  them,  occasionally,  a peculiar 
excitability  of  disposition  when  any  confusion  and  noise  is 
going  on,  and  when  being  harnessed  for  work.  The  tail 
becomes  somewhat  elevated,  they  move  from  one  side  of 
the  stall  to  the  other,  and  pass  manure  from  them  repeat- 
edly every  few  minutes,  until  one  would  think  there  was 
nothing  left  in  their  bowels.  These  animals  are  usually 
light  bellied  and  poor  feeders,  but  fleet  and  free  goers,  very 
gay  in  saddle  or  harness,  and  much  admired  by  persons  not 
versed  in  horse-flesh.  They  make  excellent  Sunday  horses, 
but  poor  every-day  animals,  as  the  constant  excitement, 
when  at  work,  overdoes  their  physical  powers.  This  con- 
dition impairs  the  value  of  the  horse  very  much. 

Treatment.  Keep  nervous  horses  in  a place  by  themselves, 
where  there  is  no  noise  or  sound  to  disturb  them,  and  have 
no  harness  or  saddles  in  the  place  with  them,  nor  clean 


NOSE. 


165 


harness  or  saddles  where  they  are;  for  whenever  a piece 
of  harness  is  seen  in  the  hands  of  the  groom,  the  animal 
expects  it  to  be  put  upon  him — hence  he  gets  excited,  and 
efforts  are  made  to  empty  the  bowels  of  their  contents. 
The  harnessing  or  saddling  should  be  the  last  thing  done 
before  going  out  with  such  a horse,  as  it  gives  him  no  time 
to  empty  the  bowels  and  become  excited.  Ten  grains  of 
opium,  and  a drachm  or  two  of  prepared  chalk  may  be 
given,  either  half  an  hour  before  going  out,  or  after  he 
comes  in.  Such  horses  are  more  pleasant  to  drive,  if  this 
be  given.  Stuffing  cotton  or  wool  in  the  ears  also  has  a 
good  effect. 

Neurotomy. — An  operation  for  dividing  the  nerves  of 
feeling,  as  they  enter  the  foot  on  both  sides  of  the  leg. 
The  operation  is  performed  for  the  purpose  of  removing 
pain  from  the  foot  in  navicular  disease.  It  has,  however, 
of  late  years  fallen  into  disrepute  on  account  of  ignorant 
men  operating  indiscriminately  on  feet  of  all  forms  and 
shapes  alike — in  consequence  of  which  no  surprise  should 
have  been  expressed,  when  in  some  cases  the  feet  ultimately 
fell  off. 

Neurotomy  should  never  be  performed  upon  flat  and 
weak-footed  horses,  as  they  are  easily  bruised,  and  sup- 
puration is  set  up,  terminating  in  separation  of  the  outer 
and  inner  foot  structures.  Weak  and  flat-footed  horses, 
when  sound,  are  careful  how  they  put  their  feet  upon  hard 
roads  and  paved  streets ; but  when  deprived  of  all  feeling 
by  the  operation  of  neurotomy,  they  let  their  feet  come 
down  on  the  ground  with  great  force,  so  as  to  injure  them, 
resulting,  as  before  stated,  in  the  hoof  falling  off. 

Nose,  Diseases  of  the. — (See  Cold,  Catarrh,  and 
Bronchitis.) 


166 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE* 


Numbness. — Loss  of  feeling  in  any  part,  usually 
indicating  disease  of  the  brain,  resulting  in  paralysis  or 
palsy. 

Obesity. — This  is  a term  applied  to  morbid  or  un- 
healthy fatness.  When  this  condition  is  in  the  mesentery, 
it  produces  big  belly ; in  the  liver,  fatty  liver ; in  the  heart, 
fatty  degeneration  of  that  organ. 

Causes. — Little  or  no  work,  or  exercise  disproportionate 
between  the  amount  of  food  taken  and  the  waste. 

Treatment. — Constant  and  regular  work ; feed  in  small 
bulk,  oats  instead  of  corn,  and  not  much  hay.  To  animals 
inclining  to  take  on  too  much  fat  and  flesh,  give  a dose  of 
physic  (see  Aloes,  Medicines  and  Prescriptions,)  occasion- 
ally, but  do  not  bleed. 

(Edema. — A term  signifying  soft  but  not  inflammatory 
swellings  of  various  parts  of  the  body,  as  a sequel  to 
debilitating  diseases.  These  swellings  contain  serum 
thrown  out  from  the  blood.  The  treatment  of  this  affec- 
tion will  be  the  removal  of  the  exciting  cause.  (See 
Dropsy.) 

(Estromania. — This  name  is,  by  some  called  oestening, 
which  name  is  applied  to  mares  and  cows  when  desiring 
the  male. 

Omentum. — A fold  of  the  peritoneum,  which  hangs 
down  from  the  stomach,  and  is  reflected  on  itself  upwards 
and  backwards  to  the  colon.  It  is  in  this  where  the  great 
deposition  of  fat  takes  place.  The  omentum  is  often 
implicated  in  rupture. 

Open  Joints. — (See  Broken  Knees.) 

Ophthalmia. — (See  Eye  Diseases.) 

Ossification. — The  formation  of  bone;  but  in  the 


PARALYSIS. 


167 


language  of  medical  men  it  means  a deposition  of  earthy 
matter  in  the  soft  textures  of  the  body  where  bone  does 
not  exist.  Thus,  for  instance,  we  speak  of  ossification  of 
the  lateral  cartilages  of  the  foot,  which  form  ring-bone. 
We  have  ossification  of  the  heart,  arteries,  and  other  parts 
of  the  body. 

Osteology. — A name  used  in  speaking  of  the  bony 
system. 

Osteoporosis. — This  is  a name  given  to  big  head.  It 
is  incurable. 

Ostisis. — (See  Splint.) 

Overreach. — This  is  the  consequence  of  driving  faster 
than  the  horse  should  go.  The  injury  is  generally  done  by 
the  edge  of  the  inner  rim  of  the  shoe.  Avoid  the  cause, 
and  treat  the  wound  with  the  simple  ointment.  (See  Pre- 
scriptions and  Medicines.) 

Ozena. — (See  Gleet.) 

Palliatives. — Medicines  given  not  to  cure  disease,  but 
to  relieve  the  pain. 

Paralysis,  or  Palsy. — Loss  of  the  power  of  moving 
in  some  parts  of  the  body.  Paralysis  may  be  confined  to 
one  leg  or  two  legs;  then  it  is  called  partial.  When  the 
horse  has  lost  the  power  of  standing,  and  the  four  legs  are 
affected,  then  it  is  complete.  Usually,  however,  in  the 
horse  it  is  confined  to  the  hind  parts,  or  the  haunches  and 
legs.  Sometimes  the  paralyzed  part  is  numb,  at  others  the 
sense  of  feeling  remains. 

Causes . Disease  in  the  brain  and  spinal  cord. 

Treatment . If  the  patient  is  young,  exercise  patience  and 
time  and  nature  will  do  a great  deal  in  a disease  of  this 
kind.  The  general  health  is  to  be  kept  up  by  good  feeding 


168 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


and  tonic  medicine — such  as  fifteen  drops  of  the  tincture  of 
nux  vomica,  four  times  in  the  twenty-four  hours.  Turn 
the  horse  from  side  to  side  twice  in  the  day,  and  give 
plenty  of  dry,  clean  bedding  to  prevent  the  skin  from 
scalding  and  peeling  off — which  is  sometimes  a source  of 
great  irritation  to  the  poor  horse.  The  paralyzed  parts 
should  be  well  rubbed  with  a stiff  brush.  Electricity  has 
been  regarded  as  an  advantage  in  this  disease,  but  from 
what  I have  seen,  not  much  is  to  be  expected  from  it. 
The  nux  vomica  offers,  with  good  feeding  and  care,  the 
best  chance  for  recovery.  It  must  be  remembered  that 
this  is  a nervous  affection,  and  probably  these  diseases  are 
not  so  manageable,  nor  are  they  so  easily  cured,  as  other 
affections  of  a different  type. 

Parotid  Duct. — Distended. — This  is  a rare  affection 
in  horses.  It  resembles  a round  ball  attached  to  the  edge 
of  the  lower  jaw;  an  elastic  encysted  tumor,  or  rather  like 
an  encysted  tumor.  An  incident,  slightly  illustrative  of 
appearance,  occurred  some  time  since.  I was  called  in  to 
see  a horse  that  proved  to  be  so  affected,  and  told  the 
gentleman  that  so  long  as  the  ball  did  not  break,  it  would 
do  the  horse  no  injury,  and  that  I would  not  recommend 
its  removal ; whereupon  he  said  he  would  give  five  hun- 
dred dollars  if  the  horse  had  another  on  the  other  side; 
that  then  he  would  look  like  an  Angora  goat. 

Open  and  Fistulous. — This  is  a serious  affection, 
for  with  every  movement  of  the  jaw  in  chewing  or 
masticating  the  feed,  the  glands  pour  out  the  saliva  which 
should  mix  with  the  feed,  and  assist  in  the  act  of  diges- 
tion, and  it  is  lost  upon  the  ground.  The  animal  becomes 
thin  of  flesh,  gets  weak,  and  after  a time  dies  a 
miserable  object. 


PATELLA. 


169 


Causes.  Injuries,  or  accident  to  the  gland  or  its  duct, 
resulting  in  suppuration.  From  the  mobility  of  the  parts, 
fistula  is  established. 

Treatment.  Few  horse  doctors  or  farmers  can  cure  this 
affection.  An  expert  or  accomplished  surgeon  is  only  able 
to  effect  a cure,  and  this  will  be  by  closing  the  open  or 
fistulous  duct,  so  that  the  saliva  will,  with  the  feed,  find 
its  way  into  the  stomach. 

India  rubber  dissolved  in  chloroform,  applied  over  the 
mouth  of  the  wound,  when  it  is  thoroughly  dry,  will  stop 
it  for  a few  days.  By  continuing  this  application,  a cure 
in  very  many  cases  can  be  made. 

Pathology. — A department  of  medical  science  which 
treats  of  the  causes  and  nature  of  disease,  and  of  the 
appearances  of  diseased  parts  when  living  or  dead. 

Patella,  Dislocation  of  the. — This  is  a common 
occurrence  in  high  spirited,  nervous  and  weakly  horses. 

Symptoms.  The  horse  stops,  if  at  work,  and  throws  up 
his  head,  slightly  bending  the  pastern  of  the  dislocated  leg, 
and  holding  the  leg  back  behind  the  body,  being  unable  to 
bring  it  under  it.  Fever  and  irritation  sometimes  ac- 
company this  accident,  more  especially  if  it  is  of  rare 
occurrence  in  the  animal.  The  oftener  the  patella  has 
been  out,  the  less  fever  and  irritation  will  be  seen.  There 
are  horses  with  which  it  is  of  frequent  occurrence,  and 
happily  for  them,  there  is  just  as  little  trouble  in  putting 
the  leg  in  its  place  again  ; a crack  of  the  whip  will  do  it 
sometimes.  This  is  a serious  objection  in  an  otherwise  fancy 
horse.  There  is  but  one  other  affection  of  the  hind  leg 
which  can  be  mistaken  for  it,  and  that  is  cramp,  (which  see.) 

Treatment.  Remove  the  horse  to  a stable,  attach  a rope 
to  the  pastern  of  the  leg  which  is  dislocated,  carry  the  end 


170 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


of  the  rope  through  a ring  or  over  a beam  at  or  about  the 
horse's  head,  place  the  end  of  the  rope  in  the  hands  of  one 
or  two  strong  men — telling  them  not  to  pull  till  a man  is 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  horse  to  keep  him  steady — have 
another  man  at  the  leg  with  one  hand  placed  firmly  on  the 
point  of  the  hock-joint  pulling  towards  himself,  and  the 
other  pushing  firmly  against  the  dislocated  joint,  then  let 
the  men  on  the  rope  pull  firmly  and  gently,  till  the  foot 
is  brought  fairly  in  under  the  horse's  body;  after  which 
the  rope  should  be  removed,  and  the  horse  kept  quiet  for 
a day  or  two. 

Pasterns. — (See  Sprains.) 

Pelvis. — The  anatomical  name  for  the  lower  part  of 
the  abdomen  or  belly. 

Pelvic  Abscess — -This  condition  is  sometimes  seen 
in  weakly  constitutioned  mares  within  a few  days  after 
foaling. 

Symptom.  In  from  one  to  four  days  one  of  the  thighs 
of  the  hind  legs  will  be  swollen,  hot  and  painful,  causing 
the  mare  to  shiver  or  appear  chilly,  not  from  cold,  but 
from  the  suppurative  inflammatory  action  going  on.  The 
milk  will  have  most  entirely  ceased,  and  the  colt  will  have 
to  be  fed  by  the  bottle  as  a child,  or  out  of  a bucket  like 
a calf,  till  the  mare  is  cured  and  the  milk  returns.  One 
curious  condition  about  pelvic  abscess  is,  that  although  it 
suppurates,  the  abscess  does  not  break  usually  on  the 
thigh,  as  it  would  be  expected  to  do,  but  within  an  inch 
or  two  from  the  haunch  bone. 

Treatment.  The  pus  which  has  accumulated  from  se 
large  an  abscess,  does  not  discharge  itself  from  the  place  of 
opening,  but  burrow’s  away  down  among  the  muscles  of  the 
hip  and  thigh,  down  to  within  a few  inches  of  the  hock 


PERITONITIS. 


171 


Itself.  Hence,  the  great  secret  in  the  treatment  of  pelvic 
abscess  is  to  make  two  free  openings,  one  above,  at  the  point 
of  the  soft  abscess,  and  the  other  within  from  four  to  six 
inches  of  the  hock  on  the  outside  of  the  thigh.  Then  take 
a smooth  elastic  twig  or  a long  piece  of  whalebone  nicely 
smoothed  with  sand-paper  and  introduce  into  the  opening 
above,  and  gently  force  it  down  to  within  an  inch  or  so  of 
the  lower  opening.  This  being  done,  the  pus  will  all  dis- 
charge itself  from  the  lower  hole.  Then  inject  with  a 
small  syringe,  once  a day,  for  a few  days,  about  half  a 
tablespoonful  of  the  following  mixture:  Oil  of  turpentine 
and  olive  oil,  equal  parts.  Keep  the  parts  clean,  feed  the 
mare  and  colt  well,  and  leave  nature  to  complete  the  cure. 

Penis  Hanging  out.— This  a serious  defect,  and  is 
the  result  of  weakness  and  debility.  The  organ  of  gener- 
ation is  weak,  the  sheath  swells,  clasping  the  penis  in  its 
grasp  until  it  also  becomes  enlarged,  and  in  most  cases 
will  not  draw  into  its  place  again,  so  that  it  must  either 
remain  so  or  be  cut  off  close  to  the  prepuce  or  sheath* 
This  affection  and  the  opposite  conditions,  Phymosis  and 
Paraphymosis,  were  very  prevalent  amongst  the  horses  of 
the  army,  in  the  late  ware 

Peristaltic. — A term  applied  to  the  serpentine  motion 
of  the  bowels,  one  portion  contracting  and  forcing  its 
contents  onward  into  the  next.  \ 

Peritonitis. — Inflammation  of  the  peritoneum,  or  the 
serous  membrane  which  lines  the  walls  or  inside  of  the 
belly,  characterized  by  great  pain,  and  is  the  result  of 
accidents  or  injuries,  and,  at  times,  surgical  operations. 

Treatment.  The  same  as  for  any  disease  of  an  exalted 
kind,  using  aconite  root,  cold  water  and  pure  air,  and 
after  the  pain  and  fever  have  subsided,  good  feeding. 


172 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


Periosteum. — The  thin  pearly  covering  investing  the 
bone.  It  is  the  stretch  of  this  membrane  in  cases  of 
splint  which  causes  pain  and  lameness.  (See  Splint.) 

Phagadena. — A name  used  in  surgery,  implying  a 
spreading  and  destructive  ulcer,  which  spreads  rapidly  and 
destroys  the  surrounding  parts.  The  true  meaning  of  this 
word  is  eating , and  in  its  effects  it  is  similar  to  what  is 
called,  in  domestic  practice,  hospital  gangrene — a local, 
spontaneous  combustion,  in  which  oil  globules  are  poured 
out  in  great  quantity  in  and  around  the  sore  or  ulcer. 
These  ulcers  are  common  on  the  heels  and  legs  of  horses 
after  a severe  winter.  When  on  the  heels,  the  ulcers  are 
taken  by  horsemen  to  be  scratches.  Phagadena  does  not 
usually  assume  the  form  or  appearance  of  a cut  or  scratch, 
but  is  generally  a flat,  round  or  oval,  and  circumscribed 
sore  at  first ; the  hair  of  the  part  stands  on  end,  with 
oil  drops  all  over  the  surface,  and  in  a few  days  the  whole 
of  the  skin  and  hair  falls  off,  ora  separation  of  the  edges 
of  the  sore  will  take  place,  and  the  skin  and  flesh  of 
the  part  will  completely  fall  out,  (called  core,)  leaving  an 
unhealthy-looking  sore,  with  a white  sanious  fluid  cover- 
ing the  whole  of  its  surface.  When  the  slough  does  not 
take  place,  it  is  gradually  eaten  away,  and  in  this  case 
leaves  on  the  edges  and  surface  of  the  sore  a tbin  dirty- 
colored-looking  skin  or  membrane. 

Causes.  Bad  habit  of  body,  from  impure  blood,  death  of 
the  part  from  exposure  of  the  heels  in  some  mixture  of 
salt  and  snow.  Cold  drafts  under  stable  doors. 

Treatment . The  complete  removal  of  all  dead  matter 
belonging  to  the  ulcer,  and  a thorough  cleansing  of  its 
inner  surface.  This  is  important,  as  it  will  not  only  be 
rendered  necessary  as  a measure  of  cure,  but  as  a surety 
ugainst  it  spreading  further  up  the  leg  or  heels.  Then 


PHYSICKING. 


173 


sprinkle  the  edges  and  inner  surface  twice  in  the  day,  for 
a day  or  two  with  powdered  blue  stone  to  destroy  the 
unhealthy  surface  and  hasten  a red  surface,  or  the  granu- 
latory  process  by  which  the  hole  will  be  speedily  filled  up 
again.  Complete  the  cure  by  sprinkling  powdered  loaf 
sugar  over  the  sore  twice  in  the  twenty-four  hours. 
Support  the  strength  of  the  horse  by  good  and  generous 
diet.  (See  Scratches  and  Frost  Bites.) 

Phlebitis. — A name  given  to  inflammation  of  the  vein 
after  bleeding,  characterized  by  swelling  and  cording  of 
the  vein.  (See  Jugular  Vein.) 

Phlegmasia  Dolens. — A name  given  to  one  leg  when 
swelled  to  a great  extent  from  plugging  of  the  blood 
vessels  of  the  leg  with  plastic  matter  poured  into  them 
from  the  blood.  (See  Grease.) 

Phrenitis, — One  of  the  many  diseases  of  the  brain 
characterized  by  the  horse  becoming  unmanageable — a 
variety  of  staggers,  or  it  may  be  of  inflammation  of  the 
brain  itself,  and  is  incurable. 

Physiology. — A branch  of  medical  science  treating  of 
the  life  and  functions  of  organized  bodies. 

Physicking.— In  England,  and  in  some  parts  of  the 
European  continent,  a person  who  does  not  know  how  to 
physic  a horse,  whether  sick  or  well,  is  not  considered  fit 
to  take  care  of  horses.  In,  the  United  States,  the  man  who 
knows  all  about,  and  recommends  physicking  under  almost 
any  circumstances,  should  not  be  permitted  even  to  take  a 
horse  by  the  head,  much  less  to  take  care  of  horses  not  his 
own.  In  an  extensive  practice  of  many  years,  I do  not 
recollect  a half  dozen  times,  when  I either  gave  or  recom- 
mended a horse  to  be  physicked ; and  no  man  can  show 


174 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE, 


equal  success  in  the  treatment  of  diseases  of  horses  and 
cattle,  let  his  mode  of  practice  be  what  it  may.  Remember, 
when  the  bowels  are  opened,  and  emptied  of  their  contents, 
an  important  pillar  has  been  taken  from  under  the  animal 
structure.  Show  me  a European  book  on  the  diseases  of 
animals,  which  does  not  recommend  and  minutely  describe 
how  to  physic  a horse,  and  I will  show  you  a city  without 
walls,  without  a church,  or  gymnasium.  In  this  connec- 
tion, I am  sorry  to  say,  that  our  American  authors,  on 
animal  diseases,  have  copied  too  closely  from  European 
practice,  which  is  utterly  unfit  for  this  country,  climate 
and  the  constitution  of  all  our  domestic  animals. 

Pleurisy* — Inflammation  of  the  serous  membrane 
covering  the  lungs,  and  lining  the  sides  of  the  chest*  (See 
Lung  Diseases.) 

Pleuro-pneumonia. — Inflammation  of  the  covering 

and  substance  of  the  lungs  and  chest* 

Pleurodynia. — This  is  a rheumatic  affection  of  the 
intercostal  muscles,  differing  from  pleurisy,  from  there 
being  no  constitutional  disturbance,  little  fever,  and  no 
inflammation.  It  is  treated  with  a dose  or  two  of  the 
tincture  of  aconite  root  given  internally,  and  mustard  and 
a little  vinegar  rubbed  into  the  muscles  of  the  sides,  be- 
hind the  shoulder. 

Plethora. — Fullness  of  blood.  (See  Obesity.) 

Pneumonia. — Inflammation  of  the  lungs,  (which  see.) 

Poisons. — These  act  differently  in  destroying  life. 
They  are  derived  from  the  organic  and  inorganic  kingdoms, 
and  their  effects  are  either  local  or  remote.  Poisons  may  be 
taken  into  the  stomach,  inhaled  in  the  form  of  sulphuretted 
hydrogen,  communicated  through  the  skin,  as  from  the  bite 


POISONS. 


175 


of  a poisonous  animal,  or  absorbed  from  wounds.  (See 
Glanders.)  Poisons  act  in  one  of  three  ways : 

(1.)  Irritant  Poisons  are  those  poisons  the  symptoms 
of  which  are  inflammation,  irritation,  and  pain.  Examples 
— arsenic,  bi-chloride  of  mercury,  lead,  baryta,  copper,  and 
the  Spanish  fly. 

Treatment . The  plan  to  be  adopted  in  this  class  of 
poisons  in  the  horse  is : Give  him  large  quantities  of  the 
white  of  eggs,  milk,  linseed  oil;  and  remove  the  poison  as 
speedily  as  possible  by  giving  large  quantities  of  linseed 
oil — say  two  quarts.  The  horse  cannot  vomit ; hence,  it  is 
difficult  to  procure  a prompt  evacuation  of  the  stomach. 
If  the  pain  be  great,  give  aconite  to  subdue  it,  and  to  keep 
down  inflammation  and  sympathetic  fever. 

(2.)  Narcotic  Poisons. — Poisons  which  act  on  the 
brain  and  nervous  centres,  producing  stupidity  or  coma. 

Treatment  Give  four  grains  of  strychnia  nux  vomica  in 
a few  pints  of  gruel  made  with  vinegar.  Keep  the  horse 
walking  around,  and  place  chopped  ice  in  a bag,  and  put 
it  on  the  forehead. 

(3.)  Narcotic  Acrid  Poisons. — Poisons  acting  as  the 
above,  and  causing  irritation,  inflammation,  fever,  and  pain. 
Examples  of  this  class  are,  nux  vomica  and  veratria. 

Treatment  Aconite  will  not  only  relieve  the  pain,  but  is 
an  excellent  antidote  for  strychnia;  and  for  aconite, 
strychnia  may  be  given  with  advantage  in  cases  of  this 
Variety  of  poisoning. 

Poisoning  from  lead  and  copper  is  most  frequent  in  the 
country,  or  in  the  vicinity  of  lead  and  copper-smelting 
works,  or  in  pastures  where  manure  from  large  towns  and 
cities  is  spread,  or  on  farms  where  the  water  is  conveyed  in 
leaden  pipes,  or  is  kept  in  troughs  and  cisterns  lined  with 
lead.  Pieces  of  lime  and  nails,  or  scraps  of  iron  finding 


176 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


their  way  into  leaden  troughs,  cause  oxidation  of  the  lead, 
forming  sugar  of  lead — a bad  poison.  Not  long  since, 
heavy  damages  were  awarded  a farmer  who  had  lost  several 
head  of  cows  from  lead  poisoning,  occasioned  by  the  spray 
of  leaden  bullets  shot  against  a stone  wall  by  a rifle,  or 
military  company — the  fringes  of  lead  spread  upon  the 
grass  being  converted  into  the  sugar,  or  oxide  of  that  metal, 
and  the  cows  gathering  it  with  the  pasture. 

Treatment.  Give  large  doses  of  white  of  eggs,  and  linseed 
oil,  in  either  lead  or  copper  poisoning,  to  shield  the  coats 
of  the  stomach  and  bowels,  and  to  remove  it  from  the  body 
altogether.  Happily  for  his  owner,  large  quantities  of 
poisonous  materials  are  necessary  to  destroy  the  life  of  the 
horse.  Materials  which  will  destroy  man,  dog,  and  the 
pig,  will  not,  in  many  instances,  have  any  effect  on  the 
horse,  sheep,  and  cattle.  Antimony,  an  active  and  deadly 
poison,  when  given  to  omnivorous  animals,  has  no  more 
effect  in  a poisonous  point  of  view  than  the  same  quantity 
of  earth,  when  given  to  herbivorous  animals.  Hence, 
tartar  emetic  is  now  no  longer  used  as  a nauseant  in  the 
treatment  of  horses  and  cattle,  when  laboring  under  lung 
diseases,  however  useful  it  is  in  the  same  diseases  in  man 
and  the  dog. 

Poll-Evil. — This  affection  of  the  back  part  of  the  head 
is  well  known  to  horsemen,  without  much  of  a description 
being  given.  It  consists  in  suppurative  inflammation 
(forming  pus  in  the  form  of  a simple  abscess,  or  in  the  form 
of  fistula,  (which  see.) 

Cause . Injury  to  the  part,  or  disease  of  the  bone. 

Treatment . As  soon  as  the  swelling  has  become  a little 
soft,  have  it  opened  without  delay,  before  the  pus  has  time 
to  burrow  down  among  the  bones  of  the  neck,  and  cause 
disease  in  them.  Make  the  opening  large  and  deep  enough, 


POLL-EVIL. 


177 


so  as  to  admit  three  fingers,  that  the  abscess  can  be  swabbed 
out  with  a piece  of  sponge  or  cloth  tied  on  the  end  of  a 
stick,  to  remove  the  pus.  This  will  have  to  be  done  twice 
in  the  day,  till  no  more  pus  can  be  brought  out. 


WOUND  DILATER  AND  KNIF&. 


Occasionally  syringe  or  squirt  cold  water  into  the  sore, 
*nd  swab  it  out  again,  till  completely  dry.  Then  apply 
tne  following,  once  in  a day,  with  a swab : Creosote,  one 
ounce;  oil  of  olives,  two  ounces;  oil  of  turpentine,  one 
ounce;  mix.  In  applying  the  mixture  do  not  use  the 
swab  too  freely,  as  it  may  break  down  the  granulations 
or  the  healing  processes  that  are  springing  up  to  fill  the 
hole  or  cavity,  and  thereby  prevent  a perfect  cure. 

When  poll-evil  is  the  result  of  diseased  bone,  and  par- 
takes of  a fistulous  character,  it  will  not  be  so  easily  healed 
or  cured;  for  the  underlying  bone  being  carious,  and 
becoming  necrosed,  before  exfoliation  or  separation  of  the 
dead  bone  takes  place  the  horse  may  be  dead — the  process 
taking  years  to  perfect  itself.  And  when  it  is  cured,  there 
is  usually  a stiff  neck  remaining  ever  after.  Ten  drops  of 
sulphuric  acid  poured  in  the  fistulous  opening  of  the 
12 


178 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


swelling  or  sore  will  hasten  recovery  very  much  and  in 
many  cases  effect  a good  and  speedy  cure.  Once  a day 
will  be  often  enough,  and  if  there  be  more  than  one  fistu- 
lous opening,  drop  the  acid  into  one  to-day  and  the  other 
to-morrow,  and  continue  from  day  to  day,  till  each  and 
every  opening  ceases  to  discharge  a whitish  gray  matter,, 
and  a dry-looking  opening  is  presented.  Afterwards,  use 
a solution  of  the  sulphate  of  zinc:  one  drachm  of  the  zinc 
to  four  ounces  of  water,  will  answer  the  purpose.  Horses 
having  sores  of  all  kinds  on  their  body  should  be  well  fed 
and  cared  for. 

Polypi  . — These  are  diseased  enlargements,  which  grow 
upon  the  mucous  membranes  of  the  nose  and  ear,  and  in 
the  uterus  or  womb  of  mares. 

Treatment.  If  they  are  small,  they  are  cured  oy  touching 
them  with  a stick  of  caustic  potassa;  if  large,  cut  them  off 
with  a sharp  knife  or  scissors,  and  apply  a weak  solution 
of  blue  stone  to  the  sore  till  it  is  healed. 

Predisposing  Causes. — Causes  which  render  an 
animal  susceptible  to  disease.  For  example,  a young  horse 
standing  in  the  stable  from  day  today  becomes  predisposed 
to  disease  of  the  throat  and  lungs,  when  put  to  any  exer- 
tion. Old  age  is  a predisposing  cause  of  disease.  Some 
animals,  as  well  as  men,  are  more  disposed  to  disease  than 
others.  From  their  temperament,  and  certain  conditions 
of  the  solids  and  the  fluids  of  the  body,  the  body  is  more 
susceptible  to  what  is  called  a predisposing  cause. 

Prick  of  the  Foot. — (See  Foot  Diseases.) 

Probang. — This  is  one  of  two  instruments.  One  is  for 
forcing  obstructions  down  the  gullet  in  cases  of  choking, 
and  the  other  an  instrument  used  in  giving  to  horses,  etc., 


PKURKIU 


179 


medicine  in  a solid  form  or  in  the  form  of  a ball  or  bolna 
For  the  former  purpose  a stout  handle  of  a common  cane 
whip  will  answer,  and  for  the  latter  an  instrument  shown 
in  the  following  cut  is  the  best  in  use. 


MOYER’S  PATENT  PROBANG. 

PlOCidenta. — A term  used  to  denote  the  falling  down 
of  the  womb,  or  foal  bed  in  brood  mares.  This  affection 
is  very  common  in  milch  cows ; not  so  in  mares. 

Prognosis. — The  foretelling  the  course  and  event  of 
a disease,  from  its  symptoms.  Prognosis  may  be  favora- 
ble or  unfavorable.  Nothing  can  so  well  distinguish  the 
scientific  veterinary  surgeon  from  the  blockhead  in  such 
matters  as  correct  prognosis. 

Prophylactics. — Is  a term  applied  to  the  means 
made,  or  adopted,  for  the  preservation  of  health,  and  the 
prevention  of  disease. 

Proud  Flesh. — A common  name  applied  to  hasty 
granulations  in  a sore  or  wound,  which  present  a fungous 
appearance.  To  cure  and  prevent  this,  sprinkle  a little 
white  sugar,  powdered  blue  stone,  or  a little  red  precipitate 
on  the  surface. 

Prurigo. — An  itchiness  of  the  skin,  which  is  best 
treated  bv  the  sulphite  of  soda,  in  half  ounce  doses,  given 
every  night  in  cut  feed,  for  a week.  (See  Skin  Diseases.) 


180 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


Pulse. — This  is  the  stroke  or  beat  of  an  artery,  conse- 
quent upon  its  alternate  dilation  and  contraction  caused  by 
the  action  of  the  heart.  The  pulse  is  subject  to  many 
variations,  even  not  depending  upon  disease.  It  is  also 
liable  to  changes  from  temporary  excitement,  as  from  se- 
vere heat,  etc.  Medicines  act  upon  the  circulation,  and 
consequently  change  the  beat  and  character  of  the  pulse. 
If  the  disease  be  debility,  diffusible  stimulants  will  be 
required  to  raise  the  pulse;  and  in  order  to  depress  the 
circulation,  as  in  inflammation  and  fever,  nauseants  are 
indicated,  such  as  aconite  and  veratrum.  (See  Pulse,  in 
Introductory  Remarks.) 

Puncture. — Wounds  inflicted  with  a sharp-pointed 
tool,  as  a staple  or  hay  fork,  etc.  Punctured  wounds  are 
dangerous,  depending  upon  their  depth  and  locality,  and 
should  be  treated  by  free  openings  from  the  bottom  of  the 
wound,  to  allow  the  exposed  fluids  to  escape.  The  parts 
should  be  dressed  with  simple  ointment.  (See  Medicines 
and  Prescriptions.) 

Purgatives.- — A class  of  medicines  capable  of  cleans- 
ing or  emptying  the  bowels.  Purgatives  are  distinguished 
from  laxatives,  only  in  the  quantity  given.  Six  to  eight 
drachms  of  aloes  will  act  as  a purgative,  and  two  to  three 
drachms  will  act  as  a laxative.  When  laxatives  are  neces- 
sary, repeat  at  distant  intervals. 

Purpura. — This  is  a disease  which  is  but  rarely  seen, 
and  consists  in  the  surface  of  the  whole  body  and  legs 
being  covered  with  pimples,  or  small  boils,  which  discharge 
a livid  or  purple-colored  fluid.  The  animal  is  very  much 
debilitated;  and, accompanied  with  sympathetic  fever,  we 
not  unfrequently  see  swellings  of  the  head  and  parts  of  the 
body,  with  the  legs  very  thick,  and  the  same  colored  fluid 


PUTREFACTION. 


181 


oozing  out  of  them.  Invariably  the  horse  is  scarcely  able 
to  move.  The  worst  form  of  this  disease  ist  he  purpura 
haemoragica,  or  bleeding  purpura.  The  small  boils  are 
the  result  of  extravasation  from  the  minute  blood  vessels 
under  the  skin. 

Cause . Venous  congestion  of  the  whole  surface  of  the 
body,  and,  possibly,  a deterioration  of  the  blood  itself. 

Treatment.  Support  the  strength,  to  keep  off  typhoid 
symptoms;  enrich  the  blood,  and  attend  to  the  surface 
sores.  For  this  purpose,  give  the  following  powders,  night 
and  morning:  Powdered  sulphate  of  iron,  three  ounces  ; 
gentian  root,  two  ounces  and  a half ; carbonate  of  ammonia, 
four  ounces.  Mix,  and  divide  into  twelve  powders,  one  to 
be  given  twice  in  the  day.  Give,  occasionally,  forty  to 
sixty  drops  of  commercial  sulphuric  acid  in  a bucket  of 
cold  water.  Feed  the  horse  well,  and  apply  to  the  sores 
olive  oil,  three  ounces  ; and  creosote,  one  ounce ; once  every 
second  day,  and  wash  the  sores  twice  a week.  Horses  once 
attacked  by  this  disease  are  ever  after  liable  to  it. 

Pus.— This  is  the  material  found  in  abscesses.  Pus 
may  be  healthy,  or  laudable,  as  it  is  called.  Unhealthy, 
when  it  is  mixed  with  blood  and  has  a stinking  smell. 
Healthy  pus  is  of  the  thickness  and  color  of  cream,  and 
is  insoluble  in  water. 

Putrefaction. — Certain  diseases  are  regarded  as  putrid, 
where  the  discharges  have  a black  appearance,  and  putrid 
smell.  When  weakness  and  debility  are  present,  putrid 
ulcers  spread  rapidly.  The  treatment  of  putrefaction,  in  a 
living  animal,  should  be  directed  to  laying  open  the  sores, 
so  as  to  get  rid  of  the  putrid  discharge  before  it  is  absorbed 
into  the  circulation.  Then  wash  immediately  with  the 
solution  of  the  chloride  of  lime,  after  which  dress  the  sores 


182 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


with  equal  parts  of  olive  oil  and  creosote,  and  sprinkle 
them  with  powdered  charcoal.  Furnish  the  horse  with 
good  feed  to  support  the  strength,  and  give  sulphate  of  iron 
and  gentian  root,  two  drachms  each,  night  and  morning. 

Putrid  Fever.— (See  Typhosus.) 

Pyemia, — This  is  a term  signifying  pus  in  the  blood, 
acting  and  setting  up  fermentation.  Examples  : Tuber- 
cles in  the  lungs,  glanders,  farcy,  and  grease.  (All  of 
which  see.) 

Quack  Medicines. — These  are  medicines  prepared 
according  to  private  or  secret  receipts,  and  are  puffed  up 
in  newspapers,  and  private  circulars,  as  infallible  cures  for 
most  all  diseases  which  can  be  named,  in  either  man  or 
beast;  either  for  external  application,  or  internal  adminis- 
tration. No  subject  in  medicine  has  been  more  fully  ex- 
posed than  the  great  and  absurd  pretensions  of  these 
medicines.  But,  notwithstanding  all  this,  the  credulity  of 
even  the  best  class  of  society  is  great,  the  readiest  victims 
being  found  among  them.  It  surely  requires  no  argument 
to  show  how  dangerous  must  be  the  indiscriminate  use  of 
powerful  drugs  when  compounded  by  parties  who  likely 
never  had  the  slightest  opportunity  to  acquire  a medical 
education,  and  why  such  persons  cannot  cure,  by  their 
remedies,  diseases  which  are,  or  may  be,  deemed  incurable, 
and  have  defied  the  most  consummate  skill  and  experience 
of  the  veterinary  medical  world. 

Quinsy, — A name  given  to  sore  throat.  (See  Distem- 
per and  Influenza.) 

Quitter. — This  term  is  used  in  England  for  a disease 
in  the  foot  of  a fistulous  character.  (See  Foot  Diseases.) 


RESPIRATION 


1 33 


“ Quittor  Sybinge,  with  Rings.  To  be  used  with  one  Hand.” 

Rabies.— (See  Hydrophobia.) 

Rachitis. — A disease  of  the  bones  of  young  animals, 
due  to  a deficiency  of  earthy  matter,  (lime,)  which  causes 
the  bones  to  yield,  being  too  soft.  In  colts  of  the  first 
year,  some  will  be  observed  to  stand  so  close  at  the  knees, 
that  one  joint  touches  the  other,  which  gives  the  fore  legs 
a curious-looking  twist,  with  the  feet  turned  out,  and  the 
knees  bent  in.  Colts  so  affected  soon  get  well  when  they 
are  supplied  with  good,  nutritious  food,  in  which  the 
phosphate  of  lime  predominates.  Rachitis,  (pronounced 
racketis,)  in  old  horses,  is  seldom  seen ; and  when  it  is,  it 
is  in  the  bones  of  the  back  or  lumbar  vertebrae,  is  char- 
acterized by  swellings  of  an  irregular  kind,  with  water 
oozing  from  them,  and  is  called  hydro-rachitis  or  spina- 
bifida.  Horses  .so  affected  are  not  fit  for  work  with 
weight  upon  the  back.  (See  Deformities.) 

Resolution. — This  is  the  most  favorable  termination 
of  inflammation,  and  leaves  the  inflamed  part  in  the  same 
state  or  condition  in  which  it  was  before  it  was  attacked. 

Respiration. — The  alternate  inspiration  and  expira- 
tion of  air,  performed  for  the  purpose  of  exchanging  the 
hydrogen  and  carbon  for  oxygen.  The  air  being  brought 
in  contact  with  the  blood,  as  it  circulates  through  the 
lungs,  the  oxygen  unites  with  it,  and  the  nitrogen  and 
carbonic  acid  gas  are  returned  by  expiration.  The  oxygen 
and  some  of  the  inhaled  air  is  united  in  the  lungs  with 


184 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


free  hydrogen,  which  is  given  out  from  the  lungs,  and  is 
readily  seen  issuing  from  the  nostrils  on  a frosty  morning, 
or  when  the  thermometer  is  about  40°. 

Revulsion. — A second  attack  of  disease,  but  in  a re- 
f mote  or  different  part  of  the  body  from  which  the  first 
attack  had  its  seat.  Example:  If  an  eruption,  or  the  ab- 
scess of  strangles  be  repelled  from  the  outside  of  the  body, 
we  will  find  it  attacking  an  internal  organ.  (See  Metastasis.) 

Rheumatism. — In  no  disease  of  the  horse  are  there  so 
many  errors  and  mistakes  committed  ; not  only  as  to  the 
nature  of  the  affection,  but  its  mode  of  treatment.  Horse- 
men and  horse  doctors  have  not  yet  learned  that  there  is  a 
difference  between  rheumatism  and  founder,  whether 
acute  or  chronic,  and  how  to  distinguish  one  from  the 
other.  The  difference  between  acute  or  inflammatory 
rheumatism  and  acute  founder  is  this:  In  rheumatism 
there  is  not  only  pain,  but  great  fever  and  excitement,  and 
its  seat  is  in  the  joints  of  the  legs ; in  founder,  we  have 
pain,  but  no  fever,  and  the  disease  is  confined  to  the  feet 
alone.  (See  Laminitis.) 

In  chronic  rheumatism  there  may  be  some  excuse  for 
such  mistakes, as  there  is  no  fever;  but  there  is  an  inabil 
ity  to  move,  as  if  the  horse  was  sprained  over  the  loins. 
(See  Lumbago.) 

(1.)  Acute  Rheumatism. — Nothing  else  but  what  is 
called  (when  man  is  the  subject,)  rheumatic  fever. 

Symptoms.  Great  fever,  excitement  and  irritation,  with 
extreme  pain  in  the  legs  and  joints  ; so  much  so,  that  the 
stricken  horse  has  not  a leg  fit  to  stand  upon,  and  dares 
not  move  from  the  place  he  occupies,  from  fear  of  falling 
to  the  ground.  In  connection  with  all  this  disturbance, 
the  horse  sweats  profusely,  and  blows  or  breathes  excitedly. 


RHEUMATISM. 


185 


having  no  heat  in  the  feet,  as  in  founder.  It  will  be  well 
to  remember  this,  in  forming  a correct  opinion  of  the  case. 
In  severe  cases,  the  whole  of  the  muscles  of  the  body  are 
set  to  quivering,  clearly  indicating  inflammatory  rheuma- 
tism in  full  force  and  degree. 

| Causes . Sudden  check  to  perspiration,  by  placing 
heated  horses  in  a current  or  draught  of  cold  air,  thus 
preventing  the  transudation  through  the  skin  of  its  formed 
and  natural  secretion,  which  being  absorbed  by  the  blood, 
and  acting  as  a poison,  produces  inflammation  in  the  sheaths 
of  the  tendons,  and  of  the  fibrous  parts  or  tissue. 

Treatment.  The  treatment  of  acute  rheumatism  is  some- 
times unsatisfactory ; not  that  it  is  incurable,  but  from  the 
/act  that  the  medicines  which  frequently  cure  one  will  not 
cure  other  cases. 

Give  twenty-five  drops  of  the  tincture  of  aconite  root 
every  four  hours,  till  six  doses  are  given.  Place  the  horse 
in  a cool,  airy  place,  with  plenty  of  bedding  under  him,  so 
as  to  induce  him  to  lie  down ; then  lightly  cover  the  body 
and  apply  cold  water  swabs  or  loose  cloths  to  the  legs, 
keeping  them  continually  wet,  from  twelve  to  twenty- 
four  hours.  In  winter,  warm  water  will  answer  best.  By 
the  time  the  six  doses  of  aconite  have  been  taken,  a great 
change  for  the  better  will  have  taken  place;  so  much  so, 
that,  in  many  cases,  the  horse  may  be  left  to  nature  to 
complete  the  cure.  But,  on  the  other  hand,  should  the 
disease  take  a chronic  form,  give  drachm  doses  of  the  pow- 
dered meadow  saffron  seeds  twice  in  the  day,  and  occasional 
doses  of  sixty  drops  of  sulphuric  acid  in  half  a bucket  of 
cold  water.  Half  ounce  doses  of  the  sulphite  of  soda  may 
be  given  as  an  alkali.  Do  not  bleed  or  purge. 

(2.)  Chronic  Rheumatism. — I have  no  hesitation  in 
saying  that  chronic  rheumatism  in  a joint  is  one  of  the 


186 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


most  prolific  causes  of  occult  or  hidden  lameness  in  horses  j 
while  this  is  so,  when  there  are  no  swellings  to  point  to  as 
a proof  of  the  correctness  of  your  opinion,  many  will 
question  your  judgment.  But  it  is  with  this,  as  with 
many  things  in  the  world — time  only  being  required  for  a 
thorough  development  of  the  fact. 

Treatment  of  Chronic  Rheumatism.  Give  a few  doses  of 
aconite  root,  followed  by  the  colchicum  or  saffron  seeds,  the 
sulphuric  acid  and  the  alkaline,  as  is  recommended  in 
acute  rheumatism,  but  not  pushing  them  to  such  an  ac- 
tive extent.  A liniment  may  be  applied  to  the  rheumatic 
joint  or  joints  composed  of  chloroform  and  olive  oil,  equal 
parts,  to  be  used  once  a day,  with  friction  by  the  hand. 
One  part  of  the  tincture  of  aconite  root,  may,  in  addition,, 
be  used  to  advantage  with  the  chloroform. 

(3.)  Rheumatism. — Accompanying  Diseases  of  the 
Throat  This  combination  is  often  met  with,  which  is  due 
to  the  fact  that  the  same  serous  or  fibrous  tissue  or  mem- 
brane is  affected  in  each  of  the  diseases.  Nevertheless,  we 
do  not  see  cases  of  throat  disease  following  rheumatism  ; 
from  which  we  derive  the  fact  that  those  membranes  are 
not  capable  of  reflecting  upwards  and  backwards  their 
sympathy  or  feeling,  as  the  nerves  of  the  body  are.  So, 
therefore,  I am  inclined  to  the  belief  that  rheumatism  in 
this  form,  is  the  effect  of  disease  in  the  throat,  and  not  a 
cause  of  the  disease. 

Treatment  Cure  the  disease  in  the  throat,  and  the 
rheumatism  will  be  deprived  of  its  cause  and  support. 
(See  Influenza  and  Gastritis  Mucosa.) 

Ring-Bone. — This  is  a serious  affection,  and  consists 
of  a circle  of  bone  thrown  out  from  the  underlying  bone. 
Sometimes,  in  addition  to  this,  the  cartilages  of  the  foot  are 
converted  into  bone,  and  laid  in  the  form  of  a circle;  and 


ROARING. 


I*T 

lienee  its  name,  ring-bone.  It  is  most  common  in  the  fore 
legs  of  heavy,  coarse-bred  herses,  with  short  and  straight 
up  pastern-joints.  When  it  occurs  in  fine-bred  horses,  it 
is  usually  the  hind  leg  which  is  affected.  Ring-bone  does 
not  always  cause  lameness. 

Cause . Hereditary  predisposition,  from  a peculiar  for- 
mation of  pastern-joints,  which  are  found  not  well  adapted 
to  hard  work ; and  hence,  an  effort  of  nature  is  set  up  to 
strengthen  parts  which  are  too  weak,  by  converting  an 
elastic  substance  into  a hard  and  unyielding  mass,  and  a 
moving  hinge  into  a fixture. 

Treatment . If  it  is  of  recent  origin,  and  the  horse  is 
young,  much  maybe  done  in  the  way  of  a cure,  by  first 
removing  all  heat  and  inflammation  with  cold  water  cloths 
wrapped  round  the  parts  for  three  days,  taking  them  off 
at  night.  At  the  end  of  that  time,  get  one  drachm  of  the 
bin-iodide  of  mercury,  mix  with  one  ounce  of  lard,  and 
apply  one-half  of  the  salve  by  rubbing  it  in  well  for  ten 
minutes.  Tie  up  the  horse’s  head  for  a few  hours,  and 
the  next  day  wash  off  with  soap  and  warm  water,  daily 
anointing  the  parts  with  lard  or  oil  for  a week ; then  apply 
the  remainder  of  the  salve  in  the  same  way,  and  proceed 
as  before.  In  old  horses,  not  much  can  be  done  with  ring- 
bone, as  the  bones  of  old  animals  contain  so  much  earthy 
'(lime)  matter  that  nothing  can  act  upon  it. 

Ringworm. — (See  Skin  Diseases.) 

Roaring. — A noise  made  by  some  horses  when  put  to 
work.  There  are  many  different  sounds  produced  from 
the  same  cause,  and  they  are  incurable,  except  when  de- 
pending upon  the  presence  of  tumors,  which  can  be 
removed.  Roaring  can  be  relieved  somewhat  by  placing 
pads  over  the  faulty  nostril.  When  very  bad,  an  operation 


188 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


called  tracheotomy — an  opening  into  the  windpipe,  and 
keeping  a silver  tube  inserted  in  it — is  sometimes  resorted 
to.  By  this  means,  a draught  horse  can  be  kept  at  work 
for  many  years. 

Bound  Bone.— (See  Hip-joint.) 

Bowels. — An  old-fashioned  operation,  consisting  in  an 
opening  made  through  the  skin  for  a few  inches  in  length, 
the  skin  being  raised  from  its  attachments,  and  a piece  of 
leather  fitting  the  cavity  placed  into  it,  so  that  a discharge 
is  set  up  in  a day  or  two.  Times  were  when  this'unneces- 
sary  cruelty  was  frequently  inflicted  upon  the  poor  un- 
offending horse,  but  in  this  humane  and  progressive  age, 
we  only  occasionally  meet  with  the  barbarity.  Rowels  are 
an  abomination,  and  inflict  a scar  or  blemish,  which  never 
leaves  the  part.  The  stupidity  and  ignorance  of  horse 
doctors  generally,  do  not  allow  them  to  see  that  the  powers 
of  nature  are  more  potent  for  good  in  curing  the  affection 
than  a rowel — to  which  is  attributed  a power  or  virtue  it 
never  possesses.  If  I should  put  in  a rowel,  it  would  not 
be  with  the  view  of  curing  disease  or  sprain,  but  simply 
to  secure  the  horse  plenty  of  time  in  the  stable,  so  that 
nature  could  cure  the  disease  herself. 

Buptures. — The  protrusion  of  some  portion  of  the 
bowels  or  intestines  out  of  their  proper  place.  The  groin, 
the  navel,  sides  of  the  belly,  and  scrotum,  or  testicle  bag, 
are  the  places  where  ruptures  usually  show  themselves, 
and  it  is  the  variety  of  situation  that  gives  rise  to  the 
many  species  of  rupture  or  hernia. 

(1.)  Inguinal  Rupture. — In  the  United  States,  the 
horses  are  mostly  all  castrated,  which  fact  accounts  for  the 
rare  occurrence  of  this  variety  of  rupture.  The  operation 
of  castration  completely  closes  the  inguinal  ring  or  opening 


RUPTURES. 


189 


through  which  pass  the  spermatic  cord,  testes,  etc.,  thus 
preventing  the  possibility  of  rupture  in  that  direction* 
When  this  kind  of  rupture  takes  place,  it  is  in  stallions 
and  uncastrated  colts,  and  requires  for  its  cure  the  castra- 
tion of  the  horse  or  colt  by  what  is  called  the  covered  opera- 
tion, that  is,  by  leaving  the  tunica  vaginalis , or  inner 
covering  of  the  testes  entire  and  uncut,  and  placing  the 
clamps  over  it,  allowing  the  testes  or  stones  to  fall  off,  or 
be  removed  in  two  days  from  the  time  of  operation.  As 
soon  as  this  kind  of  rupture  is  observed,  have  the  horse  or 
colt  castrated  at  once. 

(2.)  Scrotal  Rupture. — This  variety  of  rupture,  en- 
tirely confined  to  the  testicle  bag,  or  scrotal  sac,  is  also  the 
affection  of  uncut  horses,  and  is  caused  by  relaxation  of 
the  fibrous  tissue  around  the  inguinal  ring.  This  is  a kind 
of  rupture  which  comes  and  goes,  as  if  it  were  an  inter- 
mittent affection.  The  rupture,  or  large  swelling,  during 
rest  will  entirely  disappear,  and  return  during  exercise, 
sometimes  with  violence,  throwing  the  horse,  perhaps,  into 
a fit  of  colic,  and  inducing  strangulation  and  death  of  the 
horse.  Scrotal  rupture  is  sometimes  confined  to  one  side 
only  of  the  scrotum.  If  in  time  the  animal  should  not  die 
from  strangulation  of  the  bowel,  the  rupture  will  some- 
times increase  to  an  enormous  size,  hanging  far  down,  and 
filling  up  the  space  in  and  between  the  hind  legs. 

Treatment . The  same  as  for  inguinal  hernia.  Of  course, 
in  both  cases,  care  should  first  be  taken  to  push  back  the 
bowels  through  the  ring  into  the  belly,  before  removing 
the  testicles.  Scrotal  rupture  should  not  be  confounded 
with  hydrocele,  or  water  in  the  scrotal  sac.  (See  Dropsy.) 

(3.)  Congenital  Rupture. — This  is  a species  of  rup- 
ture observed  at  the  birth  of  the  foal  or  colt,  and  is  the 
least  dangerous  of  all  the  varieties  of  ruptures,  although 


190 


DISEASES  OP’  THE  HORSE. 


the  rupture  continues  to  grow  and  increase  in  size  unti) 
the  fourth  to  the  sixth  month  of  the  colt’s  age,  and  then 
gradually  and  progressively  disappears  altogether.  If, 
however,  it  should  not  at  the  end  of  that  time  diminish  in 
size  and  volume,  a tolerably  stout  and  tight  collar  or 
bandage  may  be  placed  around  the  body,  covering  the 
rupture.  This  band  should  be  kept  in  place  by  a broad 
collar  or  cloth  attacked  to  each  side  of  the  body  bandage, 
and  passing  in  front  of  the  breast,  with  another  round  the 
back  parts  of  the  hips — thus  preventing  a backward  or 
forward  movement  of  the  body  bandage. 

If  rupture  should  occur  in  a few  days  after  the  birth  of 
the  colt,  it  should,  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  be  classed 
as  congenital  rupture,  and  be  treated  accordingly. 

Congenital  rupture  is  the  same  as  what  is  called  by 
some  writers  umbilical  rupture,  which  is  correct  as  far  as 
it  goes;  but  congenital  rupture  includes  not  only  the  navel, 
but  the  scrotal  also.  The  navel  variety  can  be  most  suc- 
cessfully treated  by  letting  it  alone;  or,  in  some  cases,  by 
the  application  of  a bandage.  When,  however,  in  the 
scrotum,  castration  is  the  only  cure,  and  a bandage  in  this 
case  would  not  only  be  useless,  but  hurtful  to  the  colt. 

(4.)  Ventral  Rupture. — This  is  when  the  bowel  pro- 
trudes  through  any  part  of  the  belly,  excepting  at  the 
umbilicus  or  navel,  or  any  natural  opening,  and  is  generally 
the  result  of  injury  or  accident,  as  from  a hook  from  the 
horn  of  a cow,  or  the  kick  of  a horse.  The  common  place 
where  this  kind  of  rupture  is  usually  seen,  is  on  the  lower 
portion  of  the  belly,  between  the  ribs  and  at  the  flanks 

Symptoms . A large,  puffy  swelling  which  can  be  lessened 
in  size  and  forced  into  the  cavity  of  the  belly  again,  by 
merely  pressing  against  it.  The  skin  will  be  loose  when 
the  bowel  is  thus  pushed  in ; and  when  the  pressure  has 


RUPTURES. 


191 


ceased,  the  enlargement  or  swelling  returns  at  once,  and 
fills  up  the  loose  skin. 

Treatment  In  most  cases,  let  the  enlargement  alone; 
as,  in  nearly  all  instances,  no  inconvenience  from  it  will  be 
experienced  by  the  horse.  The  only  way  to  reduce  such  a 
rupture  is,  by  gathering  and  holding  the  loose  skin,  and 
covering  the  rupture  after  the  bowel  has  been  pushed  into 
its  place,  by  means  of  long  clamps,  like  a long  vise,  till  the 
skin  falls  off.  This  cure  is  worse  than  the  affection  it  is 
intended  to  remedy  ; for  by  breaking  the  skin  the  bowels 
are  exposed  to  the  air  and  the  uncertainty  of  the  edges  of 
the  skin  uniting  firmly  together.  This  is  frequently,  also, 
more  than  can  be  expected,  as  the  horse  is  not  a rational 
being, and  cannot  be  told  to  stand  this  or  that  wav,  in  this 
or  that  position.  If  he  experiences  any  pain,  he  will 
become  restless,  and  lie  down,  and  roll ; and  then  what  of 
the  nicely  adjusted  clamps?  In  short,  the  horse  will  die 
in  a few  hours. 

(5.)  Rupture. — Of  Castration.  This  variety  of  rupture 
sometimes  follows  immediately,  or  a few  days,  after  the 
operation  of  castration. 

Causes.  When  the  rupture  occurs  as  soon  as  the  horse 
rises  from  the  operation,  it  is  produced  by  the  violence  of 
the  struggling,  or  rising  with  too  much  of  a jerk.  When 
occurring  a few  days  after  the  operation,  the  cause  may  be 
laid  to  the  wound  not  healing  and  uniting  properly. 

Symptoms.  As  in  colic ; the  horse  rising,  lying  down, 
pawing,  rolling,  sweating;  high  fever  and  inflammation; 
and,  finally,  gangrene,  or  mortification  of  the  parts,  and 
death  of  the  horse. 

General  Remarks.  The  termination  of  ruptures  of  all 
kinds  and  varieties  most  to  be  dreaded,  is  that  condition 
known  as  strangulation,  which  occurrence  is  indicated  by 


192 


DISEASES  OP  THE  HORSE. 


the  pawing,  rolling,  sweating  and  restive  condition  of  the 
horse,  etc.  If  not  relieved  in  a very  short  time,  he  will 
die.  To  reduce  strangulation,  he  must  be  secured,  and 
fastened ; and  all  conceivable  ingenuity  must  be  exercised 
to  get  the  bowels  back  into  their  proper  place.  No  rule 
can  be  laid  down  to  accomplish  this,  as  some  ruptures  are 
reducible,  and  others  are  not.  But  the  hands  of  the 
operator  must  be  well  oiled  when  handling  the  bowels,  and 
the  bowels  kept  scrupulously  clean ; and  when  they  have 
been  successfully  placed  into  their  proper  cavity,  the  horse 
will  be  at  rest,  and  relieved  from  pain.  To  prevent  the 
bowels  from  returning  again,  the  rupture  must  be  closed  by 
skewers  made  of  iron,  or  stiff  wood,  passed  through  the 
lips  of  each  side  of  the  wound,  half  an  inch  from  the  edge, 
with  waxed  cord  wound  round  and  over  the  skewers,  in 
the  form  of  the  figure  8. 

Metallic  or  silver  wire  is  used  by  scientific  veterinary 
surgeons  in  securing  the  edges  of  the  skin  of  ruptures  and 
injuries  to  the  belly  of  all  domestic  animals,  as  the  best  and 
most  successful  plan. 


Ruptures  of  the  stomach,  bowels  and  diaphragm,  are 
occasionally  the  immediate  cause  of  death  in  cases  of  colic. 
(See  Hock,  etc.) 


NEEDLE  WITH  FIXED  HANDLE. 


NEEDLE  ARMED  WITH  WIRE. 

Saddle  Galls.  — Sores  produced  by  the  saddle  and 
other  portions  of  the  harness,  and  are  best  treated  by  the 


SALIVATION. 


193 


compound  tincture  of  aloes.  When  the  sores  become  hard 
and  firm,  like  warts,  use  the  ointment  of  iodide  of  mercury. 
(See  Medicines  and  Prescriptions.)  Remove  the  cause  of 
the  trouble  by  attending  to  the  saddle  and  harness;  and  if 
no  fault  be  found  with  the  stuffing  of  the  saddle,  cut  a hole 
in  the  padding  sufficiently  large  to  accommodate  the  sore 
without  touching  it. 

Sallenders. — (See  Mai  lenders.) 

Saliva. — A fluid  secreted  by  the  salivary  glands,  which 
serves  to  moisten  the  mouth,  and  is  swallowed  with  the 
food.  When  horses  are  feeding,  the  saliva  mixes  with  the 
feed,  and  resolves,  dissolves,  and  changes  it  into  a soft  mass 
fit  to  be  swallowed.  (See  Parotid  Duct.) 

Salivation. — This  is  an  increased  flow  of  saliva  in- 
duced in  the  horse  by  mercury  and  other  medicines,  and  is 
often  seen  in  horses  feeding  upon  the  second  crop  of  clover 
late  in  the  fall  of  the  year,  or  after  slight  frosts ; which 
fact  sufficiently  accounts  not  only  for  the  salivation  of,  but 
also  affords  the  reason  why  horses  so  feeding  lose  flesh  and 
become  thin  and  weak,  although  apparently  feeding  upon 
abundance. 

Second  crop  clover  grows  fast,  is  soft,  and  full  of  moisture, 
while  the  cool  nights  arrest  its  mush  room  growth,  and  the 
moisture  it  contains  in  great  quantity  is  converted  from  a 
sweet  and  nutritious  substance  into  a sour  and  acidulous 
fluid,  not  unlike  vinegar  or  acetic  acid.  The  acid  so  formed 
within  the  clover  leaf  and  stem  is  pressed  out  by  the  act 
of  mastication  or  chewing,  stimulating  the  fauces  of  the 
mouth  and  the  salivary  glands  to  a great  extent  and  taxing 
the  substance  of  the  body  for  the  saliva  to  meet  an  enor- 
mous demand.  Hence,  the  weakness  and  loss  of  flesh  of 
horses  so  fed. 

13 


194 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


Sand  Cracks. — (See  Foot  Diseases.) 

Sanious  Pus. — Pus  mixed  with  water  and  blood;— 
unhealthy  pus. 

Scalds. — (See  Burns.) 

Scald  Mouth. — (See  Mouth  Diseases.) 

Scarlatina. — A disease  newly  discovered  in  light- 
colored  horses,  attended  by  sore  throat,  as  in  man,  and 
with  slight  fever  and  dry  skin— the  glands  of  the  neck  are 
slightly  swollen,  and  in  about  two  days  the  lining  mem- 
branes within  the  nose  and  lips  become  studded  with  scarlet 
spots  about  the  size  of  a garden  pea,  which  run  together. 
In  light  bay  horses  will  be  seen  patches  from  which  the 
hair  falls  off  and  is  replaced  by  a coat  of  a lighter  color, 
thus  making  the  animal  look  as  if  he  had  had  an  attack 
of  varioloid  or  small-pox.  Scarlatina  is  an  eruptive  fever, 
running  a fixed  and  definite  course,  and  is  closely  allied  to 
purpura,  influenza  and  strangles,  (all  of  which  see.) 

Treatment . Place  the  horse  in  a cool  place,  and  give 
small  doses  of  aconite,  followed  by  gentian  and  carbonate 
of  ammonia.  In  a few  days  iron  may  be  added.  (See 
Medicines.) 

Scratches. — (See  Grease,  Phagadena,  and  Frost  Bites.) 

Schirrus. — Pronounced  skirrus , and  signifying  indura- 
tion or  hardening  of  any  structure,  but  now  used  only 
when  speaking  of  cancer. 

Scouring. — (See  Diarrhoea.) 

Scrotum. — The  bag  or  skin  covering  the  testicles  of 
the  stallion,  which  is  the  seat  of  large  watery  swellings,  as 
a sequel  to  debilitating  disease,  or  disease  treated  by 
starving,  bleeding,  etc.  If  the  swelling  does  not  grow  less 


SEROUS  ABSCESS. 


195 


after  extra  feed  is  allowed,  and  a few  iron  powders  are 
given,  the  scrotum  will  have  to  be  opened  a little  on  both 
sides  to  allow  the  fluid  to  flow  out.  Do  not  mistake  the 
swelling  for  scrotal  rupture.  (See  Ruptures.) 

Scurf. — A scaly  eruption  on  the  skin  of  badly-groomed 
and  cared-for  horses.  It  is  cured  by  good  grooming,  good 
feeding,  and,  in  some  cases,  a change  in  stabling. 

Secretion. — The  product  secreted  or  separated  from 
the  blood.  Secreted  products  are  of  two  kinds: 

(1.)  Excretion , or  matter  separated  by  animal  bodies, 
and  thrown  off  on  account  of  their  noxious  or  effete 
qualities.  Examples — the  urine,  the  dung,  sweat,  and 
carbonic  acid  gas  from  the  lungs. 

(2.)  Secretion  is  matter  separated  from  the  blood  for 
further  use,  and  for  the  performance  of  various  actions  in 
the  living  system.  Examples — bile,  saliva,  etc. 

Sedatives. — Medicines  which  lessen  pain,  and  should, 
therefore,  be  called  calmatives.  Aconite  is  the  most  cer- 
tain and  successful  sedative  and  calmative  we  have  to  offer, 
and  will  seldom  disappoint  the  highest  expectations,  if 
used  properly,  and  in  good  time. 

Serum. — The  thin,  colorless  fluid  which  separates 
from  the  blood. 

Serous  Abscess. — A variety  of  abscess  seen  usually 
about  the  breasts  of  horses.  It  arises  from  injury  followed 
by  the  pouring  of  a serum  from  the  blood  into  the  injured 
part,  which,  not  being  absorbed  readily,  remains  there  in 
the  form  of  a large  ovoid  flattened  bag.  A blind  man, 
who  never  saw  a tumor,  could  tell  that  it  contained  fluid. 
Indeed,  wherever  dropsical  swellings  are  not  absorbed,  a 
serous  abscess  will  be  formed. 


196 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE, 


Treatment.  Open  it  with  a knife,  making  a large  open* 
ing  through  the  skin,  only  at  the  lowest  soft  part,  so  the 
serum  will  run  out  without  pressing.  Inject  once  or  twice 
with  cold  water,  and  anoint  the  skin  with  lard  to  prevent 
it  from  cracking  or  becoming  dry. 

Seton. — A piece  of  tape  placed  under  the  skin  by 
means  of  a needle,  made  for  the  purpose,  Setons  are  rare- 
ly of  use,  and  are  often  torn  violently  out,  making  an  ugly 
sore. 

Shivers. — So  called  because  the  horse  is  seized  with 
tremor  of  the  muscles  of  the  whole  body,  when  any  attempt 
is  made  to  push  him  back.  The  tail  is  erect  as  in  cases 
of  locked-jaw* 

Causes.  Tumors  on  the  ventricles  of  the  brain. 

Shoeing  Of  Sound  Feet. — Most  diseases  of  the  feet, 
and  every  stumble,  are,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  the 
result  of  bad  shoeing.  Horse-shoers  have  long  been  in 
the  habit  of  using  the  knife  and  rasp  too  freely  to  keep 
feet  sound  very  long  so.  When  the  shoe  is  carefully  re- 
moved, the  wall  or  crust,  where  a well  seated  shoe  should 
only  rest,  should  be  gently  rasped  to  remove  fragments  of 
loose  horn  and  old  nails.  In  deep,  well-made  feet,  the 
sole  requires  paring  out  till  it  is  in  the  form  of  a cup,  but 
not  too  thin— the  bearing  surface,  or  wall,  to  be  made 
level  for  the  new  shoe.  This  is  all  that  is  required  in  a 
sound  foot.  The  frog  must  be  left  to  fill  its  functions. 
Above  all,  do  not  let  the  rasp  be  used  upon  the  surface  of 
the  foot,  for  it  is  the  skin  of  the  hoof,  and  by  its  removal 
you  expose  it  to  every  change  in  moisture  and  dryness, 
and  leave  it  weak,  dry,  porous  and  brittle. 

The  shoe  should  be  a plain  one,  equally  broad  and  wide 
from  heel  to  toe,  and  put  on  without  seating  ; for  why 


SHOULDER  LAMENESS. 


197 


bring  a concave  foot  in  contact  with  a concave  shoe  ? The 
toe  should  be  slightly  turned  up,  and  not  too  short  at  the 
heels.  The  hind  shoes  should  be  provided  with  heels. 

The  nail  holes  should  be  three  on  the  outside,  and  two 
on  the  inside,  and  made  straight  through  the  iron,  and  not 
incline  inwards,  and  the  shoe  fitted  to  the  foot,  and  not  the 
foot  to  the  shoe. 

Dray  horses  should  be  shod  with  tips,  or  toes  and  heels, 
which  secure  firmness  of  tread,  and  greater  power  when 
drawing  heavy  loads,  especially  in  cities  with  smooth  paved 
streets. 

Shoeing  Unsound  Feet. — Feet  with  corns,  weak,  flat 
feet,  con  vexed  sole,  and  sand  or  quarter  cracked  feet,  should 
have  shoes  well-seated:  and  it  is  advisable  to  throw  some 
extra  weight  upon  the  frog,  for  which  purpose  a bar-shoe 
should  be  used.  (See  Foot  Diseases.)  Leather  soles  are 
useful  in  weak-soled  feet  when  the  horse  steps  high  and  is 
much  used  upon  city  streets.  One-sided  nailing  answers 
well  for  weak  heels.  Ring-boned  animals  should  be  shod 
with  easy  fitting  shoes,  to  avoid  jarring.  Horses  having  a 
tendency  to  navicular  or  coffin-joint  disease  should  have 
shoes  turned  up  a little  at  the  toe,  with  the  ground  surface 
of  the  wall  well  cut  away,  and  the  sole  arid  frog  untouched. 
The  art  of  shoeing  horses  cbnsists  in  fitting  a shoe  to  the 
foot  of  a horse,  for  the  purpose  of  protecting,  and,  at  the 
same  time,  not  injuring  it. 

Shoulder  Lameness. — This  is  produced  by  a slip,  or 
side-fall,  and  is  frequent  with  horses  in  cities  having  broad 
rails  laid  on  the  streets  for  railroad  purposes.  In  wet 
weather  these  rails  are  very  slippery;  hence  the  horse  has 
no  foot-hold,  the  leg  is  stretched  far  out  before  the  animal, 
arid  the  muscles  of  the  shoulders,  and  in  some  cases,  the 


198 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


shoulder-joint  is  involved.  A mueh  more  serious  affair 
than  simple  shoulder  sprain  is  the  result. 

Shoulder  lameness  is  common  to  young  horses  when 
ploughing  in  the  furrow. 

Symptoms . The  absence,  of  heat  tenderness,  and  swelling 
in  any  other  part  of  the  leg  or  foot.  Always  find  out 
with  certainty  where  there  is  no  lameness  and  the  situation 
of  lameness  will  very  soon  be  apparent.  Negative  and 
positive  symptoms  should  always  be  well  considered  before 
coming  to  a final  conclusion,  as  by  doing  so  the  situation 
or  trouble  is  so  narrowed  down  that  a mistake  can  scarcely 
occur.  Shoulder  lameness,  however,  is  known  by  the  horse 
stepping  longer  with  the  lame  leg,  and  shorter  with  the 
sound  one;  and,  excepting  in  very  severe  cases,  the  horse 
will  not  only  point  the  leg  out  from  the  body,  but  carry  it 
also  to  the  side  of  the  body.  Now,  in  most  sprains  and 
diseases  in  the  foot,  the  leg  will  be  pointed  straight  out 
without  auy  side  position.  Take  the  leg  which  is  lame  by 
the  pastern,  and  gently  carry,  or  pull  it  straight  out  from 
the  body  of  the  horse  in  front,  and  gently  also  to  the  out- 
side ; if  it  be  shoulder  lameness,  the  horse  will  not  only 
show  evidences  of  pain,  but  will  in  many  cases,  depending 
upon  the  spirit  and  animation  of  the  horse,  get  up  from  the 
ground  with  the  sound  leg  and  endeavor  to  wrest  the  lame 
leg  from  you. 

In  very  severe  cases,  when  occurring  from  a bruise,  the 
horse  will  stand  on  his  toe,  which  is  evidence  of  contusion* 
of  the  shoulder. 

Treatment.  Absolute  and  entire  rest,  warm  water  cloths 
applied  for  two  days,  followed  by  cold  water  cloths,  in  the 
same  way,  and  for  as  many  days.  Then  a slight  blister  of 
the  Spanish  fly  may  be  rubbed  into  the  skin  of  the  shoulder, 
taking  care  that  none  of  it  is  put  on  at  the  situation  of  the 


SHOULDER- JOINT  LAMENESS. 


199 


collar,  as  it  would  render  the  part  a little  tender  for  a 
while  by  friction  from  the  collar.  Take  Spanish  fly  in 
powder,  one  drachm;  hog’s  lard,  six  drachms;  mix,  and 
make  an  ointment,  or  salve,  and  rub  the  better  half  of  it 
into  the  skin.  Next  day  wash  off  with  warm  water,  (not 
hot,)  and  when  dry  from  washing,  anoint  the  blistered  parts 
with  oil  or  lard,  daily,  for  a week.  It  is  not  advisable  to 
put  horses  to  work,  or  even  exercise,  too  soon  after  getting 
well  from  lameness. 

Shoulder-joint  Lameness. — This  is  a more  serious 
form  of  lameness  than  sprain  of  the  muscles  of  the  shoulder. 
It  consists  in  the  softening  of  the  articular  cartilages  of 
the  joint,  with  inflammation  of  the  joint  membranes,  and 
great  secretion  of  unhealthy  synovia,  (joint  oil)  producing 
bulging  of  the  ligaments,  (capsular,)  and  covering  the  joint. 
It  can  be  detected  by  making  the  horse  stand  upon  the 
lame  limb,  and  by  holding  up  the  other  one.  This  is  a 
disease  similar  to  spavih  in  the  hock -joint,  which  accounts 
for  the  unsatisfactory  results  of  treatment. 

Symptoms . The  horse  drags  his  toe,  and  throws  his  leg 
out  at  every  movement  of  the  limb. 

Treatment.  As  before  stated,  this  is  rather  unsatisfactory, 
from  the  fact  that  the  cartilages  are  likely  to  be  destroyed, 
and  the  bone  underneath  apt  to  become  ulcerated;  but  if 
taken  in  time,  much  good  can  be  done.  In  many  cases,  a 
cure  can  be  effected  by  the  ointment  of  red  iodide  of 
mercury,  well  rubbed  in  once  a week,  for  a few  times. 

Take  of  bin-iodide  of  mercury,  two  drachms ; hog’s  lard, 
two  ounces.  Mix  well  on  the  bottom  of  a dinner  plate,  or  a 
smooth  slate,  with  a table  knife.  Of  this  ointment  take 
one-fourth  and  rub  well  into  the  joint,  tying  up  the  horse’s 
head  for  a few  hours,  to  prevent  his  getting  at  the  shoulder 
with  his  mouth ; allow  soft  bedding  for  the  front  feet  to 


200 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


stand  upon,  as  the  horse  will  stamp  with  his  foot  on  the 
floor — for  the  action  of  this  ointment  is  considered  to  be 
as  painful  as  the  hot  iron,  for  about  half  an  hour  from 
the  time  it  begins  to  act  till  the  parts  commence  to  swell 
from  its  splendid  effects.  Hence,  firing  irons  are  now  not 
much  used,  except  in  the  hands  of  old  fogies.  Daily,  oil 
or  grease  the  parts  for  a week,  then  apply  as  before,  and 
remember,  that  to  get  all  the  benefit  of  this  ointment,  it 
must  be  well  rubbed  in  the  parts. 

Side  Bones. — A species  of  ring-bone ; only  the  side 
cartilages  of  the  foot  are  converted  into  bone,  and  do  not, 
as  in  ring-bone,  extend  round  the  coronet,  or  portion 
immediately  above  the  hoof.  The  cause  and  treatment 
are  the  same  as  in  ring-bone,  (which  see.) 

Sinus. — A long,  narrow  and  ulcerated  track,  commu- 
nicating either  with  the  inside  of  an  abscess  or  diseased 
bone.  (See  Fistula  and  Poll-evil.) 

Sitfasts. — These  are  hard  and  insensible  tumors, 
sometimes  called  warbles,  and  are  caused  by  undue  pres- 
sure from  the  harness. 

Treatment  Rub  in,  about  the  size  of  a bean,  of  the 
ointment  of  red  iodide  of  mercury.  (See  Prescriptions  and 
Medicines.) 

Skeleton  of  the  Horse,  Bones  of  the. — The  skele- 
ton is  composed  of  two  hundred  and  forty-seven  separate 
bones,  which  are  united  by  joints  to  form  the  spine* 
thorax,  pelvis,  tail,  and  fore  and  hind  extremities.  The 
spine  is  finished  anteriorly  by  the  head,  which  is  divided 
into  the  cranium  and  face,  and  contains  the  teeth.  Sus- 
pended from  the  head  is  the  os  hyoides,  which  completes 
the  number  of  bones.  Thus 


SKIN  DISEASES. 


201 


The  spine  consists  of  7 cervical,  18  dorsal,  and  6 lum- 
bar vertebrae — Total 31 

The  thorax  is  made  up  of  the  dorsal  vertebrae,  with 
18  ribs  on  each  side,  and  the  sternum  in  the  middle 

— Total 37 

The  pelvis  comprises  2 ossa  innominata  (or  ilium, 
ischium,  and  pubes), and  1 sacrum — Total  ...  3 

The  tail  contains  on  the  average  17  bones  ....  17 

The  fore  extremity  is  made  up  on  each  side  of  the 
scapula,  humerus,  os  braehii,  and  8 carpal  bones,  3 


metacarpal,  os  suffraginis,  os  coronae,  os  pedis,  os 
naviculare,  2 ossa  sesamoidea — Total  on  both  sides  40 
The  hind  extremity  has  the  femur,  patella,  tibia, 
fibula,  6 tarsal  bones,  3 metatarsals,  os  suffraginis, 
os  coronae,  os  pedis,  os  naviculare,  2 ossa  sesamoidea 


—Total 38 

Bones  of  the  cranium . . 10 

Bones  of  the  face  and  lower  jaw 18 

Teeth 40 

Bones  of  the  internal  ear,  4 in  each  organ  ....  8 

Os  Hyoides,  or  bone  of  the  tongue,  made  up  of  five 
sections  • • 5 


Grand  total  ....  247 

Skin  Diseases. — There  are  many  and  apparently 
different  varieties  of  skin  diseases  described  by  writers, 
many  of  which  are  the  same,  and  produced  by  the  same 
cause,  but  present  different  appearances  in  different  animals, 
and  in  different  stages  and  conditions  of  the  affection. 
Where  the  same  cause  can  be  properly  assigned  in  pro- 
ducing different  diseases,  although  apparently  dissimilar, 
the  treatment  must  be  the  same.  Thus,  if  the  acari  is  the 
cause  of  more  than  one  kind  of  skin  disease,  of  course  the 


202 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE 


treatment  must  be  directed  to  the  destruction  or  removal 
of  this  insect  or  mite,  before  a cure  can  be  effected ; so, 
also,  with  faulty  assimilation  or  digestion,  which  so  often 
gives  rise  to  skin  disease,  and  which  must  be  improved 
and  corrected  before  the  effect,  (disease,)  will  cease  and 
be  cured. 

(1.)  Baldness. — Parts  of  the  skin  of  the  horse  become 
denuded  of  the  hair,  occasioned  by  minute  or  small  pim- 
ples, which  usually  contain  a fluid,  and  burst,  or  break, 
carrying  the  hair  with  it.  These  pimples,  or  small 
tumors,  however,  are  sometimes  vesicular,  sometimes 
papular,  and  sometimes  scaly.  They  are  caused  by  faulty 
digestion,  and  should  be  treated  by  soft  feed,  or  fresh- 
cut  grass.  The  hair  will  grow  again. 

Baldness  is  caused  by  scalds,  burns,  and  blisters;  and 
where  the  true  skin  is  not  entirely  destroyed,  the  hair 
can  be  restored  by  using  a weak  ointment  of  iodine — 
iodine,  half  a drachm;  hog’s  lard,  eight  drachms;  mix 
and  apply  by  rubbing  with  the  hand,  once  every  third 
day,  till  there  are  evidences  of  a growth  of  hair  spring- 
ing up.  Gunpowder  and  lard  have  no  more  power  in- 
causing  hair  to  grow,  than  as  much  lard,  saltpetre,  sul- 
phur and  charcoal  would  have ; nor  is  it  to  be  compared 
to  the  iodine,  because,  if  iodine  does  not  restore  the  hair 
in  all  cases,  it  will  certainly  dye  or  stain  the  skin  a 
dark  color,  which -cannot  be  washed  off;  and  hence,  in 
dark-skinned  horses,  is  of  much  use  in  removing  the  bare, 
bald-look  of  a white  spot. 

(2.)  Mange,  Itch,  Psora,  or  Scabies. 

Cause . The  result  of  an  insect  breeding  and  burrow- 
ing in  the  skin,  and  is  called  acari,  a variety  of  mite  or 
animalcule. 

Symptoms.  At  first,  a fine  crop  of  pustules,  not  at  this 
time  always  seen,  about  the  head  and  neck,  and  under  the 


8KIN  DISEASES. 


203 


mane.  By  the  horse  rubbing  himself  against  whatever  he 
can  get  at,  the  hair  falls  off,  and  exposes  an  angry  and 
red-colored  skin,  with  red  points  and  lines,  fissures, 
wrinkles,  or  scratches.  After  this  condition,  we  have 
dryness,  scruffiness,  baldness,  and  whitening  of  the  skin, 
accompanied  with  great  itchiness. 

Treatment . The  best  plan  for  curing  this  disease  in 
horses  is  as  follows : Take  fine  sea-sand,  such  as  is  used 
by  stable-men  for  scouring  steel  bits,  and  rub  the  affected 
parts  well  for  a few  minutes.  Then  wash  the  parts  well 
with  good  soap  and  water,  and  a brush,  after  which  dry 
them  carefully.  Then  anoint  with  the  following  ointment : 
Powdered  sulphur,  one  ounce;  hog’s  lard,  two  ounces; 
mix.  The  following  is  more  cleanly  : Liver  of  sulphur, 
or  hepar  of  sulphur,  two  to  three  ounces;  cold  water,  one 
quart ; mix,  and  make  a wash.  This  plan,  with  either  of 
these  mixtures  properly  applied,  will  not  only  kill  the 
insect,  but  will  effect  a cure.  This  disease  has  baffled 
many  who  have  attempted  its  cure  without  first  reaching 
the  insect,  by  scouring  him  out  of  his  covering,  and  kill- 
ing him  with  sulphur — a highly  destructive  article  to  par- 
asitic life. 

Observe . This  disease  is  contagious.  Stall-posts,  man- 
gers, harness,  combs,  brushes,  etc.,  used  about  the  horse, 
should  be  subjected  to  great  heat  either  by  boiling  or 
steaming.  Trees,  gates,  and  rubbing-posts  in  the  field, 
should  be  washed  with  water,  and  coated  with  a mixture 
of  sulphur,  lime  and  water. 

(3.)  Eczema. — This  is  an  affection  peculiar  to  some 
horses  during  the  summer  months.  By  close  inspection, 
large  numbers  of  minute  elevations,  or  raised  parts,  closely 
joining  each  other,  and  filled  with  a watery  fluid,  will  be 
observed;  the  skin  will  soon  present  a red  and  angry  look, 


204 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


the  hair  be  short  and  dry,  accompanied  with  extreme 
itch i ness — so  much  so,  sometimes,  that  horses  so  affected 
become  almost  unmanageable.  The  situation  of  this  dis- 
ease is  usually  in  the  hind  legs,  and  is  considered  hereditary. 
At  all  events,  when  a horse  is  once  attacked  by  it,  it  is 
liable  to  return  again  with  the  warm  weather. 

Cause . A peculiar  condition  of  the  blood,  developed 
by  heat. 

Treatment  This  disease  in  my  hands,  in  several  car-^ 
riage  horses  which  were  rendered  completely  useless  in  the 
summer  months,  has  not  only  been  cured,  but  also  pre- 
vented from  returning,  by  the  administering  of  half  ounce 
doses  of  the  sulphite  of  soda,  for  two  weeks  previous  to 
the  hot  weather,  once  a day.  In  addition  to  this,  a few 
bundles  of  fresh  grass,  cut  from  the  borders  of  several 
gardens,  were  given.  The  soda,  designed  to  neutralize 
ferments  in  the  blood  ; and  the  fresh  cut  grass  to  assist, 
by  its  action  on  the  stomach  and  bowels,  and  ultimately 
upon  the  blood  itself. 

(4.)  Surfeit. — A disease  making  its  appearance  in  the 
spring  of  the  year  in  fat  horses  that  are  short  and  well 
built.  It  is  characterized  by  tumors  about  the  size  of  a 
grain  of  Indian  corn,  covering  the  whole  body  as  com- 
pletely as  the  nettle-rash  does  that  of  children,  and  does 
not  generally  cause  itching,  nor  is  it,  like  some  skin  dis- 
eases, contagious. 

Cause . Robust  stamina. 

Treatment  Give  soft  or  slop  feed  composed  of  bran, 
cut  hay,  cold  water,  and  salt,  for  a few  days.  Give  grass, 
if  it  can  be  had,  without  any  additional  feed.  A few 
doses  of  the  sulphite  of  soda  will  be  of  advantage. 

Bleeding  and  purging  have  arrested  the  tumors  in  their 
growth,  but  unfortunately  they  become  permanent  fixtures; 


SLOUGH. 


205 


only  to  be  removed  by  calomel  and  opium,  which  cause 
their  absorption.  In  this  event  take  calomel,  thirty  grains; 
opium,  ten  grains ; mix,  and  give  once  a day,  for  a week 
or  ten  days.  Good  feeding  will  have  to  be  given. 

Ringworm. — Porrigo , and  Favus , are  names  given  to 
this  disease. 

Symptoms.  Small  circular  patches,  or  scales,  sometimes 
running  together,  forming  large  crusts  and  ulcers  under 
them,  in  which  insects  breed.  This  is  a contagious  disease, 
and  is  communicated  from  man  to  animals,  and  animals 
to  man.  The  microscope  has  shown  the  presence  of  fungi 
in  the  scab  of  ringworm,  but  whether  it  be  merely  the 
effect  of  the  disease,  or  otherwise,  is  not  at  present  known. 
It  is,  however,  more  likely  to  be  the  cause. 

Treatment.  Wash  and  keep  the  parts  clean,  and  aim  at 
destroying  the  fungi.  For  this  purpose  remove  the  scab 
as  soon  as  formed,  and  apply  a solution  of  oxalic  acid  to 
the  surface,  using  fifteen  grains  of  the  acid  to  an  ounce  of 
water.  Tar  ointment,  creosote,  sulphur,  and  mercury, 
have  all  been  tried ; but  none  of  these  meet  with  so  much 
success  as  the  solution  of  oxalic  acid,  just  recommended. 
For  other  diseases  of  the  skin,  see  Grease,  Mallenders, 
Sallenders,  Tumors,  and  Boils. 

Slobbering. — This  is  traceable  in  horses  to  a variety 
of  causes.  We  may  enumerate  large  doses  of  aconite,  or 
veratrum;  also,  sore,  or  scald  mouth,  and  in  some  cases 
poisoning.  Slobbering  from  eating  second  crop  clover, 
will  be  found  treated  of  under  the  article  Salivation, 
(which  see.) 

Slough. — The  separation  of  a diseased  or  dead  part 
from  the  healthy  portion.  A slough  may  be  of  greater  or 
less  thickness,  and  may  include  the  skin  and  flesh  to  a 


206 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


considerable  depth — as  from  the  centre  of  an  abscess.  (See 
Gangrene  and  Mortification.) 

Sores. — Healthy  and  unhealthy  sores  occur  in,  or  on, 
all  parts  of  the  body  of  the  horse.  Healthy  sores  are  best 
treated  by  the  tincture  of  aloes,  or  myrrh,  or  simple  oint- 
ment. (See  Medicines  and  Prescriptions.)  Unhealthy 
sores  should  be  treated,  first,  by  the  application  of  some 
caustic,  or  powdered  blue  stone,  nitrate  of  silver,  or  caustic 
potassa,  which  will  make  an  unhealthy  sore  a simple  and 
healthy  one.  To  be  treated  as  the  above. 

Sore  Mouth. — (See  Mouth  Diseases.) 

Sore  Foot. — (See  Foot  Diseases.) 

Sore  Throat. — (See  Catarrh,  Cold,  and  Bronchitis.) 

Sore  Back.— Re-stuff  the  saddle,  and  apply  the  tinc- 
ture of  aloes  or  myrrh. 

Sore  Shoulders. — See  to  the  collar,  and  apply  as  in 
sore  back. 

Sore  Neck. — A variety  of  this  disease  presents  itself 
about  the  place  where  the  collar  usually  rests  and  presses 
when  descending  a hill  in  double  team.  It  is  very 
troublesome,  and  difficult  to  heal,  if  the  horse  is  kept  at 
work,  and  causes  great  irritation  and  uneasiness.  Fre- 
quently, when  the  hand  is  laid  upon  it,  the  horse,  if  he  be 
a spirited  animal,  will  plunge  in  the  stall,  and  even  kick, 
however  quiet  he  may  be  at  other  times. 

Treatment  Apply  simple  ointment,  and  place  a firm, 
but  strong  piece  of  leather  over  it,  so  that  the  collar,  when 
put  on,  can  rest  upon  and  slide  over  it,  instead  of  upon  the 
mane  and  neck. 

Soundness. — This  is  when  a horse  has  nothing  about 


SPAVIN. 


207 


him,  that  does  or  is  likely  to  interfere  with  his  feeding, 
working,  and  general  usefulness. 

Spavin. — A variety  of  disease  affecting  the  hock -joint. 
Spavin  js  not  now  looked  upon  as  in  the  days  of  Oliver 
Goldsmith  and  William  Shakspeare,  because  in  the  minds 
of  those  distinguished  men,  and  of  some  of  their  readers 
of  the  present  time,  spavin  is  an  enormous  enlargement  of 
the  hock  of  the  horse;  whereas,  in  some  of  the  worse 
forms  of  spavin,  there  is  no  enlargement  at  all,  while  the 
hock-joint  is  completely  destroyed,  stiff*,  or  anchylosed. 
Shakspeare  thus  refers  to  Petruchio’s  horse: — “ His  horse 
hipped  with  an  old  mothy  saddle,  the  stirrups  of  no  kin- 
dred; besides  possessed  with  the  glanders,  and,  like  to 
mose  in  the  chine,  troubled  with  the  lampas,  infected  with 
the  fashions,  full  of  wind  galls,  sped  with  spavins,  rayed 
with  the  yellows,  past  cure  of  the  fives,  stark  spoiled  with 
the  staggers,  begnawn  with  the  bots,  swayed  in  the  back, 
and  shoulder  shotten,  ne’er  legged  before,  and  with  a 
half-cheeked  bit,  and  a head  stall  of  sheep’s  leather.” 

(1.)  Bog  Spavin. — This  kind  of  spavin  is  situated  in 
front  of  the  hock -joint,  and  is  a soft,  fluctuating  swelling, 
which  rarely  ever  causes  lameness.  It  is  merely  an 
enlargement  or  distention  of  the  bursal  cavity  of  the  joint, 
and  is  filled  with  the  natural  fluid  of  the  joint,  but  in- 
creased in  quantity,  and  possibly,  in  some  cases,  a little 
changed  in  quality  also. 

(2.)  Blood  Spavin. — This  is  the  same  as  bog  spavin, 
but  more  extensive,  and  generally  involving  the  hock-joint 
on  its  three  sides,  front,  inside,  and  outside,  and  giving  to 
the  limb  a thick,  rounded  appearance,  called  thorough-pin, 
(which  see.)  The  swelling  is  soft  and  fluctuating,  and 
indeed  there  is  no  perceptible  difference  in  the  nature  and 
result  of  this  form  of  spavin  and  the  preceding  variety, 


208 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


beyond  its  being  more  extensive,  interfering,  perhaps,  with 
the  flow  of  blood  in  the  sub-cutaneous  (under  the  skin) 
vein,  which  is  seen  in  front,  and  partly  to  the  side  of  the 
joint,  adding  very  little  to  the  general  swelling. 

Causes . Hard  work  and  fast  driving,  especially  when 
horses  are  young. 

J5 Treatment . The  application  of  the  ointment  of  red 
iodide  of  mercury,  in  the  hands  of  some,  has  done  much 
good  ; but  the  enlargement  is  apt  to  return  when  the  horse 
iz  again  put  to  work,  from  the  fact  that  more  joint-oil,  or 
iluid  is  poured  out.  Acupuncturation,  or  forcing  small 
steel  instruments  into  the  swelling  to  let  out  the  fluid,  is 
sometimes  resorted  to,  after  which  a bandage  or  truss  is 
fitted  to  the  part  to  press  out  the  fluid  that  remains,  and  to 
cause  the  adhesion  of  the  parts  together.  The  difficulty  in 
curing  soft  spavin,  is  the  danger  of  opening  into  a cavity 
or  joint  containing  oil  (synovia).  An  old  way  of  treating 
such  disease,  is  by  striking  the  parts  with  a mallet,  so  as  to 
break  the  skin,  that  the  fluid  can  escape;  the  blow  given 
to  the  skin  is  so  great  as  to  set  up  adhesive  inflamma- 
tion, and  a closure  of  the  opening. 

(3.)  Bone  Spavin. — Consists  in  the  sprouting  out  of 
irregular  bony  matter  from  the  bones  of  the  joint, 
preventing  their  smooth  and  proper  action  over  one  an- 
other, and  causing  lameness.  This  bony  growth  sometimes 
attains  a good  size,  and  in  some  cases  we  find  one  or  two 
of  the  bones  only  involved;  in  others  nearly  all  of  them 
ere  affected.  The  situation  of  bone  spavin  is  on  the  inside, 
end  in  front  of  the  joint. 

Symptoms . When  horses  are  what  is  called  breeding 
bone  spavin,  ordinarily  persons  think  and  say  the  lameness 
is  in  the  hip,  (see  Hock)  from  the  action  which  is  reflected 
by  the  muscles  of  the  hip  at  every  movement  made  by  the 


SPEEDY  CUT. 


209 


hock-joint,  and  from  the  fact  that  there  is  no  enlargement 
as  yet  in  the  joint.  The  horse  is  lame  on  starting,  but 
gets  better  after  a little  while,  and  after  standing  will  start 
lame  again.  In  the  stable,  he  shifts  one  hind  leg  after 
another,  and  when  resting  the  lame  leg,  he  stands  on  the 
toe.  Pain  and  lameness  cease  when  the  joint  is  consoli- 
dated, although  remaining  a little  stiff. 

(4.)  Occult  Spavin. — This  is  a disease  similar  to  bone 
spavin,  the  difference  being  that  there  is  no  enlargement 
of  the  joint  whatever,  although  the  bones  of  the  joint  are 
all  diseased,  immovable  and  stiff.  This  seems  to  puzzle 
and  perplex  horsemen,  because  they  cannot  comprehend  a 
bone  spavin  without  an  enlargement  of  the  joint  outside; 
and,  consequently,  the  poor  horse  is  sometimes  blistered 
and  tormented  in  every  part  of  the  leg  but  the  right  place. 
The  cause,  results,  and  effects  of  this  disease  are  the  same 
as  in  bone  spavin,  excepting  that  there  is  no  enlargement. 

Treatment  For  the  two  varieties  of  spavin,  just  de- 
scribed, the  treatment  should  be  the  same.  In  young 
horses,  the  red  iodide  of  mercury  in  ointment,  is  the  proper 
treatment.  One  drachm  of  bin-iodide  of  mercury,  and 
one  ounce  of  lard.  Mix,  and  apply  once  in  a week,  and 
lard  the  parts  once  a day,  till  the  next  application. 

Old  horses  should  have  a liniment  applied,  once  every 
second  day,  to  the  parts.  Oil  of  cloves,  two  ounces  ; oil 
of  turpentine,  one  ounce;  creosote,  one  ounce;  mix.  This 
will  relieve  the  pain,  and  to  a great  degree  the  lameness. 
Spavined  horses  should  have  an  extra  allowance  of  feed, 
to  keep  them  in  condition  equal  to  their  more  healthy  and 
fortunate  neighbors. 

Specks  on  the  Eye.— (See  Eye  Diseases.) 

Speedy  Cut. — This  is  an  injury  to  the  knee  from  the 
14 


210 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


shoe  of  the  opposite  fore-foot,  and  is  prevented  by  driving 
slower,  and  nailing  the  shoe  on  one  side  only. 

Treatment  Apply  cold  water  cloths,  and  if  the  swell- 
ing does  not  all  go  away,  follow  with  the  application  of 
the  red  iodide  of  mercury,  in  the  form  of  an  ointment, 
once  a week,  for  a few  times,  and  lard  or  grease  the  parts 
till  the  next  application.  Boots  are  sometimes  used  as  a 
preventative. 

Spleen  Diseases. — The  diseases  of  this  organ  are 
obscure,  and  chiefly  consist  of  enlargements , tubercles , soft- 
ening, rupture , and  tumors . The  symptoms  attending 
these  affections  are  not  well  marked. 

Splint. — A small  bony*  enlargement,  situated  usually 
on  the  inside  of  the  fore-legs,  about  midway  between  the 
knee  and  the  pastern  joint.  When  splint  begins  to  grow, 
it  sometimes  produces  lameness  hy  stretching  the  covering 
of  the  bone,  which,  however,  soon  accommodates  itself  to 
the  altered  structure. 

Cause . Working  horses  when  too  young,  and  before 
the  leg  and  splint  bone  have  become  united.  Hence, 
splints  disappear  when  the  horse  grows  older,  and  the  unity 
of  these  bones  takes  place. 

Treatment  One  or  two  applications  of  this  ointment : 
Bed  iodide  of  mercury,  or  tincture  of  Spanish  fly,  one 
ounce;  oil  of  croton,  twenty  drops.  Mix,  and  apply  with 
rubbing. 

Sprains. — By  this  term  is  meant  partial  displacement; 
the  twisting  of  a joint  with  more  or  less  injury  to  the 
articulations,  ligaments,  tendons  and  their  sheaths.  At 
times  small  portions  of  the  bones  of  the  joint  are  separated. 
Indeed,  every  variety  and  degree  of  severity  is  to  be  seen 
in  sprains  of  different  parts.  Every  joint  is  liable  to 


SPRAINS. 


211 


sprain,  but  the  usual  or  more  common  sprains  will  be 
found  in  the  pastern  or  fetlock  joint,  shoulder  and  its  joint, 
hock,  stifle,  back  and  loins,  flexor  tendon,  suspensory 
ligaments,  etc.,  produced  by  a common  cause,  such  asslip- 
ping, falling,  overwork,  the  weight  of  the  body,  and  not 
unfrequently  the  load  falling  upon  a part,  when  not  in  its 
proper  position  for  receiving  it. 

Symptoms.  Pain,  heat,  swelling,  tenderness  and  lame- 
ness, more  or  less  severe,  depending  on  the  severity  of  the 
sprain,  and  the  part  affected.  In  severe  sprains,  care  must 
be  taken  to  guard  against  mistakes,  and  to  form  a correct 
judgment  of  the  nature  of  the  injury,  whether  it  be  a 
real  or  simple  sprain,  or  whether  there  be  fracture  or  dis- 
location. 

Treatment.  Absolute  and  entire  rest  is  the  principal 
point  to  be  attended  to  in  the  cure  of  sprains,  for  a sprain 
cannot  be  cured  without  rest,  no  matter  what  other  reme- 
dies are  employed ; and,  if  there  be  much  fever  and 
excitement  about  the  horse,  a few  doses  of  aconite  will 
have  to  be  given.  Tincture  of  aconite  root,  fifteen  drops, 
given  three  times  in  the  day  for  two  days,  will  remove 
fever  and  irritation.  Then  apply  warm  water  cloths  for 
three  days,  followed  by  cold  water  cloths  for  the  same 
length  of  time,  taking  the  cloths  off  at  night,  as  it  is 
necessary  that  water  must  be  poured  on  the  cloths  every 
hour,  or  before  the  warm  ones  become  cold,  and  the  cold 
ones  become  warm.  After  which,  the  lameness  and 
swelling  will  have  ceased  ; or  should  this  not  be  the  case, 
apply  for  a few  days,  once  a day,  the  following  liniment: 
Creosote,  one  ounce  ; oil  of  turpentine,  one  ounce;  oil  of 
olives,  two  ounces ; mix.  Be  assured  the  horse  is  quite 
well  before  he  is  put  to  work  again,  as  many  joint  diseases 
are  brought  on  by  mismanaged  sprains,  which  never  can 


212 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


be  cured.  For  sprains  of  different  parts  of  the  body  see 
Shoulder  and  Shoulder  Joint  Sprains,  etc. 

Staggers. — A disease  familiar  to  every  horseman,  and 
of  a serious  character.  It  presents  different  symptoms  in 
different  horses,  depending  altogether  upon  the  extent  to 
which  the  brain  and  nervous  centres  are  affected,  and 
whether  the  variety  be  mad,  grass,  stomach,  or  sleepy 
staggers. 

(1.)  Stomach  Staggers. — This  is  an  attack  of  acute 
indigestion,  from  overloading  the  stomach  ; digestion  is 
arrested,  fermentation  is  set  up,  and  the  evolution  or  giving 
off  of  carbonic  acid  gas  distends  the  stomach  and  bowels, 
and  presses  on  the  space  allotted  for  the  lungs  to  play  in, 
depriving  them  of  aerating  the  blood,  thereby  affecting  the 
healthy  action  of  the  brain  and  nervous  centres,  and 
producing  death  in  from  twelve  to  twenty  hours. 

Treatment.  Injections  of  warm  water  and  soap,  and  a 
handful  of  salt  to  clean  out  the  bowels,  so  that  the  gas  can 
get  free  passage.  Arrest  fermentation  by  dissolving  two 
ounces  of  the  sulphite  of  soda  in  a little  water,  and  giving 
it  at  one  dose,  the  dose  to  be  repeated  every  hour.  Mix 
eight  drachms  of  powdered  aloes  in  a little  warm  water, 
and  drench  the  horse  with  it  to  stimulate  digestion,  and 
open  the  bowels. 

(2.)  Grass  or  Sleepy  Staggers. — A chronic 
variety  of  stomach  staggers,  and  should  be  treated  as  the 
above  variety. 

(3.)  Mad  Staggers. — This  is  inflammation  of  the 
brain,  and  is  sometimes  called  Phrenitis. 

Symptoms.  Dullness  followed  by  excitement  and  mad- 
ness. The  sleepy  stage,  or  the  congestive  period,  passing 
off,  then  the  madness  is  seen.  The  horse  unconsciously 
throws  and  dashes  himself  about,  and  sometimes  endeavors 


STAKED, 


213 


to  climb  up  the  walk  At  times,  ropes  will  have  to  be 
used  to  keep  him  from  pulling  back,  and  becoming 
unmanageable,  thereby  destroying  harness,  carriages,  some- 
times other  horses,  and  even  the  stable  itself.  The  power 
of  a mad  horse  is  great,  and  a painful  sight  to  see.  Finally 
he  becomes  exhausted,  falls  and  dies. 

Treatment  The  horse  is  not  worth  saving,  and  rarely 
can  be  saved  ; for  nothing  can,  or  will,  give  relief  to  a mad 
horse,  but  bleeding,  and  this  to  so  great  an  extent  that 
life  does  not  rally,  and  the  horse  dies,  a dull,  stupid,  and 
immovable  mass,  unable  to  eat  or  drink.  The  brain  is 
pressed  with  fluid  and  lymph,  between  the  pia  mater  and 
the  arachnoid. 

Remove  a mad  horse,  as  soon  as  possible,  from  anything 
of  value,  or  that  can  be  broken  or  hurt.  Especially 
remove  him  from  other  horses,  so  that  he  may  not  injure 
them. 

Staked. — An  accident  to  some  portion  of  the  body,  but 
most  frequently  to  the  belly,  occasioned  by  leaping  fences, 
or  it  may  be  by  the  horn  of  an  ox,  cow,  or  bull. 

Treatment.  If  the  injury  be  at  the  belly, the  wound  having 
entered  it  to  some  depth,  ascertain,  with  the  finger,  whether 
any  portion  of  the  bowels  is  injured,  or  has  escaped 
through  the  opening.  If  so,  and  part  of  them  be  torn, 
sew  with  small,  fine  cat-gut,  (such  as  is  frequently  used 
by  fishermen  who  employ  artificial  flies  as  bait,)  and  pass 
the  bowel  or  intestine  into  its  proper  place,  closing  the 
wound  in  the  same  way  as  is  recommended  for  rupture  of 
the  belly,  (which  see.)  If  the  skin  is  only  wounded,  treat 
it  as  for  a simple  sore.  If  the  wound  is  in  a fleshy  part, 
and  the  skin  peeled  or  torn  from  the  flesh,  it  had  better  be 
clipped  off,  as  it  will  not  unite  again,  but  shrink  and  dry 


214 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


up;  hense,  it  is  neither  advisable  to  let  it  hang,  nor  to 
attempt  to  sew  it.  Trim  off  the  fragments  of  loose  skin, 
and  treat  the  wound  with  a weak  solution  of  blue  stone, 
chloride,  or  sulphate  of  zinc.  (See  Medicines  and  Pre- 
scriptions, and  Bleeding  Wounds.) 

Stings  from  Bees,  Hornets,  etc. — Not  unfrequently 
we  hear  of  horses  losing  their  lives  from  irritation  and 
fever,  originating  from  the  stings  of  these  insects. 

Treatment.  Take  acetic  acid  No.  8,  four  ounces ; pow- 
dered camphor,  one  ounce;  mix,  and  dissolve,  then  rub  a 
portion  of  the  mixture  into  the  parts  most  affected.  The 
poison,  swelling,  irritation,  etc.,  will  be  at  once  arrested. 
In  an  hour  afterwards,  anoint  the  parts  with  sweet  oil  or 
lard.  As  acetic  acid  may  not  be  at  hand  in  an  emergency 
like  this,  strong  table,  or  white  wine  vinegar  should  be 
used,  without  the  camphor.  Acetic  acid  of  French  manu- 
facture is  eight  times  stronger  than  ordinary  vinegar. 

Stifle-joint  Lameness. — In  the  article  on  Hock-joint 
I have  stated  that  this  form  or  situation  of  lameness  in 
the  horse,  is  not  so  common  as  horsemen  and  others 
suppose  it  to  be;  nevertheless,  no  part  or  function  can  be 
declared  exempt  from  accident  and  disease.  It  is  chiefly, 
however,  an  affection  of  young  colts  kept  on  uneven 
ground,  and  arises  from  the  wearing  away  of  the  toe  of 
the  foot,  thus  inducing  dislocation  of  the  stifle,  or  patella, 
which  slides  off  the  rounded  heads  of  the  bones,  at  every 
step  the  animal  takes. 

Treatment  Remove  the  horse  to  level  pasture,  and  have 
him  shod  with  a shoe,  having  a projecting  piece  of  iron 
attached  to  the  toe,  which  will  prevent  the  bones  from 
sliding  out  of  place,  and  knuckling  at  every  step. 

Stifle  Ulceration. — This  is  a disease  of  the  half-moon 


STRANGLES. 


215 


shaped  cartilages  of  the  joint,  and  is  a serious  disease,  as 
all  joint  affections  commonly  are. 

Symptoms . The  leg  is  held  firmly  somewhat  in  advance 
of  the  other,  and  is  thrown  outwards  at  every  step.  The 
joint  is  enlarged,  and  the  capsular  ligament  very  much 
distended,  especially  when  the  animal's  weight  is  thrown 
upon  it,  by  holding  up  the  sound  leg. 

Treatment . Not  satisfactory ; as  ulceration  is  generally 
progressive  in  its  character,  and  frequently  destroys  the 
heads  of  the  bones.  But  the  ointment  of  the  red  iodide  of 
mercury  may  be  tried. 

Bin-iodide  of  mercury,  one  drachm ; hog’s  lard,  one 
ounce;  mix,  and  apply  by  rubbing  with  the  hand,  once  a 
week,  for  a month.  Lard  or  oil  the  parts  daily,  between 
each  application. 

Stomach  Diseases. — (See  Gastritis  Mucosa,  Staggers, 
Colic  and  Enteritis.) 

Stone  in  the  Bladder. — Are  those  concretions 
named  calculi , formed  in  the  bladder  from  a diseased 
condition  of  the  urine. 

Symptoms . Pain,  an  occasional  stoppage  in  the  stream  of 
the  urine  before  all  is  passed,  and  a straddling  gait.  . 

Treatment . Is  the  province  of  surgery. 

Strains. — (See  Sprains.) 

Strangles. — This  is  an  eruptive  fever,  characterized 
by  swelling  in  and  between  the  bones  of  the  lower  jaw, 
terminating  in  an  abscess. 

Cause . A specific  poison  in  the  blood,  which  few,  if  any 
horses  that  live  ten  years  ever  escape.  It  especially 
attacks  young  horses,  but  is  often  seen  in  those  of  in- 
creased years.  Sometimes,  the  enlargement  or  abscess  of 


216 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


the  strangles,  is  seen  on  the  side  of  the  face,  and  even  on 
other  portions  of  the  body. 

Treatment  Give  the  horse  grass,  or  soft  feed,  and  little 
or  no  medicine.  The  appetite  will  return  when  the  abscess 
is  opened,  or  breaks  of  itself.  This  is  the  great  secret  in 
the  treatment  of  strangles.  Do  not  poultice  the  swelling, 
as  it  will  only  thicken  the  skin.  If  anything  is  to  be 
done  to  hasten  the  abscess,  rub  in  a little  of  the  ointment 
of  Spanish  fly.  (See  Medicines  and  Prescriptions.) 

Stranguary. — This  is  a name  given  to  the  urine, 
when  mixed  with  blood,  and  when  pain  is  present  while 
the  horse  is  urinating. 

Cause . Irritation  of  the  bladder  or  kidneys,  or  both, 
from  the  use  of  the  Spanish  fly,  either  in  the  form  of  a 
blister,  being  too  extensive,  or  too  near  the  loins  and 
kidneys ; also,  from  the  fly  being  given  in  an  improper 
manner,  or  in  too  large  doses. 

Symptoms.  Frequent  desire  to  pass  urine,  which  when 
passed,  is  in  small  quantities,  and  bloody.  Pain,  irritation, 
and  fever  are  present.  . * 

Treatment  To  remove  the  pain,  give  twenty  drops  of 
the  tincture  of  aconite  root  every  three  hours,  together 
with  plenty  of  cold  water  to  drink;  also  flaxseed  tea,  to 
horn  or  drench  down  the  throat  of  the  horse,  and  sheath 
the  parts  from  irritating  substances.  Take  equal  parts  of 
good  mustard  and  flour,  mix  with  warm  water,  make  into 
a soft  paste,  and  lay  over  the  region  of  the  kidneys,  or 
small  of  the  back,  occasionally  moistening  it  with  warm 
water,  and  covering  it  with  a dry  cotton  or  linen  cloth. 

Strangulation. — This  is  a term  applied  to  a part 
which  is  tightened,  contracted,  or  closed.  Strangulation 
and  stricture  are  terms  implying  different  degrees  of  the 


STRING  HALT. 


217 


same  phenomena.  Thus  we  speak  of  strangulation  of  the 
bowels  from  rupture,  and  of  the  glottis  or  head  of  the 
wind-pipe,  when,  from  some  cause  or  other,  it  is  closed. 
Death  of  the  horse  is  the  result,  if  no  opening  be  made 
lower  down  in  the  wind-pipe,  to  admit  atmospheric  air. 
Stricture  is  that  condition  of  the  wind-pipe  or  glottis 
which  when  contracted  or  pressed  upon  by  enlargement  of 
the  glands  of  the  neck,  or  thickening  of  itsown  membranes, 
diminishes  the  space  or  width  of  its  calibre,  giving  rise  to 
thick  wind  and  increased  breathing  and  cough. 

Stringhalt. — This  is  an  affection  of  the  hind  leg,  and 
is  known  from  the  peculiar  way  in  which  the  hind  leg  or 
legs  are  raised  from  the  ground — a quick,  spasmodic  jerk. 

Causes . These  are  two-fold.  First.  The  loss  of  nervous 
influence,  whereby  the  extensor  pedis  muscle — and  possibly 
some  others — is  deprived  of  its  proper  power.  Second. 
The  peculiar  anatomical  articulation  and  general  structure 
of  the  hock-joint  of  the  horse  are  such  that  when  the  leg 
of  a dead  horse  is  stripped  of  its  muscles  the  ligaments 
are  not  disturbed  at  all ; and  if  the  legs  above  and  below 
the  hock  be  caught  hold  of  by  the  hands,  and  the  leg 
straightened  out,  the  moment  the  hands  are  taken  from  it, 
it  will  spring  into  a bent  position,  thereby  imitating  string- 
halt,  as  near  as  can  be.  Thus  the  balance  of  power  is  not 
equal ; the  articulary  ligaments  of  the  hock  are  stronger 
than  the  muscles  of  the  thigh.  Hence,  the  moment  the 
horse  lifts  his  foot  from  the  ground,  the  leg  is  snatched  up 
by  the  power  of  the  articulating  ligaments. 

Treatment.  Restore  the  lost  nervous  influence;  thereby 
the  muscles  of  the  thigh  are  to  be  brought  into  healthy 
action.  This  will  best  be  done  by  good  feeding,  and  one 
grain  of  strychnia  nux  vomica  given  daily,  for  six  weeks, 
in  the  horse’s  feed. 


218 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE, 


Stumbling. — Veterinary  writers  are  nearly  all  silent 
on  this  subject,  while  those  who  say  anything  about  it  call 
it  a habit.  In  this  we  cannot  coincide  with  them,  but 
regard  it  as  a nervous  affection — a nervous  debility  result- 
ing in  atony  of  the  flexor  muscle,  of  the  shoulder.  A 
stumbler  is  unsafe,  either  for  riding  purposes,  or  for  use  in 
single  harness  when  attached  to  a two-wheeled  vehicle. 
Can  such  an  animal  be  classed  as  sound f We  think  not! 

Sunstroke— Coup  de  Soleil. — This  disease  of  late 
years  has  become  of  such  frequent  occurrence  that,  although 
not  mentioned  by  previous  veterinary  writers,  it  demands 
a notice  from  us.  The  chief  symptoms  are  exhaustion  and 
stupidity,  the  animal  usually  falling  to  the  ground  and 
being  unable  to  go  further. 

To  prevent  it,  allow  the  horse  at  short  intervals  a few 
mouthfuls  of  water,  and  fasten  a wet  sponge  over  the  fore- 
head. The  sun-shades  now  used  by  extensive  owners  of 
horses,  will  go  very  far  in  lessening  the  occurrence  of  this 
affection. 

The  following  treatment , when  attended  to  at  once,  in  the 
majority  of  cases,  will  prove  effectual : 

First.  Remove  the  horse  from  the  harness  to  a cool, 
shady  place.  Second.  Give  two  ounces  of  sulphuric  ether ; 
twenty  drops  of  the  tincture  of  aconite  root,  and  a bottle  of 
ale  or  porter  as  a drench  to  sustain  the  vital  powers,  and 
to  act  as  a powerful  stimulant  in  equalizing  the  circulation 
throughout  the  body  ; whilst.  Thirdly.  Chopped  ice  should 
be  placed  in  a coarse  towel,  cloth  or  bag,  and  laid  between 
the  ears  and  over  the  forehead,  secured  in  any  way  the 
ingenuity  of  the  person  in  charge  may  suggest.  If  the 
legs  be  cold,  bandages  will  be  of  advantage.  Do  not  put 
the  horse  to  work  again  until  he  is  completely  restored. 
Dumbness  is  the  usual  result  of  sun-stroke — a species  of 


SWEENIE. 


219 


coma — for  which  there  is  no  cure.  Horses  so  affected  are 
of  little  use  in  warm  weather,  but  are  useful  in  winter. 

Suppuration. — This  signifies  the  secretion  of  pus,  and 
is  one  of  the  terminations  of  inflammation. 

Symptoms.  Whenever  suppuration  is  going  on  to  any 
extent  in  or  on  the  body  of  the  horse,  a shivering  fit, 
similar  to  a chill,  will  or  may  be  seen,  followed  in  a day  or 
so,  either  by  the  discharge  of  a yellow  pus  from  the  nose, 
or  the  formation  of  an  abscess  on  some  portion  of  the  body. 
Suspect  suppuration  when  rigors  and  shivering  occur, 
especially  after  accidents  of  whatever  kind. 

Treatment.  First.  Support  the  strength  of  the  horse  by 
good  feeding,  whereby  the  process  will  soon  be  over,  and 
without  any  complication  with  it.  Second.  Do  not  physic 
or  bleed,  for  those  measures  would  prevent  the  process  of 
suppuration  from  going  on  in  its  original  place,  and, 
perhaps,  drive  it  to  another.  (See  Metastasis.) 

Surfeit. — (See  Skin  Diseases.) 

Swelled  Legs. — (See  Grease,  Sprains,  Debility,  and 
Dropsy.) 

Swellings. — These  are  of  different  kinds — the  hard, 
inflammatory  swelling  caused  by  injury,  suppuration,  and 
diseased  bone;  the  soft  and  fluctuating  swelling,  which  is 
generally  circumscribed,  and  seen  in  diseases  of  the  joints, 
as  blood  spavin,  etc.,  and  contain  joint  oil ; the  dropsical, 
or  soft  and  non-inflammatory  swelling  of  many  and  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  body,  at  one  and  the  same  time.  Each 
must  be  treated  according  to  the  cause  of  the  swelling. 
(See  Farcy.) 

Sweenie. — This  word  or  name  is  so  deeply  buried  in 
obscurity  that  researches  in  every  quarter  have  failed  to 


220 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


discover  its  origin,  or  secure  to  it  a satisfactory  resurrection. 
It  applies,  however,  when  used  by  horsemen,  to  a falling 
away  or  shrinkage  of  the  muscles  of  the  shoulder,  and 
indicates  not  so  much  a lameness  in  the  shoulder  as  it  does 
a disease  elsewhere — in  the  foot  or  leg,  as  corns  and  disease 
of  the  pastern  joint.  Atrophy  should  be  substituted  for 
sweenie,  as  it  is  generally  sympathetic,  and,  moreover, 
means  that  the  body  or  a part  is  diminishing  in  bulk. 

Treatment  Remove  the  cause  of  atrophy  or  sweenie, 
and  the  effects  will  pass  away. 

Sympathy. — That  condition  which  is  developed  in  one 
part  of  the  system  or  body  of  an  animal,  although  not  of 
itself  a disease  but  is  the  result  of  disease  or  accident 
happening  to  some  other,  or  remote  portion  of  the  body. 
This  sympathy  is  communicated  through  and  by  the 
nervous  system.  A nail  in  the  foot,  or  a broken  bone,  is 
immediately  followed  by  sympathetic  fever,  and  general 
disturbance  of  the  whole  system.  Herein  lies  the  great 
difference  between  animal  and  vegetable  life.  A branch  of 
a bush  or  a tree  can  be  lopped  off  without  any  disturbance 
to  the  life  or  health  of  the  main  trunk.  No  such  immu- 
nity exists  in  the  animal  creation. 

Snyovia. — A clear,  colorless  and  viscid  fluid,  secreted 
by  the  lining  membrane  of  the  joints,  for  the  purpose  of 
preventing  friction,  and  allowing  an  easy  motion  of  the 
heads  of  the  bones  over  one  another.  Synovia  sometimes 
changes  in  quality,  becomes  thinner,  and  gives  rise  to 
swellings  of  the  joints.  (See  Blood  and  Bog  Spavin.) 

Synchronous. — This  name  is  applied  to  the  action  or 
beat  of  the  heart,  when  it  is  in  time  with  the  beat  or 
pulsation  of  an  artery. 


THOROUGHPIN. 


221 


Systole, — The  movement  or  contraction  of  the  heart, 
as  the  systolic  murmur. 

Tabanidae. — A species  of  fly  which  are  a great  annoy- 
ance to  horses. 

Tabes. — Wasting  of  the  muscles  of  the  body.  (See 
Mesenterica.) 

Talpse  . — A wart-like  tumor,  easily  removed  with  a 
sharp  pair  of  scissors. 

Teeth. — (See  Mouth  Diseases.) 


TOOTH  FORCEPS. 


Tetanus. — (See  Locked-jaw.) 

Tetter. — (See  Skin  Diseases.) 

Thick  Wind.— (S  ee  Heaves  and  Broken  Wind.) 

Thick  Leg. — (See  Grease  and  Farcy.) 

Thiselo. — (S  ee  Fistula.) 

Thoroilghpin. — An  affection  of  the  hock-joint,  accom- 
panying bog  and  blood  spavin,  characterized  by  soft, 
fluctuating  swellings,  containing  fluid  or  joint  oil  in 
increased  quantity,  and  an  altered  quality. 


222 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HOUSE. 


Treatment.  The  same  as  for  bog  or  blood  spavin, 
(which  see.) 

Thread  Worms. — (See  "Worms. ) 

Throat  Diseases. — (See  Bronchitis,  Cold,  and  Ca- 
tarrh.) 

Thrush.— (S  ee  Foot  Diseases.) 

Thrombus.— (S  ee  Jugular  Vein.) 

Thumps. — This  is  a spasm  of  the  diaphragm,  or  the 
curtain  which  hangs  down  and  separates  the  cavity  of  the 
abdomen,  or  the  belly  from  the  chest. 

Cause.  Over-driving  and  oppression,  paralyzing  the 
accessory  nerve,  and  hence  the  flapping  of  the  diaphragm. 

Treatment.  Place  the  horse  in  a cool,  airy  place,  and 
allow  him  plenty  of  cold  water,  and  if  the  noise,  after  an 
hour  or  so,  does  not  subside,  give  two  bottles  of  ale  or 
porter  as  a drench. 

Tongue,  Laceration  of  the. — (See  Mouth  Diseases.) 

Tonics. — (See  Medicines  and  Prescriptions.) 

Toxicology. — The  science  of  poisons,  and  their  anti 
dotes. 

Tracheotomy. — An  operation  to 
open  the  windpipe,  in  cases  of  closing 
of  that  tube  by  tumor,  or  thickening 
of  its  membrane.  It  is  an  operation 
rarely  required,  and  moreover,  not  to 
be  attempted  by  a non-professional 
person  not  acquainted  with  the  art  and 
science  of  surgery.  Therefore,  we  will 
tracheotomy  tube,  forego  a description  of  it. 


TREPANNING. 


223 


Transfusion. — This  is  the  act  or  operation  of  trans- 
ferring the  blood  of  one  living  animal  into  the  vascular 
system  of  another  by  means  of  a tube.  Mr.  James  Farrel, 
of  Dublin,  Ireland,  was  the  first  veterinarian,  to  my 
knowledge,  who  employed  transfusion  to  any  extent,  and 
to  excellent  advantage.  In  cases  of  debility  from  blood 
letting,  he  has  done  wonders  with  it,  and  has  conclusively 
proved  to  his  countrymen  the  danger  of  bleeding  horses  to 
cure  or  prevent  diseases.  For,  in  such  cases  as  had  not 
been  bled,  he  had  no  trouble ; but,  in  those  which  had  been 
bled  before  he  was  called  to  them,  every  one  died.  Hence 
he  resorted  to  transfusion,  in  order  to  save  others  that  had 
been  treated  by  bleeding.  The  effect  of  transfusion  is 
almost  instantaneous. 

Tread. — (See  Foot  Diseases.) 


TREPANNING  INSTRUMENTS. 


Trepanning. — This  is  an  operation  for  opening  into 
the  bones  of  the  head  or  face  to  elevate  or  raise  a portion 
of  bone  which  from  accident  has  been  depressed  or  frac- 
tured. The  instrument  used  for  this  purpose  is  called  a 
Trephine. 

It  is  designed  to  cut  out  a circular  portion  of  the  bone,  so 
that  a smooth  piece  of  iron  is  inserted  in  the  hole,  and 


224 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


TREPHINE. 


used  as  a lever  to  raise  the  depressed  portion  to  its  proper 
level. 

Trismus,— (See  Locked-jaw.) 

Tubercles. — (See  Glanders.) 

Tumors. — Tumors  may  he  defined  as  circumscribed 
swellings  of  different  sizes,  without  inflammation,  and  dif- 
fering from  one  another,  according  to  their  situation  and 
their  nature. 

(1.)  Encysted  Tumors. — This  is  a variety  of  tumors 
often  seen  about  the  side  of  the  nose  of  the  horse.  It  is 
about  the  size  of  a pullet’s  egg,  soft,  and  elastic  to  the 
touch,  with  no  heat,  inflammation,  or  soreness  of  any  kind. 

Cause . Closing  of  the  sebaceous  openings  of  the  part. 
Hence  the  elevation,  swelling,  and  filling  up  of  that  portion 
of  the  skin  which  contains  the  sebaceous  or  suet-like  matter. 


OPERATING  KNIFE. 

Treatment . Open  the  part  with  a knife,  and  inject  fora 
few  times  into  the  inside  of  the  tumor  a teaspoonful  of 


TUMORS, 


225 


tincture  of  iodide,  to  kill  the  walls  of  the  cyst.  The 
surgeon  sometimes  cuts  these  tumors  out,  in  the  form  of  a 
soft  ball,  without  opening  them.  This  requires  a steady 
hand. 

(2.)  EncephalOiD.— This  term  means  a brain-like 
tumor,  so  named  from  its  structure  being  like  that  of  the 
brain.  It  is  one  of  the  kinds  of  cancer  which  sometimes 
attack  the  horse,  but  is  more  frequently  seen  in  the  dog 
and  ox. 

Cause . A specific  poison  in  the  blood,  not  as  yet  well 
understood. 

Symptoms . It  is  solid,  hard,  irregular  in  shape,  and 
knotty,  with  no  hair  upon  its  surface,  and  presenting  a 
smooth  and  shining  aspect.  These  tumors  grow  rapidly, 
and  finally  break  on  the  top,  presenting  an  angry  and 
malignant  sore  or  ulcer,  which  cannot  be  healed  without 
first  removing  the  entire  tumor,  with  a knife,  and  treating 
it  as  for  a simple  sore. 

(3.)  Fibroma. — This  is  a fibrous  or  warty-like  tumor, 
familiar  to  most  persons,  and  is  attached  chiefly  to  the 
skin  only.  It  is  troublesome  only  in  so  far  as  it  is  apt  to 
bleed,  thereby  keeping  up  a degree  of  irritation — especial- 
ly in  warm  weather,  because  of  the  sweat  and  the  flies. 

Treatment  Those  persons  who  have  not  sufficient  nerve 
to  cut  them  off  with  the  knife,  can  take  arsenic,  one 
drachm;  hog’s  lard,  four  drachms;  mix,  and  make  an 
ointment ; rubbing  in  and  around  the  tumor  once  a week, 
a small  portion  of  the  salve.  In  a short  time  it  will  fall  off.  j 

(4.)  Fatty  Tumor. — This  is  a variety  of  tumor,  of  fre- 
quent occurrence  in  horses,  and  is  composed  of  fat  as  its 
name  indicates.  It  is  sometimes  called  adipose  and  lipoma 
by  the  surgeons  of  continental  Europe. 

Symptoms . A round,  ovoid  shape,  with  a firm  feel,  but 
15 


226 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


not  hard  nor  elastic,  or  at  least  not  so  much  30  as  the 
encysted  form. 

Treatment  Take  a sharp  knife,  and  after  getting  a 
twitch  upon  the  horse’s  nose,  and  one  of  the  fore  legs  held 
up,  make  a straight  cut  over  the  centre  of  the  tumor  through 
the  skin  only.  Then  roll  out  the  ball  of  fat  with  the 
fingers;  the  knife  here  is  of  no  use.  The  simply  opening 
the  skin,  and  rolling  out  the  fatty  tumor,  is  called  occlu- 
sion, and  when  cleverly  done,  looks  well. 

(5.)  Cancerous. — (See  Melanosis.) 

(6.)  Mellanoid. — (See  Melanosis.) 

(7.)  Bony  Tumors. — A species  of  tumor  attacking  the 
bone,  and  is  called  osteosarcoma , (which  see.)  When 
attacking  the  head,  it  is  called  osteoporosis , (which  see.) 

(8.)  Varicose. — The  horse  is  not  often  the  subject  of 
varicose  tumor  of  the  veins,  simply  from  the  fact  that  no 
garters  or  other  ligatures  are  tied  around  the  legs,  inter- 
fering with  a free  circulation.  The  saphena  major , how- 
ever, is  the  only  vein  liable  to  varicose,  arising  from  bulg- 
ing of  the  hock -joint,  and  in  cases  of  bog  and  blood  spavin, 
and  thorough-pin,  (which  see.) 

Tympanitis. — This  term  means  drum-belly,  such  as 
occurs  in  case  of  flatulent  colic,  (which  see). 

Typhia— Typhinia— Typhus.— These  are  contin- 
ued fevers,  and  are  lit  up  and  fed  by  a specific  zymotic 
matter  in  the  system  which  is  generated  when  horses  are 
badly  fed  and  crowded  together  in  an  inadequate  supply 
of  air.  The  fevers  of  glanders,  farcy  and  pyemia  are  good 
examples.  The  seeds  of  the  disease  can  only  be  got  rid  of 
by  the  effectual  destruction  of  the  typhinia — its  existing 
ferment  or  leaven.  (See  Glanders.) 

Typhoid. — A low  form  of  disease,  accompanied  with 


TYPHOSUS. 


227 


fever.  Example,  Influenza,  or  catarrhal  fever.  (See 
Influenza,  and  Gastritis  Mucosa. 

Typhosus. — A species  of  fever  at  present,  perhaps,  not 
very  clearly  defined,  and  consequent  upon  changes  that 
have  taken  place  in  the  blood  of  horses — a blood  disease 
resulting  in  nervous  prostration.  It  is  comparatively  a 
new  disease,  and  is,  in  different  parts  of  the  country,  called 
and  known  by  various  names,  according  to  the  chief  sym- 
tom  there  observed.  It  is  known  in  New  York  as 
wrebro  spinal-meningitis  by  those  who  have  seen  the 
disease,  because  it  is  thought  to  be  like  when  a man  is 
affected  in  the  meninges — or  membranes  which  envelop 
the  brain  and  the  spinal  marrow— producing  choking  dis- 
temper, putrid  fever , paralysis  of  the  par-vagum,  or  pneu- 
mogastric  nerve,  on  account  of  the  chief  symptom  being 
the  inability  of  the  horse  to  at  least  voluntarily  swallow. 

The  Symptoms  of  this  affection  in  the  horse  are  at  first  or 
in  the  early  stage  very  latent  or  hidden.  The  chief  of 
them  is  in  the  quiding  of  the  food,  as  the  holding  it  in  the 
mouth  and  refusing  to  swallow  ; also,  by  placing  a bucket 
of  water  or  other  fluid  within  reach  of  a horse  so  affected, 
when  he  will  place  his  mouth  into  and  agitate  it,  going 
through  the. process  of  deglutition  or  swallowing  without 
consuming.  This  has  been  the  great  symptom  with  those 
on  the  Delaware  River,  at  Wilmington,  Odessa,  Smyrna, 
Bombay  Hook,  and  also  at  Cold  Spring  Harbor,  Long 
Island,  New  York,  in  the  year  1867,  when  and  where  my 
advice  and  services  were  required.  The  inability  to 
swallow  continues  for  some  days,  when,  from  loss  of 
sustenance  and  change  in  the  circulating  fluid,  the  horse 
lies  or  falls  down  exhausted.  It  should  be  observed  that 
while  the  horses  on  Long  Island,  and  on  the  Delaware 


228 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


flat  lands  could  not  voluntarily  swallow,  they 
were  enabled  to  do  so  when  drenched  out  of  a 
bottle,  with  their  heads  elevated.  This  peculiar- 
ity, however,  may  be  ascribed  to  gravitation 
having  its  own  way,  and  to  relaxation  of  the 
paralyzed  muscles  of  deglutition,  which,  though 
offering  no  assistance,  interpose  nothing.  Those 
cases  that  seem  to  live  but  a few  days,  as  is  related 
by  some  persons,  die  because  the  symptoms  are 
not  observed  until  weakness  and  consequent 
inability  to  stand  force  themselves  to  recognition. 
There  are  other  symptoms  that  we  might  men- 
tion, but  they  are  alike  common  to  all  diseases  of 
an  asthenic  or  low  or  depressed  type.  It  is  a dis- 
ease wherein  the  vis  vitee  is  extremely  low,  and 
it  is.  consequently  very  fatal — trine  not  being 
allowed  in  many  instances  for  the  treatment  to 
supply,  through  it  and  the  vis  h Tergo,  the  ele- 
ments of  nutrition. 

Treatment  In  a disease  of  this  kind,  where 
nervous  force  is  almost  gone,  we  suggest  the 
diffusible  and  more  fixed  stimulants,  with  car- 
minatives and  tonics — which  are  embraced  in 
the  following  formula,  to  be  given,  mixed  in  a 
bottle  of  cold  water,  five  times  in  the  twenty-four 
hours:  Powdered  carbonate  of  ammonia,  three 
drachms;  powdered  capsicum,  two  drachms; 
powdered  pimenta  berries,  four  drachms;  tinc- 
ture of  nux  vomica,  twenty  drops;  mix. 
Drench  the  horse  with  cold  water  several  times 
daily,  adding  sixty  drops  of  commercial  sul- 
phuric acid  to  assist  in  sustaining  the  flagging 


ULCERS. 


229 


powers  of  life.  Corn  meal  may  also  be  given  in  the  same 
way,  and  for  a like  purpose. 

By  way  of  experiment,  galvanism  or  electricity  may  be 
employed  over  a blistered  surface  made  along  the  pneu- 
mogastric  nerve  on  each  side  of  the  neck.  Injections 
endermically — under  the  skin — with  strychnine  may  result 
in  gaining  time  for  other  measures  to  become  effectual  as  a 
cure. 

The  cause  of  this  disease  in  horses  does  not  differ,  we 
think,  materially  from  those  that  give  rise  to  like  diseases 
in  men  ; for  on  the  shore  opposite  to  Long  Island  in  1867, 
and  at  the  very  time  horses  were  affected  with  the  disease, 
over  400  deaths  were  recorded  in  the  human  family  from 
an  affection  similar  to  paralysis. 

The  prevention  of  this  disease,  like  many  others  that 
affect  domestic  animals,  is  more  easily  accomplished  than 
the  cure.  Use  dry  stables ; also  good  feed,  in  which  a 
drachm  or  two  of  the  sulphate  of  iron,  or  five  grains  of 
arsenic  should  be  mixed,  and  given  once  daily,  when  such 
diseases  are  in  the  vicinage,  for  eight  or  ten  days  at  a time. 

Ulcers. — I do  not  intend  to  speak  of  internal  ulcers,  as 
of  the  brain,  chest  or  belly — they  being  beyond  the  skill 
of  the  most  learned,  much  less  the  non-professional  reader 
— but  will  confine  myself  to  external  ulcers,  as  of  the  skin 
and  flesh. 

(1.)  Healthy  Ulcers. — These  are  generally  the  result 
of  an  accident,  or  incision  with  a knife,  or  other  instrument. 
Every  sore  which  does  not  heal  by  what  is  called  the  first 
intention,  but  suppurates,  is  called  a healthy  ulcer. 

Treatment  Most  healthy  ulcers  will  heal  of  themselves: 
at  most  all  that  is  required  to  be  done,  especially  in  warm 
weather,  is  to  keep  the  granulations  (which  see,)  from 


230 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


growing  too  fast,  and  above  the  level  of  the  skin ; and  for 
this  purpose  apply  a solution  of  blue  stone,  or  chloride  of 
zinc  as  follows:  Chloride  of  zinc,  four  grains;  rain  water, 
one  ounce  ; mix.  Or,  powdered  blue  stone,  two  drachms; 
rain  water,  eight  ounces ; mix.  One  of  these  mixtures 
may  be  applied  once  a day,  just  sufficient  to  moisten  the 
sore,  and  keep  proud  flesh  down.  The  simple  ointment 
of  the  drug  stores  is  a good  healing  salve,  and  should 
always  be  in  the  house  and  at  hand. 

In  neglected  sores,  and  when  proud  flesh  has  grown  up 
above  the  level  of  the  skin  of  the  healthy  part,  take  a stick 
of  caustic  potassa,  and  hold  one  end  with  a piece  of  cloth, 
or  stick  one  end  in  a goose  quill,  and  touch  the  sore  with 
the  other  end  of  the  caustic  a few  times,  till  the  proud  flesh 
turns  black.  Repeat  at  another  time,  if  necessary.  Keep 
the  caustic  in  a tightly-corked  bottle,  or  else  it  will  be 
dissolved  into  fluid  when  next  wanted. 

Sewing  the  lips  of  wounds  and  sores  together  is  not  now 
much  practiced, as  the  stitches  are  apt  to  rot,  and  the  parts 
swell,  in  consequence  of  which  the  sewing  gives  way, 
thereby  aggravating  the  sore. 

Adhesive  plaster  is  also  not  advisable,  as,  when  it  is  put 
on  over  the  sore,  ^it  prevents  the  proper  fluids  thereof 
from  being  discharged,  and  the  moisture  serves  to  loosen 
the  plaster. 

(2.)  Indolent  Ulcers. — This  variety  of  ulcer  or  sore 
usually  attacks  the  skin  of  the  legs  and  heels  of  horses, 
(see  Phagadena,  Grease,  and  Farcy,)  eating  down  into  or 
below  the  surrounding  surface.  It  is  covered  with  a 
whitish-gray  matter,  and,  in  some  few  cases,  small  red 
spots  are  seen  looking  through  the  white  covering.  These 
are  granulations,  and  are  possibly  unhealthy  ones.  (See 
Frost  Bites.) 


VENTILATION. 


m 


Causes . A bad  habit  of  the  body  and  olood ; poor 
feeding,  and  debility. 

Treatment  Apply  powdered  blue  stone  to  the  ulcer,  to 
eat  off  the  unhealthy  surface.  Then  apply  a poultice  for 
the  night,  made  of  any  soft,  moist  material — say  boiled 
turnips,  carrots,  or  bran  and  flaxseed  meal,  made  with  a 
little  warm  water.  The  face  of  the  poultice  should  be 
covered  with  powdered  charcoal  or  brewer’s  yeast.  Con- 
tinue the  .treatment  with  an  occasional  poultice,  and  the 
solution  of  blue  stone. 

Feed  the  horse  well,  and  give  half-ounce  doses  of  the 
sulphite  of  soda,  once  a day,  to  purify  and  enrich  the  blood. 

(3.)  Irritable  Ulcer. — Example  : Sores  on  the  pas- 
tern-joint: irritated  by  the  flies,  heat  and  sweat  of  summer. 

Symptoms,  Cannot  be  touched  without  they  bleed; 
angry-looking,  and  very  sore;  highly  inflamed,  and  ex- 
tremely vascular. 

Treatment  Difficult  to  cure  during  warm  weather,  but 
easily  healed  in  moderate  weather,  when  there  are  few  or 
no  flies.  t 

Dress  the  sore  with  oil  of  olives,  one  ounce;  creosote* 
half  an  ounce;  oil  of  turpentine,  half  an  ounce;  mix, 
and  apply  to  the  sore  with  a piece  of  soft  cloth,  once  a day. 
Do  not  let  any  of  the  mixture  run  down  on  the  hair, 
which  will,  if  so  treated,  fall  off. 

Urinary  Calculi. — (See  Stone  in  the  Bladder.) 

Urine,  Bloody. — (See  Hematuria.) 

Varicose. — The  enlarged  vein  on  the  hock-joint,  caused 
by  bog  and  blood  spavin.  (See  Spavins  and  Tumors.) 

Venesection. — Bleeding  by  opening  a vein. 

Ventilation.— Few  persons  are  aVare  of  the  vast 


232 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


importance  of  pure,  fresh  air,  in  the  maintenance  of  health, 
and  the  prevention  of  disease,  in  both  man  and  beast 
However  necessary  pure  air  is  in  health,  it  is  still  more 
so  to  an  animal  when  sick  from  fever  and  disease;  and  in- 
deed there  are  diseases  in  which  no  treatment  can  or  will 
be  successful,  no  matter  how  skilfully  directed,  without 
pure,  fresh  air  and  cold  water  to  drink.  Show  me  a badly 
ventilated  stable  or  barn,  and  I will  show  you  in  the 
spring  of  each  year  horses  fevered  and  diseased.  (See 
Disinfectants.)  Coughs,  colds,  lung  fever,  influenza, 
grease,  scratches,  farcy  and  glanders,  are  the  results  of  bad 
ventilation. 

Who  has  not  heard  with  horror  of  the  Black  Hole  at 
Calcutta,  in  which  one  hundred  and  forty-six  men  were 
confined  for  a few  hours  without  ventilation,  and  only 
twenty-three  survived  the  short  confinement.  Horses  con- 
fined only  for  a few  hours  without  ventilation,  as  was  the 
case  in  two  military  expeditions  sent  out  by  England — 
one  to  Quiberon , and  the  other  to  Varna — in  which  the 
hatches  of  the  ships  were  put  down,  and  only  for  a short 
time,  but  sufficiently  long  to  produce  glanders  in  almost 
every  horse.  Hence,  it  will  be  perceived  that,  without 
good  ventilation,  a high  standard  of  general  health -cannot 
be  maintained  very  long. 

Veterinary  Biography, — The  increased  facilities  for 
receiving  and  transmitting  intelligence  in  all  parts  of  the 
world,  make  it  desirable  in  a book,  designed,  as  this  is,  for 
the  non-professional  reader,  that  something  should  be  said 
of  the  persons,  whose  opinions  have  some  weight,  con- 
cerning the  cause,  treatment  and  prevention  of  diseases  of 
stock,  throughout  the  world.  The  history  of  veterinary 
medicine,  has  a claim  to  greater  antiquity  even  than  that 
of  domestic  medicine,  which  few  will  deny ; or  else  why 


VETERINARY  BIOGRAPHY. 


233 


should  Vegetius  have  uttered  these  words: — “ Ars  veteri- 
navi  post  medicinum  Secunda  est”  and  write  a book  in 
VIII  volumes,  entitled  “ De  arte  Veterinarian  And 
further,  we  are  assured  through  the  writings  of  Homer, 
1000  years  before  Christ,  that  this  science  had  an  existence 
in  his  day ; and  this  is  also  corroborated  by  Herodotus  500 
years  later.  Simon,  the  Athenian  Farrier,  was  practicing 
the  art  as  it  then  existed,  fully  300  years  before  Galen, 
and  about  500  years  before  Celsus,  the  Roman  physician, 
had  yet  lived.  It  was  by  order  of  the  Greek  Emperor, 
Constantius,  of  the  seventh  century,  that  the  various  writ- 
ings upon  the  subject  were  collected,  and  arranged  under 
the  title,  Hyppocratika,  and  were  translated  from  the 
original  Greek  into  Latin,  by  Dr.  Ruelle,  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  fourteenth  century,  by  order  of  Francis  the  First, 
King  of  France.  Ramazzini,  of  Italy,  Sauvage,  of  France, 
and  Camper,  of  Germany,  form  the  connecting  link  between 
ancient  and  more  modern  times — or  to  the  advent  of 
Charles  Vial  de  Sain  Bell,  the  founder  of  the  first  veteri- 
nary college  in  England,  in  the  year  1792.  Sain  Bell 
was  a man  of  ability,  a good  reasoner,  clever,  and  very 
brilliant.  He  died  before  much  progress  had  been  made 
in  establishing  the  college.  He  was  succeeded  by  a dashing 
young  medical  student  named  Coleman,  a favorite  of  Sir 
Astley  Cooper,  the  great  surgeon ; but  it  is  by  no  means 
clear  that  he  was  regarded,  by  the  celebrated  John  Hunter, 
as  filling  the  chair  of  so  illustrious  a predecessor  in  a satis- 
factory manner.  However,  he  was  the  means  by  which 
veterinary  science  made  considerable  progress.  The  grave, 
some  years  ago,  closed  over  his  mortal  remains;  but  his 
writings  are  much  thought  of,  and  quoted  by  some, 
although  many  other  writings,  more  modern,  are  in  the 
hands  of  the  public. 


234 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


Where  there  was  but  one  great  teacher,  there  are  now 
many,  and  able.  Among  them  is  Wm.  Youatt,  who  is 
known  wherever  the  English  language  is  spoken.  He  is  a 
clear  and  indefatigable  writer,  and  a great  and  constant 
advocate  of  bleeding  and  blistering,  in  nearly  every  disease. 
Many  publishers  and  others  have  tried  to  elevate  his  works 
to  the  new  idea  of  a rational  and  successful  system ; yet, 
withal,  much  inconvenience  and  loss,  to  the  agriculturist, 
has  resulted  from  consulting  his  works,  in  cases  of  sickness 
and  disease.  He  was  a bold  and  daring  man.  Many 
times  he  allowed  himself  to  be  bitten  by  mad  dogs,  and, 
strange  to  say,  never  suffered  from  canine  rabies. 

James  Beart  Simmonds,  who  is  still  living,  is  known  in 
this  country  by  his  report,  to  the  British  Parliament,  on 
the  rinderpest.  He  is  professor  of  cattle  pathology  to  the 
Royal  Veterinary  College,  and  a man  of  ability. 

Charles  Spooner,  principal  of  the  college  known  to  the 
readers  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society’s  Journal,  is  also 
prominent.  The  Scotch  are  well  represented  by  Professors 
Dick,  Dun,  and  Gamgee.  Mr.  Dick  is  the  founder  of  the 
present  Edinburgh  College,  and  veterinarian  to  the  High- 
land and  Agricultural  Society.  Mr.  Dun  is  sound,  and 
learned,  and  has  carried  off  more  prizes  on  veterinary 
agricultural  subjects,  than  any  other  man.  The  Irish 
agricultural  interests  are  protected  by  Messrs.  Ferguson, 
and  Farrel.  Edward  Mayhew  is  an  invalid,  and  has 
confined  himself  to  book-making.  He  has  shown  the 
world  well,  how  a man  may  write  books,  when  he  knows 
nothing  of  the  subject  he  is  writing  about.  In  his  works, 
the  book-making  tact  is  seen  to  advantage,  and  they  bear 
many  evidences  of  cleverness. 

France  is  well  and  creditably  represented  by  Reynal 
and  Boulay;  and  Germany,  by  Herring.  The  United 


VETERINARY  SURGEONS* 


23ft 


States  has  made  great  progress  in  veterinary  science,  within 
a few  years,  and  especially  in  regard  to  the  treatment  of 
disease.  The  various  State  agricultural  societies,  and  farm 
schools,  are  doing  much  in  the  way  of  advancing  the  cause 
of  a rational  system  of  animal  medication,  throughout  the 
land.  The  Philadelphia  Society  for  the  Promotion  of 
Agriculture,  the  oldest  society  of  the  kind  in  the  country, 
has  long  been  a powerful  patron  of  veterinary  science. 

The  Pennsylvania  Farm  School  orders  a course  of 
lectures  to  be  delivered  before  the  class,  each  session.  The 
New  York  State  Agricultural  Society  *s  efforts  are  gigantic, 
practical,  and  in  the  right  direction.  The  secretary,  B.  P. 
Johnson,  Esq.,  is  well  known  throughout  the  country,  as 
devoting  his  life  to  the  cause  and  advancement  of  agricul- 
ture, in  all  its  auxiliary  branches.  Massachusetts  has 
spoken  no  less  ably  through  Mr.  Flint,  her  secretary. 
Ohio,  and  other  States  of  the  Union,  might  be  named  in 
this  connection,  but  space  will  not  permit. 

Veterinary  Colleges. — These  do  not  seem  to  flourish 
in  this  country  j many  have  been  started,  but  most  of 
them  have  been  closed  for  want  of  patronage.  Prof. 
McClure,  in  his  earlier  years,  conducted  very  successfully 
in  Philadelphia,  the  “Merchants*  Veterinary  College;** 
but  the  leading  veterinary  school  in  America  at  the  pres- 
ent day  is  the  Veterinary  Department  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  under  charge  of  Dr.  R.  S.  Huide- 
koper. 

Veterinary  Surgeons— Veterinarians. —Terms  in 
use  or  applied  to  persons  whose  calling  is  to  cure  diseases 
among  domestic  animals.  Veterinary  surgeons  are  not 
unlike  domestic  physicians — many  of  whom  are  mere 
apologies  in  their  profession.  This  is  not  so  because  of 


236 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


inferior  education  to  those  who  have  risen  to  distinction 
as  successful  and  skilful  in  practice,  but  chiefly  from  a want 
of  natural  adaptability  to  the  profession  they  have  chosen, 
mistakably  for  themselves,  and  a source  of  disappoint* 
ment  to  their  patrons. 

Thus  Mr.  Greaves,  of  the  London  College  of  Veter- 
inary Surgeons,  and  one  of  the  most  expert  and 
successful  members  of  his  profession  to  be  found  in 
any  country,  says  in  the  Veterinarian , (periodical,)  that 
among  the  certified  pupils  leaving  college,  many 
cannot  even  tell  which  leg  a horse  is  lame  in.  Again, 
he  says  that  on  account  of  this,  and  the  want  of  confi- 
dence of  the  public  in  them,  the  practical  man,  though 
ignorant,  is  preferred  to  the  practitioners  who  write 
M.  R.  C.  V.  S.  L.  after  their  names.  To  insure  a 
uniform  standard  of  efficiency  in  veterinarians,  it  is 
now  customary  to  make  a preliminary  examination  of 
each  person  before  admission  to  studentship.  This 
examination  is  not  in  the  abstract  sciences,  but  in  those 
matters,  the  possession  of  which,  when  put  together, 
form  common  sense,  or  a good  judgment  of  things  and 
phenomena.  It  is  for’  the  want  of  such  merit  in  the 
purely  scientific,  that  little  or  no  room  is  left  for  practical 
matters  and  their  application. 

The  science  of  Gamgee  did  not  discover  the  cause  of 
Texan  Fever  ; w hereas,  we  think  if  he  had  but  stooped 
to  look  at  common  and  unhidden  things,  the  apparent  mys- 
tery would  ere  this  time  have  been  cleared  up.  We  would 
not,  however,  under-rate  science ; for  when  it  is  associated 
.with  good  judgment,  it  is  the  key  to  success  in  veterinary 
medicine  and  surgery.  We  desire  to  add,  in  this  connec- 
tion, the  lamentable  fact  that  in  cities  and  large  towns,  and 
indeed  all  over  the  country,  persons  will  be  found  whocall 


WENS. 


23? 


themselves  veterinary  surgeons,  and  practice  as  such  without 
qualification — having  neither  legal,  moral,  nor  educational 
attainments. 

Vives. — A term  given  to  bastard,  or  an  irregular 
variety  of  strangles.  (See  Strangles.) 

Warts. — (See  Tumors.) 

Warranty. — A form  of  certificate  given  on  the  purchase 
or  pavtnent  for  a horse.  There  is  nothing  mysterious,  nor 
yet  of  much  importance,  as  to  the  form  of  a warranty. 
The  best  forms  amount  to  nothing  in  the  eyes  of  the  law. 
Horses  are  like  other  merchandise.  If  not  as  represented, 
damages  or  difference  in  value  can  be  obtained  by  a process 
of  law,  providing  the  seller  can  be  found,  and  has  property 
which  can  be  levied  upon.  *Tis  true,  in  such  a case,  an 
action  in  tort  may  be  brought  whereby  if  payment  is  not 
made,  he  can  be  sent  to  prison  for  awhile,  or  till  he  can 
claim  the  benefit  of  the  insolvent  act.  * 

Few  persons  will  bring  an  action  at  court  for  swindling, 
or  getting  money  under  false  pretences,  by  horse  dealing, 
for  it  will  be  difficult  to  maintain  such  an  action,  and  get 
a verdict  upon  it.  (See  Soundness.) 

Warbles. — (See  Skin  Diseases.) 

Water  Farcy.— (S  ee  Dropsy  and  Farcy.) 

Weeping  Eye. — As  its  name  indicates,  this  is  a flow 
of  tears  from  the  eye  down  the  side  of  the  face,  instead 
of  through  their  proper  channel. 

Cause.  Obstruction  in  the  lachrymal  sac,  or  nasal  duct, 
from  a disease  called  fistula  laehrymalis . 

Treatment  This  is  the  province  of  the  surgeon  and 
anatomist. 

Wens. — The  common  name  for  external  tumors. 


238 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


Wheezing. — This  is  a sound  given  from  a horse  having 
enlarged  glands,  or  thickening  of  the  membrane  of  the 
wind-pipe,  or  the  glands  pressing  upon  the  head  decreasing 
its  calibre.  Whistling  is  caused  by  the  same  alteration  of 
structure  in  the  wind-pipe. 

Whirl-Bone,  a Sprain  of  the. — (See  Sprains  and 
Hock.) 

Wind  Galls  . — Are  soft  but  elastic  swellings  or  enlarge- 
ments. They  are  non-inflammatory  in  character,  and  are 
produced  by  the  same  cause,  governed  by  the  same  laws, 
and  present  the  same  phenomena  as  bog,  blood  spavin,  and. 
other  enlarged  or  distended  bursa  of  joints,  which  are  all 
produced  by,  and  are  evidences  of  hard  work.  No  treat- 
ment for  them  will  be  satisfactory,  as  they  will  return, 
again,  even  if  they  have  been  removed. 

Wind-Sucking.— (See  Crib-Biter.) 

Worms. — The  worms  which  inhabit  the  body  of  the 
horse  are  of  many  varieties.  Some  of  them  are  harmless, 
while  others  interfere  with  his  health.  They  are,  1st.  The 
bot  or  oestrus  equi , found  inhabiting  the  stomach.  2d. 
The  oestrus  Hcemorrhoidalis  or  Fundament  bot,  found  in 
the  rectum,  and  often  seen  about  the  anus,  and  under  the 
tail.  3d.  The  strongylus , and  Filaria , found  in  the  aorta, 
and  other  blood  vessels.  4th.  The  ascarides  vermicularisr 
found  in  small  cells  within  the  mucous  covering  of  the 
coecum,  or  blind  gut.  5th.  Filaria , found  in  the  aqueous 
humor  of  the  eye. 

(1.)  Stomach  Bot. — These  worms  are  the  result  of 
turning  horses  out  to  pasture  in  the  summer  months,  and 
are  produced  from  the  eggs  laid  or  glued  to  the  fore  legs 
of  the  horse,  by  the  bot  fly. 

Symptoms.  An  unthrifty  coat,  and  loss  of  flesh,  after  a 


WORMS. 


239 


run  at  grass,  may  be  taken  as  an  indication  that  bots  are 
present  within  the  stomach. 

Treatment . Improve  the  condition  of  the  horse,  so  that 
the  debilitating  effects  of  the  bots’  presence  may  not  inter- 
fere with  the  general  health  and  condition  of  the  horse ; 
for  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  no  medicinecan,  or  will, 
dislodge  or  destroy  these  parasites  short  of  killing  the 
horse,  also.  Once  the  eggs  are  in  the  stomach,  which 
seems  to  be  the  natural  nursery  both  for  their  protection, 
and  the  propagation  of  their  species,  they  cannot  be  re- 
moved by  force.  In  one  year  from  the  time  the  eggs  are 
taken  into  the  stomach,  will  the  bot  be  a perfect  chrysalis, 
and  will  fall  from  the  coats  of  the  stomach,  and  be  expelled 
with  the  excreta  or  dung.  In  a short  time  after,  it  will  be 
provided  with  wings , and  fly  about,  commencing  the  prop- 
agation of  its  species,  which  must  pass  through  the  same 
period  of  probation  or  incubation,  as  its  progenitors. 
Give  iron  and  gentian,  in  addition  to  good  feeding,  to 
prevent  the  bots  from  debilitating  the  animal  too  much. 
Take  powdered  sulphate  of  iron  and  gentian  root,  each 
three  drachms ; mix,  and  make  one  dose,  to  be  repeated 
twice  a week. 

(2.)  Fundament  Bot. — Like  that  of  the  stomach,  but 
also  the  result  of  a run  to  the  grass.  Instead  of  the  eggs 
being  deposited  upon  the  legs,  they  are  stuck  to  the  muzzle 
or  lips  of  the  horse,  and  are  the  color  of  the  skin,  hence 
not  often  seen. 

Symptoms . The  following  year,  during  the  summer 
months,  the  larva  of  this  species  will  be  seen  sticking 
about  the  anus,  and  under  the  tail,  which  in  spirited  horse* 
proves  a source  of  great  uneasiness  and  irritation. 

Treatment.  Injections  of  linseed  oil,  or  tobacco  smoke. 


240 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


(3.)  Strongylus.— This  variety,  and  a species  of 
Filaria,  are  sometimes  found  in  the  blood  vessels,  and  are 
similar  in  the  effects  produced  in  the  horse  to  those  seen 
in  sheep  affected  with  rot. 

Cause . Feeding  on  wet  and  marshy  land,  and  pasture 
having  been  flooded  with  water.  Who  has  not  heard  of 
the  effects  produced  from  this  cause,  in  animals  grazed 
upon  the  course  of  the  river  Nile,  in  Egypt,  after  each 
inundation  ? 

Treatment . Support  the  strength  by  good,  generous  feed- 
ing, and  give  iron,  and  gentian,  each  two  to  three  drachms, 
once  a day,  removing  the  animal  to  high  and  dry  pasture. 
(4.)  Ascarides. 

Cause . A bad  habit  of  body,  called  cachexia  and  chlo- 
rosis. 

Treatment . Give  iron,  gentian  and  arsenious  acid,  in 
the  following  manner:  Powdered  sulphate  of  iron,  two 
drachms  ; gentian  root,  two  drachms ; arsenic,  five  grains  , 
mix,  and  give  in  one  dose  in  mixed,  cut  or  soft  feed,  twice 
or  three  times  a week. 

Wounds. — They  are  divided  into  simple,  incised,  con- 
tused, lacerated,  punctured  and  poisoned.  Wounds  are 


DIRECTOR  AND  PROBES  USED  IN  THE  CURE  OF  WOUNDS  AND  SORES. 

more  or  less  dangerous,  when  entering  the  chest  and  belly; 
as  are  also  poisoned  wounds,  or  those  from  the  bite  of  a 
mad  dog.  (See  Bites.) 


WOURALI. 


241 


Wounds  following  by  bleeding,  will  be  found  treated  of 
under  the  article  on  Bleeding,  (which  see.) 


CURVED  AND  PROBE  POINTED  SCISSORS  FOR  DRESSING  THB 
CAVITIES  OF  WOUNDS. 


Contused , lacerated  and  punctured  wounds  are  generally 
followed  by  suppuration,  (which  see,)  which  should  be 
encouraged  by  warm  poultices  applied  to  the  parts,  and 
should  be  kept  freely  open  to  allow  the  pus  free  escape. 
Wounds  entering  the  belly  or  chest,  should  be  treated  by 
placing  a pad  over  the  part  to  exclude  the  air,  followed  by 
the  application  used  in  simple  wounds.  Keep  down  pain 
by  giving  twenty  drops  of  the  tincture  of  aconite  root, 
three  times  a day,  for  two  days  only.  Poisoned  wounds 
will  be  found  treated  of  under  the  article  on  Bite  of  Mad 
Dog,  (which  see.) 

Wourali. — A name  given  to  a poison,  which  is  prepared 
by  the  Macousi  Indians,  of  South  America,  and  used  by 
them  on  the  points  of  their  arrows.  This  poison  has  been 
advocated  by  some  in  the  treatment  of  locked -jaw,  in  the 
horse,  but  in  my  experience  nothing  favorable  can  be  said 
of  it  as  a cure  for  this  terrible  disease.  The  power  of  this 
poison  is  so  great,  that  in  four  minutes  after  an  ox,  of  one 
thousand  pounds  weight,  was  pierced  in  each  thigh  by  an 
arrow  poisoned  with-it,  the  poison  took  effect,  and  in  a few 
minutes  more  his  head  and  legs  ceased  to  move.  In 
16 


242 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


twenty  minutes  from  the  time  he  was  wounded,  the  ox  was 
dead,  having  apparently  died  without  pain. 

Yellows. — Discoloration  of  parts  of  the  skin  from  liver 

disease.  (See  Liver.) 

Yellow  Water. — (See  Liver  Diseases.) 

Zoology. — That  part  of  natural  history  which  jreats 
of  the  structure,  habits,  classification,  and  habitations  of  all 
animals,  from  man  to  the  lowest  of  all  the  tribes. 


Zumins. — Are  Ferments. 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


This  part  of  our  work  is 
devoted  to  the  explanation 
and  treatment  of  the  various 
diseases  affecting  the  ox,  to* 
gether  with  an  account  of  the 
diseases  incident  to  milch 
cows  and  young  calves. 

Cattle  diseases  are,  in  many 
particulars,  similar  to  those 
of  the  horse.  Thus  inflam- 
mation, irritation  and  fever, 
are  common  to  all  animals.  Still,  however,  there  are 
many  diseases  affecting  catttle,  in  which  we  fail  to  find  a 
counterpart  in  any  disease  attacking  horses.  Among  such 
diseases  we  may  mention  those  of  contagious  typhus,  or 
rinderpest;  epizootic  aphtha,  or  the  murrain;  splenic 
apoplexy  and  quarter  evil , or  the  black  leg. 

The  manner  or  mode  of  treating  disease  in  the  ox  differs 
no  more  from  that  employed  in  the  case  of  the  horse,  than 
one  disease  differs  from  another.  For  if  must  be  remem- 
bered by  every  person  who  undertakes  to  give  medicine  to 
an  ox  or  a cow,  that  they  have  four  stomachs — 1,  the 
rumen , or  paunch  ; 2,  the  reticulum  ; 3,  the  manyplus  ; 4, 
the  abomasum . For  this  reason,  or,  as  it  were,  peculiarity, 
cows  or  oxen  should,  under  every  condition,  be  treated 

~ 243 


244 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


with  medicine  in  a fluid  form  only , so  that  it  may  pass 
from  one  stomach  to  another  without  injury,  and  in  the 
shortest  possible  time.  By  giving  medicine  in  the  form  of 
a solid — as  is  sometimes  given  to  the  horse — in  place  of  its 
finding  the  way  into  any  of  the  stomachs,  it  is  more  likely 
to  break  through  the  floor  of  the  cesophagean  canal , (a 
platform  at  the  bottom  of  the  gullet,)  thus  not  only  losing 
the  medicine,  but  at  the  same  time  destroying  the  animal. 

In  cases  of  abscess,  tumors,  sores  or  ulcers,  etc.,  in  cattle, 
and  where  the  description  and  treatment  is  not  full  enough, 
or  not  given  at  all,  the  reader  is  requested  to  turn  to  the 
Diseases  of  the  Horse,  in  the  preceding  part  of  this  work, 
where  he  will  find  ample  information  upon  these  subjects. 

(1.)  Abortion. — An  effection  peculiar  to  cows,  and 
chiefly  attacking  those  that  are  kept  in  the  neighborhood 
of  cities  and  large  towns,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  cheese 
factories.  It  is  rarely  seen  to  any  extent  in  the  herds  of 
the  breeder  and  agriculturist.  It  consists  in  the  cow 
parting  with  her  calf  at  any  time  between  the  first  month 
of  conception  and  the  last  month  of  gestation. 

Premonitory  Symptoms . By  these  the  event  is  at  times 
clearly  foreshadowed.  They  are  extremely  deceptive  and 
uncertain,  however,  and  differ  materially  with  the  cause  of 
the  trouble.  In  those  cases  which  resemble  an  epizootic 
(epidemic)  disease  in  their  course, a short, inaudible,  involun- 
tary cough  is  observed,  while,  by  auscultation  of  the  neck,, 
a slightly  roughened  sound  will  be  heard  in  the  bronchia, 
accompanied  by  weakness  of  the  body.  Indeed,  the 
symptoms  of  this  occurrence,  when  not  of  sporadic  origin, 
are  weakness  and  debility.  This  debility  and  weakness, 
to  most  persons,  will  prove  deceptive,  because  the  blood  is, 
or  has  gone  under  a morphological  change ; and  then,  and 


ABORTION. 


245 


then  only,  do  the  calf  attachments  to  the  womb  or  uterus 
of  the  mother  separate.  The  cow  brightens  up,  and  feels 
as  it  were  a life  denova,  though  carrying  her  dead  offspring 
— which  she  will  continue  to  do  till  the  fresh  stimulus 
given  by  the  blood  that  formerly  gave  life  to  the  calf 
enables  her  system  to  contract  the  womb,  and  thereby  ex- 
pel the  foreign  body. 

Causes . 'These  should  not  have  remained  so  long  a mys- 
tery, when  we  consider  how  difficult  and  unreasonable  it  is 
for  us  to  expect  the  cow  to  thrive  and  do  well  when  placed 
in  an  anomalous  condition — one  totally  foreign  to  her  spe- 
cies— a “factory  hand,”  as  much  so  as  the  veriest  operative 
in  the  mills  of  Lowell  and  Lawrence.  The  true  causes, 
to  be  brief,  are — 1.  Feeding  upon  slop  or  other  milk- 
secreting  materials.  2.  Insufficient  feed  of  whatever  de- 
scription. 3.  The  attempted  reproduction  of  the  species, 
whilst  at  the  same  time  a drain  is  being  made  upon  the 
system  by  an  excessive  and  unnatural  demand  for  milk. 
4.  Irritation  of  the  white  membranes  of  the  wind-pipe, 
changing  and  weakening  the  blood.  5.  Exudative  pleuro- 
pneumonia, or  other  debilitating  disease.  Any  of  the 
above  named  causes,  singly  or  combined,  when  acting 
upon  an  animal  placed  at  so  great  a disadvantage,  as  we 
have  shown,  will  necessarily  result  in  outraged  nature 
chosing  her  great  prerogative  between  life  and  death  and 
the  perfect  propagation  of  her  progeny. 

Prevention.  This  can  readily  be  done,  as  every  intelli- 
gent reader  will  conclude  after  reviewing  the  causes.  It 
consists  in : 

1.  Feeding  substantial  feed,  and  enough  of  it,  but  not 
excessively  sloppy  or  wet — for  in  this  way,  the  bowels  are 
kept  too  loose,  relaxing  the  solids  of  the  body,  and  thereby 
inducing  over-secretion  of  milk  at  the  expense  of  good 
health. 


246 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


2.  Though  the  cow  be  unprofitable,  allow  some  feed, 
gradually  increasing  it  in  quality,  and,  if  necessary,  in 
quantity,  as  she  approaches  the  time  of  calving.  By  this 
means  the  extra  demands  of  nature  in  the  increasing  size 
and  wants  of  the  calf  will  be  supplied  without  at  all  affect- 
ing the  health  or  strength  of  the  mother — thus  insuring 
a natural  parturition. 

3.  Dry  up  the  milk  in  all  cows  that  do  not,  in  the 
natural  order  of  things,  stop  secreting  milk,  say  three 
months  preceding  their  time  of  calving,  by  giving  sulphate 
of  iron,  three  drachms,  in  powder,  combined  with  gentian 
root ; also,  in  powder,  half  an  ounce,  once  daily,  mixed  in 
feed,  for  a week  to  ten  days.  No  milking  should  be  done, 
other  than  to  prevent  injury  to  the  udder  if  it  becomes 
distended. 

4.  If  there  is  a cough  peculiar  to  more  than  one  or  two 
cows,  allow  plenty  of  good  food,  with  two  drachms  of  the 
sulphate  of  iron,  and  half  an  ounce  each  of  ginger  and 
gentian,  twice  daily,  to  keep  the  blood  in  its  normal  state, 
to  prevent  relaxation  of  the  solids  of  the  body  terminating 
in  exudation,  and  to  promote  absorption. 

When  any  of  the  cows  have  been  sick  of  pleuro-pneu- 
monia  or  other  disease,  cure  them  and  keep  up  the  strength 
by  tonics  and  a generous  diet,  always  bearing  in  mind  that 
it  is  poor  policy  and  worse  economy  to  starve  animals, 
especially  when  suffering  from  disease.  Thus  we  have 
mapped  out  a plan,  which,  if  faithfully  followed  and  putin 
practice,  will  accomplish  what  it  is  intended  to  do;  and  if, 
in  the  opinions  of  others,  I am  in  any  way  mistaken,  I can 
only  say,  as  did  Luther  at  the  diet  of  Worms,  “ hier  stehe 
ivh,  ich  Jcann  nicht  cinders” 

(2.)  Abortion,  Sporadic. — This  variety  is  the  result 
of  accident  and  disease  of  the  womb  itself,  and  is  not  to  be 


ABORTION. 


247 


confounded  with  abortion  arising  from  causes  named  in 
the  preceding  article. 

(3.)  Abortion  Before  Viability. — A variety  of 
abortion  occurring  within  a few  weeks  of  pregnancy, 
caused  by  irritation  and  excitement  of  the  uterus.  To  pre- 
vent a recurrence  of  the  annoyance,  change  the  pastures  or 
feed  of  the  cows  before  putting  the  bull  among  thetu. 

Remarks . It  will  no  doubt  be  remarked  that  the  views 
herein  expressed  seem  to  differ  with  opinions  already 
given,  to  some  extent,  to  the  public.  They  are  neverthe- 
less the  same  in  substance  that  we  have  heretofore  enter- 
tained, and  they  have  given  satisfaction  to  all  who  have 
faithfully  put  them  to  test.  In  my  own  hands,  hundreds 
of  cows  in  Pennsylvania,  in  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia, 
have  not  only  been  prevented  from  aborting  their  calves, 
but  prevented  from  pleuro-pneumonia,  also,  when  both 
were  in  the  herd  at  the  same  time,  and  immediately 
preceding  the  use  of  iron,  etc.  So  much  does  this  accom- 
plish, that  Mr.  Horace  B.  Taylor,  a druggist  in  this  city, 
sells  it  in  quantity  according  to  the  receipt  as  heretofore 
published  by  me,  and  at  the  instance  of  Sylvester  J.  Me- 
gargee,  Esq.,  a breeder  of  fine  cattle,  who  has  found  it  all 
that  can  be  desired  as  a prophylactic  in  abortion. 

In  this  connection,  we  would  refer  the  reader  to  a 
lecture  by  the  Hon.  W.  I.  Skinner,  of  Little  !Falls,  N.  Y., 
in  the  course  of  which  was  shown  the  loss  of  nine  calves 
by  abortion,  whereas  in  the  use  of  iron,  etc.,  the  trouble 
was  at  once  arrested.  To  those  who  at  any  time  may  have 
found  no  relief  from  its  use,  if  there  be  any  such,  we  can 
only  say  that  the  fact  must  be  attributable  to  misapplica- 
tion, adulteration,  bad  material,  or,  peradventure,  some 
other  cause.  We  would  ask  such  persons  u do  they  not 
find  it  as  profitable  to  draw  milk  year  in  and  year  out 


248 


DISEASES  OP  CATTLE* 


from  the  machine  without  interruption — which  can  be 
occasionally  done  by  the  cow  aborting — as  from  cows 
carrying  their  calves  to  full  time,  and  the  consequent  loss 
of  three  months’  milk,  (although  an  occasional  cow  remain 
dry  as  the  result  of  abortion,)  when  butter,  cheese  and 
milk  command  so  high  a price ?” 

The  efforts  of  others  to  solve  the  apparent  mystery  sur- 
rounding the  cause  of  abortion  have  been  considerable,  and 
the  results  have  been  invariably  somewhat  contradictory, 
negative,  non-committal,  or  of  questionable  utility.  Thus 
the  New  York  State  Agricultural  Society,  through  its  then 
president,  J.  S.  Gould,  presented  a memorial  to  the  Legis- 
lature of  the  State,  setting  forth  the  evil  results  recurring 
to  the  dairy  interests  of  the  State,  and  asking  for  an  ap- 
propriation to  defray  the  expenses  of  a commission  to  in- 
vestigate the  cause,  and  point  out  a remedy;  also,  assuring 
the  Legislature  that  if  the  prayer  was  granted,  certain 
veterinary  surgeons  and  medical  men  in  Philadelphia , etc., 
were  likely  to  throw  light  upon  the  cause,  and  recommend 
a cure.  Thus,  at  the  very  beginning  of  his  efforts,  Mr. 
Gould  perpetrates  a blunder  ; for  no  veterinary  surgeon  or 
medical  man  from  Philadelphia  was  employed  on  the  com- 
mission. The  choice  of  Mr.  Gould  was  J.  C.  Dalton, 
M.  D.,  of  New  York,  whose  report  of  investigations  and 
their  results  disappointed  many  persons  who  had  enter- 
tained high  expectations  from  it;  for  it  proved  to  be  nega- 
tive, and  of  little  use  to  the  dairy  interest.  The  Society 
evidently  was  not  satisfied  with  Dalton’s  report,  for  next 
year  a new  commission  was  formed,  with  W.  H.  Carmalt, 
of  New  York,  at  its  head,  but  with  no  veterinary  surgeon 
attached  to  it.  His  report  was  rendered  in  due  time, 
and  though  non-committal  in  character,  it  contained  valu- 
able information  to  all  interested  in  the  dairy.  Amongst 


ANEMIA. 


249 


the  contradictions  of  the  two  reports,  we  will  only  mention 
that  Dr.  Dalton  says  a cow  having  once  aborted  is  four 
times  more  likely  to  do  so  subsequently,  and  Dr.  Carmalt 
says  that  she  is  about  twice  as  liable.  Have  they  been 
guessing,  or  is  this  discrepancy  merely  the  result  of 
idiosyncrasy  ? 

The  experiments  of  X.  A.  Willard,  Esq., — a leader  in 
•all  that  pertains  to  excellency  in  dairy  management — in 
feeding  his  cows  “ bone  meal,”  are  in  the  right  direction, 
but  do  not  go  far  enough,  although  apparently  successful 
in  preventing  the  recurrence  of  abortion.  By  substituting 
for  bone  meal  that  which  contains  more  of  the  nutritious 
-combined  with  the  astringent  in  effect  would  be  prefer- 
able; but  as  we  have  already  intimated,  it  goes  a certain 
way  in  meeting  one  or  more  of  the  causes  of  the  trouble. 

Abomasum. — The  fourth  or  true  stomach  of  the  ox, 
and  of  the  sheep  also. 

Angle  Berries. — Warty-like  excrescences,  which  differ 
from  the  ordinary  wart  by  having  a stem  or  neck  to  them. 

Treatment  Cut  them  off  with  a knife  or  pair  of  scissors. 

Anemia. — This  term  is  applied  to  a weak  condition  of 
eows,  sometimes  called  want  of  blood , and  is  more  common 
than  most  persons  are  aware  of.  Cows  are  not  selfish  ; the 
more  they  get  in  feed,  the  more  they  will  generally  give 
in  the  form  of  milk  and  butter. 

Symptoms . Whiteness  and  clearness  of  the  lining  mem- 
branes of  the  nose,  mouth,  and  eyes,  are  sure  indications 
of  a want  of  blood  in  the  system.  When  this  condition 
occurs  as  an  effect  of  disease  as,  for  instance,  that  of  pleuro- 
pneumonia, the  animal  will  become  hectic9  and  die  in  a 
month  or  so  from  the  first  attack. 

Treatment.  Give  the  following  powders,  night  and  morn- 


250 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


ing,  in  cat  feed : Powdered  gentian  root,  three  drachms;, 
powdered  ginger  root,  three  drachms;  mix,  and  make  one 
dose.  If  these  powders  improve  the  animal  in  a week  or 
so,  give  two  drachms  of  the  sulphate  of  iron  in  addition 
thereto.  The  iron,  however,  may  dry  up  the  milk  con- 
siderably. The  case  then  resolves  itself  into  whether  it 
would  be  better  to  have  a dead  cow  or  a dry  one.  Good 
and  generous  feeding  is  indicated  in  this  disease. 

Apoplexy. — (See  Splenic  Apoplexy.) 

♦ 

Aphtha  Or  Thrush, — This  is  an  eruption  in  the 
mouth  similar  to  small  bladders,  and  is  often  mistaken  for 
a contagious  disease  called  Epizootic  Aphtha. 

Cause . Irritation  in  the  mouth  of  young  cattle  from 
teething. 

Treatment.  If  treatment  be  at  all  necessary,  a weak 
mixture  of  vinegar  and  cold  water  will  answer;  or  a solu- 
tion of  alum  or  alum  water  applied  to  the  mouth  twice  a 
day,  will  be  all  that  is  wanted. 

Biliary  Calculi  or  Gallstones.— These  are  of  several 
colors. 

(1.)  White  Gallstones. 

(2.)  Yellow  Brown  Gallstones. 

(3.)  Dark  Green  Gallstones. — All  of  which  are 
hard,  grooved,  and  have  the  odor  of  musk.  During  the 
life  of  the  animal  no  symptoms  are  observed  whereby 
their  presence  can  be  detected.  This,  however,  is  of  little 
or  no  consequence,  as  no  treatment  is  necessary,  and  they 
scarcely  ever  cause  the  ox  any  inconvenience. 

Black  Quarter. — Joint  Felon — Quarter  Evil.  This  is 
a disease  peculiar  to  young  cattle,  and  occurs  in  the  spring 
of  the  year.  It  is  characterized  by  one  hind  leg  and  thigh 


BLADDER. 


251 


feecoming  congested,  and  black  with  coagulated  blood.  The 
other  portions  of  the  body  retain  their  normal  or  healthy 
appearance.  It  is  sudden  in  its  attack,  and  death  follows 
in  a few  hours. 

Causes.  A robust  stamina  or  plethoric  condition,  and 
fulness  of  blood. 

Treatment  No  time  for  cure. 

Prevention.  This  is  the  most  important  particular  to  be 
attended  to.  On  the  first  appearance  of  this  disease,  give 
each  young  animal  less  than  two  years,  and  those  above 
one  year  of  age,  a good  brisk  purge  to  clean  out  the 
bowels.  For  this  purpose,  use  half  a pound  of  epsom 
salts  in  two  bottles  of  water,  sweetened  with  molasses,  and 
add  a teaspoonful  of  ginger.  Put  the  young  stock  on  high 
land,  and  where  the  grass  is  not  too  good. 

Black  Tongue, — (See  Glossanthrax.) 

Black  Water. — (See  Red  Water.) 

Bladder  Diseases. — The  ox  is  not  free  from  disease 
of  this  organ.  Bladder  diseases  in  cattle  generally  are  the 
result  of  irritant  matters  in  the  urine,  and  of  calculi  or 
stone  in  the  bladder. 

Symptoms.  The  animal  is  restless,  having  pain  and 
irritation,  and  constantly  endeavoring  to  make  urine,  but 
only  a few  drops  passing  at  a time.  The  eyes  are  invari- 
ably blood-shot.  Should  the  animal  not  be  relieved,  it 
will  die  from  weakness,  exhaustion,  constant  excitement 
and  irritation. 

Treatment.  Give  at  once  twenty-five  drops  of  the  tincture 
of  aconite  root,  to  relieve  irritation  and  pain.  Give  freely 
linseed  tea  and  other  demulcents,  to  soothe  the  kidneys 
and  bladder.  In  order  that  any  earthy  matter  which  may 
fee  present  in  the  uretusy  kidneys  or  bladder  may  he 


252 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


lessened  or  destroyed  altogether,  give  sixty  drops  of  muri-r 
atic  acid  once  or  twice  a day  in  cold  water.  This,  however* 
should  not  be  given  whilst  there  is  pain  or  irritation  present. 

Bladder,  Prolapsus  of  the. — Among  cows,  during 
and  after  difficult  calving,  there  will  be  sometimes  observed 
a white,  shining,  watery  bag  protruding  between  the  lips 
of  the  vulva.  This  is  the  bladder  holding  the  urine.  It 
is  twisted  at  its  neck,  and,  therefore,  cannot  be  emptied. 
Many  a good  cow  has  been  destroyed  by  ignorant  persons 
mistaking  this  for  some  of  the  watery  membranes  sur- 
rounding the  calf,  and,  therefore,  intentionally  tearing  it 
asunder. 

Treatment . Carefully  examine  the  distended  bag,  its 
shape,  and  size.  Having  determined  that  it  is  the  urinary 
bladder,  carefully  cleanse  it,  if  dirty,  and  pass  the  hand 
previously  oiled  along  its  surface,  ascertaining  which  way 
the  turn  or  twist  is  made.  Having  satisfactorily  known 
this,  take  the  bladder  by  the  other  hand  and  reverse  the 
turn  or  twist,  and  then  carefully  push  the  bladder  back 
into  its  place. 

Should  the  bladder  again  return,  a tampon — a roll  oi 
soft  cotton  cloth — should  be  used  to  plug  up  the  vulva  for 
an  hour  or  two.  If  this  should  not  be  sufficient,  a stick 
or  suture  of  stout  saddler’s  silk,  or  other  strong  material, 
should  be  passed  through  each  side  of  the  vulva  with  a 
small  packing  or  darning  needle,  and  be  allowed  to  remain 
for  a few  days. 

Diseases  of  the  uninary  bladder  are  many,  and  diverse  in 
their  character.  Having  pointed  out  the  most  common 
form  of  disease  of  this  organ,  I will  simply  mention  by 
name  others  not  so  often  seen,  or  at  all  events  observed: 
Distension, causingabdominal  pain  ; eversion  ; extroversion; 
inversion, causing  painful  urination;  inflammation;  paraly- 


BRITTANY  COW, 


253 


sis,  causing  difficult,  and  in  some  cases  entire  stoppage  of 
the  urinary  flow  and  rupture  of  the  bladder,  and  polypi  in 
the  bladder,  causing  frequent  urination,  and  the  urine 
small  in  quantity.  Milch  cows  are  chiefly  the  subjects  of 
these  last  varieties  of  diseases  of  the  bladder,  which  are  the 
real  causes  of  many  mysterious  deaths  amongst  them. 

Blood  Shot. — (See  Quarter  Evil.) 

Blood  Diseases. — (See  Quarter  Evil,  Red  Water,  etc.) 

Brain  Diseases. — Phrenitis.  An  inflammation  which 
is  the  same  as  mad  staggers  in  the  horse.  It  is  due  to 
overfeeding  in  long,  wet  grass  or  clover,  and  distention  of 
the  stomach.  In  rare  instances  it  is  caused  by  the  deposit 
of  wax-like  matter  within  the  ear  that  communicates 
with  the  brain. 

Symptoms . The  animal  is  dull  during  congestion.  This 
is  succeeded  by  quickened  breathing,  excitement  and  de- 
lirium, the  eyes  being  blood  shot.  It  is  the  picture  of 
disease  and  suffering,  and  if  not  soon  relieved,  falls  and 
remains  in  a state  of  stupor,  from  which  it  never  re- 
covers. 

Treatment  In  the  early  stages  of  this  disease,  much  can 
be  done  by  an  active  cathartic  or  purge,  composed  of  one 
pound  of  epsom  salts,  and  one  pound  of  table  salt,  dis- 
solved in  four  quarts  of  cold  water  and  sweetened  with 
molasses.  Apply  ice  or  ice  water  to  the  forehead,  warm 
water  bandages  to  the  legs,  and  tightly  clothe  the  body. 
Inflammation  of  the  brain  is  often  seen  in  the  fatal  form 
of  milk  fever  in  cows. 

Brittany  Cow. — A very  small  animal,  imported  from 
the  south  of  France,  and  from  Brittany  itself — which  is 
to  the  northwest  of  France,  and  separates  the  English 


254 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


Channel  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  M.  P.  Bellamy,  Vet- 
erinary Professor  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  at 
Rennes,  says,  La  Vache  Bretonne — Utile  au  Riche , Provi- 
dence du  Pauvre — “the  Brittany  cow — useful  to  the  rich, 
and  a blessing  to  the  poor.”  Some  few  of  these  useful 
little  cows  have  been  imported  into  this  country,  and,  if 
all  be  true  which  is  said  in  their  favor,  more  of  them 
ought  to  be  imported.  They  are  represented  to  be  hardy 
and  healthy;  they  can  be  kept  on  such  food  as  other  cows 
would  starve  upon,  and  they  can  stand  a greater  amount* 
of  hardship  than  any  other  variety. 

Bronchitis. — This  is  inflammation  of  the  wind-pipe, 
and  even  extending  to  the  lungs  themselves.  There  is 
every  variety  or  severity  seen  in  this  disease,  from  the 
simple  irritation  of  the  buccal  membrane  to  the  intense 
inflammation  terminating  in  the  outpouring  of  serum  from 
the  blood  into  the  cavity  of  the  chest,  resulting,  if  the  cow 
be  with  calf,  in  abortion,  and  often,  among  others,  in  the 
death  of  the  animal,  after  a long  and  lingering  hectic  feve r, 
Bronchitis,  and  throat  and  chest  diseases  in  cattle,  are 
insidious  and  deceptive,  for  the  ox  does  not,  even  under 
the  most  severe  forms  of  these,  exhibit  fever  and  irritation, 
loss  of  appetite,  etc.,  which  are  shown  at  once  when 
attacking  the  horse.  Not  until  the  disease  has  made  con- 
siderable progress,  does  the  ox  or  the  cow  show  symptoms 
of  disease;  so  much  is  this  the  case,  that  T have  on  several 
occasions  pointed  out  bronchial  and  chest  disease,  in  milch 
cows,  whilst  the  owners  failed  to  see  anything  wrong. 
Indeed,  this  is  the  great  difficulty  in  the  successful  treat- 
ment of  diseases  in  neat  cattle — not  getting  or  applying 
the  remedies  at  any  early  stage  of  the  affection.  A closer 
attention,  and  more  careful  observation  on  the  part  of 
farmers  and  others,  is  almost  imperatively  demanded,  and 


BRONCHITIS. 


255 


more  especially  should  this  be  the  case  with  dairy  people; 
for  when  anything  in  the  least  unusual  is  discovered,  such 
as  a very  slight  grating  sound  in  the  wind-pipe  when  the 
ear  is  steadily  applied,  the  cow  should  immediately  have 
some  iron,  or  tonic  powders,  and  all  will  be  well  in  a few 
days  again  ; whereas,  if  left  to  itself,  serum  is  exuded,  and 
debility,  weakness,  and  even  death  may  follow.  I would 
say  to  dairy  men,  study  the  sounds  in  the  wind-pipe,  both 
in  the  sick  and  well  animal,  and  you  will  not  only  perfect 
your  knowledge  in  this  particular,  but  I assure  you  it 
will  be  no  idle  study ; for  in  a short  time  you  will  not  only 
be  able  to  detect  these  insidious  diseases,  in  the  beginning, 
in  your  cows,\  but  can  apply  the  remedy  also,  thereby 
saving  yourself  from  inconvenience  and  loss,  which  some 
can  ill  afford.  In  this  way,  you  can  prove  to  your  neigh- 
bors, and  to  the  world  at  large,  that  cattle  diseases  are 
not  so  difficult  to  cure  after  all,  and  that  while  others  have 
so  long  sat  and  brooded  with  soured  and  sullen  minds  over 
their  losses,  and  the  ignorance  and  inefficiency  of  cow  doc- 
tors, you  have  obtained  a mastery  of  the  situation. 

Cause . Bronchitis  is  a disease  which  rarely  attacks  one 
animal  only,  but  usually  the  most  of  the  herd  will  have 
been  attacked  before  it  leaves  the  place,  and  then  it  will 
leave  when  there  are  no  more  victims  to  seize.  These 
epizootic  diseases  depend  upon  what  are  called  atmospheric 
causes.  Such  condition  usually  manifests  itself  in  the 
spring  of  the  year,  and  sometimes  early  in  the  summer,  i 
The  peculiarity  of  the  air  causes  irritation  of  the  fauces  of  I 
the  mouth,  throat  or  wind-pipe,  and,  as  before  stated,  I 
sometimes  extends  to  the  chest  and  lungs  themselves. 

Symptoms . In  a week  or  so  after  the  attack,  a slight 
husky  cough,  with  weeping  from  the  eyes,  and  a watery 
discharge  from  the  inner  corner  of  the  nose,  will  be  seen ; 


256 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


and  by  applying  the  ear  t#  the  course  of  the  wind-pipe,  a 
slight,  rough  and  grating  sound  will  be  heard.  This 
sound,  however,  can  be  heard  from  twelve  hours  after  the 
attack.  According  to  the  amount  of  serum  poured  out, 
and  whether  the  cow  be  in  calf,  and  how  far  she  is  gone  in 
calf,  so  will  the  quickness  and  depth  of  the  breathing  be* 
Bronchitis  is  the  forerunner  of  pleuro-pneumonia,  com- 
monly called  the  “ Massachusetts  Cattle  Disease.”  The 
spotted  and  solid  appearance  of  the  lungs  of  animals  hav- 
ing died  of  this  disease,  is  due  to  the  lungs  being  so  long 
immersed  in  the  serum  or  fluid,  which  is  poured  into  the 
chest.  Pathological  anatomists  are  well  aware,  that  if  the 
substance  of  the  lungs  had  been  the  original  seat  of  the 
disease,  the  animal  so  affected  would  either  have  died,  or 
have  recovered  in  about  forty -eight  hours;  whereas,  none 
scarcely  die  within  the  first  week  from  the  attack,  and 
many  live  a lingering  life  of  six  weeks  and  two  months. 
This  fact  cannot  be  reconciled  with  the  current  theory  of 
the  lungs  being  diseased  by  direct  attack.  No ! They 
are  solidified  either  from  their  functions  being  impaired  by 
being  immersed  in  and  surrounded  by  fluid  poured  out 
from  the  fibrous  serous  tissue,  or  from  the  effects  of  in- 
flammation of  the  linings  of  the  wind-pipe,  and,  perhaps, 
the  linings  of  the  chest,  singly  or  conjointly  with  that  of 
the  wind-pipe  also.  This,  I am  satisfied,  is  susceptible 
of  no  other  theory,  or  explanation  whatever;  and  the 
sooner  farmers  and  others  think  so,  too,  the  better  it  will 
be  for  them. 

Treatment  If  the  disease  be  discovered 'within  forty- 
eight  hours  from  the  attack,  take  from  four  to  five  doses 
of  the  tincture  of  aconite  root,  twenty-five  drops  to  a dose, 
and  give  one  dose  every  four  hours.  If  there  be  uncer- 
tainty as  to  whether  the  disease  has  existed  longer  or 


BULL  BURNT. 


257 


shorter,  to  save  time  the  aconite  may  be  given  along  with 
the  following  powders,  three  times  in  the  day : Powdered 
sulphate  of  iron,  three  drachms;  powdered  gentian  root, 
half  an  ounce;  powdered  ginger  root,  half  an  ounce; 
powdered  sulphite  of  soda,  half  an  ounce  ; mix  and  make 
a drench,  to  be  poured  down  the  mouth  out  of  a strong 
bottle.  This  medicine  is  to  be  continued  (omitting  the 
aconite  after  the  fifth  dose)  till  the  animal  is  well,  or  looks 
brighter,  and  eats  all  it  gets.  If  it  be  a milch  cow,  the 
usual  quantity  of  milk  will  be  given.  In  addition  to  the 
above  medicines,  give,  once  or  twice  daily,  half  an  ounce 
of  commercial  sulphuric  acid,  largely  diluted  or  mixed  in 
half  a bucket  of  cold  water.  In  feeding,  care  should  be 
taken  not  to  give  too  much,  so  as  to  bring  on  dangerous 
indigestion.  Cold  water  and  pure  air  are  indispensable 
agents  in  the  treatment  of  this  and  all  diseases  of  horses 
and  cattle. 

Bull  Burnt. — This  is  a disease  similar  to  gonorrhoea 
in  man.  Of  all  the  domestic  animals,  the  ox  tribe  are 
the  only  ones  which  are  subject  to  this  disease,  more  com- 
mon in  hot  than  in  cold  weather. 

Symptoms.  In  urinating  there  is  uneasiness,  and  the 
urine  is  passed  in  small  quantities;  slight  mucous  dis- 
charges from  the  organ  of  generation.  In  the  bull,  there 
is  at  times  no  desire  for  copulation,  even  when  it  is  desira- 
ble that  there  should  be.  This  often  leads  to  the 
discovery  of  the  cause. 

Treatment.  Separate  the  bull  from  the  cows,  and  dose 
the  affected  ones,  including  the  bull,  with  a purgative  of 
epsom  and  common  salts.  Give  one  pound  each,  mixed 
or  dissolved  in  four  quarts  of  cold  water,  sweetened  with 
molasses,  and  add  a little  ginger — say  a quarter  of  an 
ounce.  Be  assured  that  both  bull  and  cows  are  thoroughly 
17 


258 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


cured  before  the  bull  is  admitted  among  the  cows,  for  a 
second  attack  on  the  bull  will  render  him  useless. 

Cachexia. — This,  properly  speaking,  may  be  denomi- 
nated a bad  habit  of  the  body,  from  faulty  digestion  and 
assimilation  of  the  food  taken  into  the  stomach. 

Symptoms.  Morbid  or  diseased  appetite — the  animal  at 
every  chance  licking  the  earth,  stones,  lime  walls,  and 
other  substances,  which  cows  in  health  would  not  touch. 
This  disease,  like  many  others,  occasionally  takes  an 
epizootic  form,  and  attacks  animals  over  a large  tract  of 
country.  More  particularly,  the  animal’s  coat  stares,  fol- 
lowed by  a mucous  discharge  from  the  eyes  and  mouth ; 
milk  almost  disappears,  and  what  there  is  of  it  is  very 
blue  and  thin.  At  this  stage  of  the  disease,  the  animal  is 
thin ; the  membranes  of  the  mouth,  nose  and  eyes  are 
white  and  pale,  showing  the  bloodless  state  to  which  the 
beast  is  reduced.  Stiffness  of  the  joints  soon  presents  itself 
consequent  upon  infiltration  of  serum  into  the  bursae  of 
the  joint,  causing  much  swelling.  In  certain  parts  of 
England  it  is  called  the  “ cripple.”  Finally,  the  animal 
is  reduced  to  a skeleton,  and  dies  within  a few  months  to 
a year  from  the  first  appearance  of  the  disease. 

Treatment.  The  first  thing  to  be  done  is  to  have  the 
animal  removed  to  high  and  dry  pasture  lands,  which 
may  be  the  means  of  cutting  short  the  disease,  before  much 
injury  has  been  done  it.  Give  plenty  of  salt,  and  the 
preparation  of  soda  and  lime,  with  good  food  of  a nutri- 
tious quality.  A few  doses  of  commercial  sulphuric  acid 
highly  diluted — say  half  an  ounce  by  weight,  given  once 
a day  in  half  a bucket  of  cold  water — and,  if  necessary, 
a few  doses  of  iron  and  gentian,  will  arrest  the  disease. 

Calving, — This  is  an  operation  of  nature,  which  most 


CALVING. 


259 


dairymen  and  farmers  are  familiar  with,  and  upon  which 
we  will  say  comparatively  little.  Before  we  do  this,  how- 
ever, a short  description  of  the  symptoms,  by  which  it  is 
known  when  a cow  is  in  calf,  will  be  given. 

Symptoms . The  first  and  most  important  symptoms  of 
a cow  being  with  calf^  is  the  absence  of  cestromania  or 
bulling.  This,  however,  is  not  altogether  relied  upon  in 
some  cows,  for  there  are  cases  in  which  a pregnant  cow 
will  receive  the  bull  up  to  the  time  of  calving.  The  next, 
and  probably  the  more  sure  sign  of  a cow  being  with  calf, 
is  the  increased  size  of  the  belly.  The  hand  placed  firmly 
against  the  flank,  or  portion  where  there  are  no  ribs;  a 
hard,  firm  body  will  be  felt,  which  is  the  calf.  As  time 
passes  along,  the  movements  of  the  calf  in  the  womb  can 
occasionally  be  seen.  Within  a few  weeks  of  calving,  the 
external  organs  of  generation — labia  pudendi — increase  in 
size,  and  discharge  a thick  mucus.  The  udder  becomes 
swollen,  hot,  and  full  of  the  first  milk — colostrum — which 
is  sure  indication  that  the  time  for  calving  is  near  at  hand. 
This  is  accompanied  by  a relaxation  of  the  ligaments  of  the 
pelvis,  or,  as  the  dairymen  say,  she  is  down  in  her  bones.’* 

Symptoms  of  Immediate  Delivery.  Great  restlessness 
and  uneasiness,  shown  by  lying  down  and  rising  up,  and 
increasing  in  severity,  until  she  has  been  delivered  of  a 
calf.  From  the  time  of  conception,  till  natural  parturition 
or  calving,  it  is  about  forty  weeks,  or  two  hundred  and 
eighty  days. 

There  are,  however,  opinions  at  variance  with  these 
dates,  founded  upon  the  sex  of  the  calf.  If  a male,  it 
is  carried  longer  than  if  of  the  opposite  sex.  These  opin- 
ions form  ground  for  debate,  therefore  we  will'  drop 
theorizing. 

Natural  Calving. — This  resembles  the  fruit  when 


260 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


ripe,  breaking  from  its  attachment  to  the  parent  tree,  and 
falling  into  the  lap  of  mother  earth.  If  the  pelvic  bones 
are  well  or  proport  ionably  formed  in  the  cow,  and  the 
presentation  and  size  of  the  calf  be  right,  no  trouble  need 
be  apprehended,  and  the  cow  may  be  left  to  herself.  The 
natural  presentation  at  full  time,  and  of  a full-grown  calf, 
is  as  follows:  The  amnion , or  waterbag,  having  been  rup- 
tured or  broken,  there  will  be  seen  the  fore  legs  and  head 
of  the  calf  resting  upon  the  two  feet,  and  protruding  a 
little.  If,  however,  the  cow  should  labor  long  with  the 
calf  in  this  position,  and  she  is  weak  and  thin  in  flesh,  she 
may  be  assisted.  This  can  be  done  by  taking  hold  of  the 
two  feet  and  part  of  the  head,  and  when  the  cow  makes  an 
effort  to  strain,  pull  at  the  calf.  If  sufficient  force  cannot 
be  applied  by  the  hands,  then  place  a soft  but  stout  rope 
round  the  feet  of  the  calf  and  apply  traction  or  force. 
Before  any  force  whatever  is  used,  be  sure  that  the  mouth 
of  the  womb  is  sufficiently  dilated ; for  if  this  be  not  the 
case,  then  by  using  force  the  womb  is  torn  or  ruptured, 
and  the  death  of  the  cow  is  the  result.  Be  patient,  and 
time — the  prover  of  all  things— will  also  prove  the  wisdom 
of  waiting.  If  after  delay,  however,  both  cow  and  calf 
should  be  lost,  be  consoled  by  the  fact,  that  it  is  likely  the 
one  or  both  would  have  been  lost  any  way ; for  there  will 
be  found  some  one  or  other  of  these  malformations,  either 
in  the  pelvis  or  arch  of  the  pubis  of  the  cow,  or  an  undue 
proportion  of  the  size  of  the  calf  to  the  pelvic  arch  through 
which  it  has  to  pass,  to  be  delivered.  In  all  cases  where 
the  calf  presents  itself  in  the  form  above  described,  and 
delivery  is  not  effected,  rest  assured  that  the  pelvic  arch 
of  the  mother  is  too  small  or  too  narrow.  If  that  be  not 
the  case,  the  calf  is  over  size,  from  water  in  the  head, 

( Hydrocephalus ,)  or  water  in  the  belly,  (Dropsy,)  or  both 


CALVING. 


261 


of  these  conditions  combined,  which  is  seen  by  veterinary 
surgeons,  in  large  country  practice. 

Before  a calf  of  this  description  can  be  delivered,  and 
the  cow  relieved,  the  head  of  the  calf  must  be  pierced,  to 
lessen  its  size,  then  a long  spear-like  instrument — trocar — 
is  used  to  pierce  the  belly  or  abdomen  of  the  calf,  to  empty 
the  fluid,  to  lessen  also  its  great  size.  When  that  is 
properly  done,  and  the  cow  is  not  too  greatly  exhausted, 
she  may  complete  the  delivery  without  further  assistance. 

Twin  Calves. — Twin  presentations  are  as  various 
as  they  are  curious.  Thus,  we  sometimes  see  a fore  leg 
of  one  calf,  and  the  hind  leg  of  the  other.  In  this  condi- 
tion of  things,  it  must  be  evident  that  no  force  should  be 
used  to  bring  them  away  till  each  calf  is  properly 
adjusted  in  its  position.  The  best  and  quickest  way  is  to 
adjust  the  calf  which  first  presents  itself,  and  if  portions 
of  the  other  be  presented  also,  push  them  back  into  the 
womb.  When  one  calf  is  safely  delivered,  not  much  diffi- 
culty will  be  experienced  with  the  other. 

Unnatural  Presentation. — We  have  now  arrived 
at  that  portion  of  our  subject  which,  more  plainly  talking, 
has  reference  to  when  the  calf  is  being  forced  into  the  neck 
of  the  uterus  or  womb  in  any  form  except  the  natural 
position  already  described.  The  unnatural  position  of 
calves,  about  to  be  delivered,  is  happily  rare,  and  forms 
the  exception  to  the  natural  law  of  presentation.  However 
rare  these  presentations  are,  they  nevertheless  are  some- 
times seen.  Thus  the  feet  are  presented,  and  the  head  of 
the  calf  doubled  on  its  neck,  and  in  the  womb.  This 
condition  is  best  remedied  by  tying  a rope  round  the  fore 
feet,  or  both  together,  and  raising  the  hind  parts  of  the 
cow  off  the  ground  ; thus  forcing  the  calf  down  to  the 
fundus  or  bottom  of  the  womb.  This  being  done,  reach 


262 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


the  hand  in  and  seize  the  calf  by  the  head,  and  bring  it 
with  you,  while  an  assistant  is  pulling  upon  the  rope 
attached  to  the  fore  legs. 

By  adopting  this  plan  a safe  and  speedy  delivery  will 
| be  effected.  English  veterinary  surgeons,  with  Professor 
Simmonds  at  their  head,  say  this  is  the  most  dangerous 
form  of  presentation,  involving  the  life  of  both  cow  and 
calf.  Why  do  they  say  so,  and  how  does  it  prove  so  to 
them  ? Because  they  vainly  endeavor  by  force  to  bring 
the  head  of  the  calf  into  the  neck  of  the  womb,  when  there 
is  no  room  to  do  so,  without  first  elevating  the  hind  portion 
of  the  cow  sufficiently  for  the  calf  to  fall  to  the  bottom  of 
the  womb,  where  there  is  plenty  of  room  to  turn,  not  only 
the  head,  but  the  whole  of  the  body  also. 

Another  form  of  malformation  is,  where  we  have  the 
head  and  neck  within  the  neck  of  the  uterus  or  womb, 
without  the  fore  feet  and  legs.  The  only  alternative  in 
this  case  is  to  remove  the  head  by  cutting  it  off  from  the 
neck;  leaving,  however,  sufficient  skin  for  attaching  a rope 
to  it.  But  if  the  head  has  not  fairly  passed  out,  an  attempt 
should  be  made  to  put  it  back  into  the  womb  again,  and 
not  bring  it  out.  Before  pushing  it  back,  fix  a rope  round 
the  lower  jaw.  The  legs  one  by  one,  should  be  searched 
for  by  the  hand,  and  when  found  secured  by  another  rope. 
After  both  fore  legs  and  head  are  thus  fairly  within  the 
grasp,  use  traction  or  gentle  force,  and  take  advantage  of , 
very  strain  made  by  the  cow,  and  by  these  means  the  calf 
will  be  safely  delivered. 

The  next  unnatural  form  consists  in  the  presentation  of 
one  or  other  of  the  fore  legs,  where  the  nose  is  pressed 
downwards,  and  the  crown  of  the  head  only  is  seen  or  felt. 
Secure  the  leg  which  is  seen  by  a cord,  push  on  the  crown 
of  the  head  or  elevate  the  hind  parts  of  the  cow  a little  to, 


CALVING. 


263 


force  the  calf  slightly  down  in  the  womb;  then  pass  a cord 
round  the  lower  jaw,  and  find  the  other  fore  leg,  securing 
it  by  a rope.  The  rope  attaohed  to  the  jaw  should  be  first 
pulled  to  straighten  the  head  on  the  neck,  then  the  cord 
attached  to  the  legs  should  be  pulled  simultaneously,  and 
the  head  and  feet  as  they  are  presented  should  be  guided 
by  the  hands  of  an  assistant  until  the  head  and  fore  legs 
have  fairly  entered  the  proper  channel. 

The  next  presentation  is  what  is  called  a breech  pre- 
sentation— the  tail  and  buttocks  are  here  presented  for 
delivery,  which,  of  course,  cannot  be  effected  in  such 
position.  The  only  chance  of  a safe  delivery  is  to  get 
hold  of  the  hind  legs,  which  is  not  easily  effected  ; but 
perseverance,  assisted  by  ingenuity,  can  do  much,  when 
it  is  well  known  what  is  required.  In  this  case,  get  hold 
of  both  hind  legs,  and  when  they  have  been  secured,  and 
brought  into  the  proper  channel,  delivery  can  be  easily 
effected. 

The  next  and  last  presentation  which  we  notice,  is  where 
the  crown  of  the  head  is  presented,  and  the  calf  is  lying 
upon  its  back.  This  is  a tedious  labor,  and  to  effect  a 
delivery  at  all,  the  calf  must  be  turned,  which,  by  the  by, 
is  not  an  easy  task;  still,  however,  it  can  be  done  by 
securing  the  head  and  fore  legs  with  a rope.  Should  all 
efforts  fail,  do  not  exhaust  the  strength  of  the  cow,  but 
hasten  to  detach  the  legs  of  the  calf,  opening  its  belly,  and 
in  some  cases,  the  head  also,  to  lessen  its  size,  thereby 
securing  the  delivery  of  a mutilated  calf,  but  a living 
cow.  The  subject  is  far  from  being  at  this  point  ex- 
hausted, but  we  have  gone  sufficiently  far  for  our  pages. 
We  will  now  proceed  to  another  subject  connected  with 
calving,  and  that  is  the  retention  of  the  after-birth,  or 
retentio  secundinarium , as  it  is  called,  or,  as  the  dairy  folks 
say,  the  cleansing  of  the  caw* 


264 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


Retention  of  the  Placenta,  or  After-birth. — 
If  the  cow  has  gone  her  full  time  with  calf,  and  is  in  a 
healthy  condition,  the  after-birth  will  not  be  retained  long 
after  she  has  given  birth  to  her  calf.  When  a cow  does 
not  cleanse  properly,  and  within  a reasonable  time,  there 
is  then  something  otherwise  wrong  with  her  health,  such 
as  debility  and  want  of  vitality  in  the  system.  It  is  this 
that  must  be  looked  to,  and  not  the  want  of  timely  cleans- 
ing that  demands  attention,  as  being  the  cause  of  the  cow 
not  doing  well  after  calving.  Remedy  these  existing 
causes,  and  the  cow  will  cleanse  properly  enough.  Con- 
trary to  the  generally  received  opinion  of  farmers  and 
others,  the  retention  of  the  after-birth  for  a day  or  two 
will  do  no  harm,  provided  that  decomposition  does  not 
take  place  with  the  after-birth ; for  in  such  cases,  the 
whole  system  of  the  cow  is  apt  to  be  contaminated  and 
poisoned. 

Treatment.  Cows  not  having  cleansed  properly  within 
twenty-four  hours  after  calving,  should  be  given  the  fol- 
lowing mixture : Epsom  salts,  one  pound;  powdered  ginger, 
one  ounce ; powdered  fenugreek,  one  ounce ; caraway  seeds, 
half  an  ounce;  mix,  and  give  in  three  or  four  bottles  of 
warm  ale,  porter  or  warm  water,  sweetened  with  molasses. 
This  mixture  not  having  the  desired  effect  in  twelve  hours, 
the  hand,  well  greased,  should  be  introduced,  and  the 
after-birth  at  the  attachments,  called  cotyledons,  gently 
pressed.  This  must  not  be  accompanied  with  much  pulling, 
as  pressure  with  the  finger  and  thumb  will  be  all  that  is 
wanted.  This  operation  may  be  followed  by  giving  the 
cow  a little  warm  ale  or  molasses  water,  with  half  an  ounce 
of  powdered  ergot  of  rye ; and  in  half  an  hour,  an  addi- 
tional half  ounce.  This  will  cause  contraction  of  the  womb, 
and  expulsion  of  the  placenta.  When  decomposition  or 


CATARRHUS  LINUUM  FRONTALIUM. 


265 


putrefaction  of  the  after-birth  has  taken  place,  which  is 
known  by  the  black  color,  the  womb  should  be  well 
washed  out  with  a weak  solution  of  chloride  of  lime. 
Administer,  also,  by  the  mouth,  one  ounce,  three  times  in 
the  day,  of  sulphite  of  soda  for  a week,  to  neutralize  any 
of  the  poison  of  putrefaction,  that  may  have  been  absorbed 
into  the  blood.  Give  the  cow  good  and  nutritious  feed  to 
support  her  strength. 

Symptoms  of  Blood  Poisoning . The  absorption  of 
putrid  matter  into  the  blood  is  immediately  followed  by 
fever,  of  a low  type,  called  typhoid,  and  if  not  speedily 
checked  will  be  succeeded  by  typhus,  from  which  the  ani- 
mal cannot  recover. 

Treatment . Give  the  sulphite  of  soda  in  the  manner 
spoken  of  above,  combined  with  two  drachms  of  the  sul- 
phate of  iron,  and  one  ounce  each  of  powdered  ginger 
and  foenugreek  three  times  in  the  day,  till  the  beast  is 
bright,  lively,  and  free  from  stupidity. 

Inversion  of  the  bladder  will  be  found  treated  of  under 
Bladder  Diseases. 

Disease. — Inversion  of,  or  falling  down  of  the  calf- 
bed,  will  be  treated  of  under  its  proper  or  alphabetical 
head,  Falling  of  the  Womb. 

Catarrh. — This  is  not  a disease  common  to  the  ox,  for 
when  causes  arise  sufficient  to  produce  catarrh  or  cold  in 
the  cow,  it  does  not  run  its  course  as  such,  but  is  speedily 
accompanied,  or  at  least  followed,  by  severe  complications. 
Cattle  not  exceeding  two  years  old  are  subject  to  a dis- 
ease somewhat  similar  to  cold,  called  hoose.  (See  Bron- 
chitis and  Hoose.) 

Catarrhus  Linmim  Frontalium. — Malignant  Ca- 
tarrh. This  is  one  of  the  recorded  diseases  of  the  ox  which 


266 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


I think  has  really  no  existence,  except  in  the  brain  of  some 
men  ; or  it  may  be  a condition  confounded  with  Typhus 
Gontagiosus  Bourn . The  disease  is  described  as  being 
similar  to  glanders  in  the  horse.  If  this  be  the  case,  the 
disease  is  not  properly  named ; for  the  frontal  sinuses  are 
not  the  seat  of  the  disease.  This  multiplication  of  names 
of  diseases  is  only  calculated  to  puzzle  people,  and  annoy 
the  farmer.  Further  than  this,  I have  so  little  patience 
with  the  writers  who  thus  manifest  their  ignorance  of  the 
first  principles  of  pathology — to  which  all  writings  and 
opinions  should  be  subservient — that  I feel  it  my  duty  to 
denounce  them  unsparingly  whenever  opportunity  offers. 

Cattle  Plague. — This  is  a vague  name,  and  conveys 
no  intimation  of  the  cause,  nature,  seat,  or  characteristics 
of  the  affection,  whatever  it  may  be.  Therefore,  for  the 
credit  of  the  writer  and  the  convenience  of  the  public,  no 
disease  should  be  called  a plague.  There  is  now  no  dis- 
ease affecting  the  human  family  called  a plague.  The  ex- 
perienced physician  can  tell  the  nature,  seat  and  complete 
history  of  the  disease,  and  gives  it  a name  by  which  it  will 
be  known  and  recognized.  Why  should  not  the  veteri- 
nary surgeon  do  likewise? 

So  long  as  such  men  as  Gamgee  continue  to  write  and 
speak  of  cattle  plagues,  so  long  will  veterinary  surgeons 
continue  to  labor  in  vain  for  the  public  confidence.  Why 
should  not  things,  states  and  conditions  be  called  by  their 
right  names?  Cattle  disease,  cattle  plague  and  rinderpest 
should  long  ago  have  been  blotted  from  the  books ; for,  at 
best,  they  only  serve  as  a cloak  or  cover  to  hide  the  innate 
ignorance  and  stupidity  of  some  veterinary  surgeons— 
horse  and  cow  doctors  particularly.  The  word  plague 
means  a stroke , and  that  is  all  the  insight  a person  can 


CHOKING. 


267 


derive  from  the  word.  As  every  disease  may  be  consid- 
ered a stroke,  why  not  add  what  kind  of  stroke  it  is, 
whether  it  be  a stroke  of  palsy,  or  of  the  sun?  (For 
Cattle  Plague  see  Typhus  Contagiosus  Bourn  and  Pleuro- 
pneumonia.) 

Chicken-Pox. — Varicella  Bourn. — A pustular  eruption 
on  the  teats  of  cows,  presumed  to  be  caused  by  eating  vine 
leaves.  The  eruptions  soon  discharge,  dry  up,  and  heal, 
without  any  treatment  whatever  having  been  applied  to 
them. 

Choking.' — This  is  of  frequent  occurrence  among  cattle 
or  cows  fed  upon  potatoes,  turnips,  etc. 

Treatment . When  the  potato  is  lodged  in  the  upper  or 
middle  third  of  the  gullet,  the  mouth  of  the  animal  is  to 
be  held  open  by  means  of  a balling  iron,  or  some  other 
contrivance,  while  a person  having  a small  hand  should 
pass  a cord  like  a clothes  line,  with  a loop  on  the  end  of  it, 
and  try  to  get  the  noose  over  and  beyond  the  obstruction. 
If  the  obstruction  be  low  down  in  the  gullet,  manipulation^ 
may  be  tried  from  outside,  by  tightening  the  skin  upon 
the  obstruction,  and  trying  to  move  it  up,  if  possible;  but 
downwards,  if  it  will  go  without  too  great  force  being 
used.  Failing  to  remove  it  either  up  or  down,  try  to  dis- 
lodge it  by  pouring  small  quantities  of  oil  or  melted  lard, 

, not  hot,  down  the  throat.  If  this  also  prove  ineffectual, 
the  probang  should  be  used ; or  in  its  stead,  a strong 
flexible  cane  or  rattan,  may  be  tried  ; but  care  should  be 
taken  to  have  the  cane  go  down  the  right  passage.  Ii 
coughing  is  set  up  on  the  introduction  of  the  cane,  have  it 
withdrawn  as  it  has  entered  the  air  passage,  but  try  till 
it  has  been  properly  entered  down  to  the  obstruction, 
With  patience  and  perseverance  the  difficulty  will  usually 


268 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE* 


be  overcome.  Still,  however,  there  are  cases  which  require 
the  gullet  to  be  opened  over  the  place  of  obstruction  ; a safe 
operation  requiring  only  a simple  cut  through  the  skin  and 
outer  surface  of  the  gullet,  which  will  readily  heal  without 
much  trouble,  by  bringing  the  lips  of  the  wound  together, 
with  a stitch  or  two  of  strong,  but  small  twine,  or  saddler’s 
silk,  by  means  of  a small  packing  needle.  Feed  the  cow 
or  ox,  for  a week  or  more,  upon  soft  or  prepared  food  till 
the  wound  has  healed.  When  cows  or  oxen  remain  long 
in  a choked  condition,  the  throat  is  apt  to  swell  from  the 
accumulation  of  gas  in  the  first  stomach,  which  will  have 
to  be  treated  as  for  hoven  or  tympanitis — occurring  usually 
from  eating  clover  or  rank  and  wet  grass.  (See  Hoven.) 

Colic, — Colic  in  cattle  is  more  rarely  seen  than  in  the 
horse,  but  occurs  in  the  form  of  hoven,  (which  see.) 

Consumption. — This  disease  is  not  so  common  in 
domestic  animals  as  in  the  human  family,  nor  is  it  as 
frequent  in  any  of  the  animals  as  it  is  in  the  milch  cow. 
Consumption  in  cows  is  usually  exhibited  in  the  tubercular 
form.  These  tubercles  are  from  the  size  of  a pin  head 
to  that  of  a hickory  nut,  flattened,  oval  and  round,  and  are 
not  confined  to  the  lungs,  but  are  seen  underneath  the 
pleura  costal  is  lining  the  ribs — over  the  diaphragm,  peri- 
toneum, and  the  omentum  or  caul. 

' • 

Causes . This  is  considered  one  of  the  hereditary  diseases 
of  cattle,  or  rather  milch  cows.  As  is  elsewhere  stated  in 
regard  to  hereditary  disease — in  the  first  part  of  this  book 
— it  does  not  necessarily  follow  that  a cow  should  be  con- 
sumptive, because  its  mother  was  so.  No.  But  rather 
because  it  has  inherited  the  great  milking  qualities  of  its 
ancestors,  whereby  the  animal  is  reduced  in  flesh,  condition 
and  vitality,  the  fibrous,  serous  tissue  of  the  body  becoming 


CONTAGIOUS  TYPHUS. 


269 


deteriorated — hence  the  foundation  for  tubercular  consump- 
tion. Cows  of  some  breeds  are  not  selfish,  for  the  more 
they  are  fed,  the  more  milk  will  they  give.  These  are 
all  the  claims  which  can  justly  be  made  in  favor  of  the 
hereditary  cause  of  consumption  in  cows.  / 

Symptoms . Thin  of  flesh,  unthrifty  ; a staring  coat  of 
hair,  long  and  dead-looking ; a low  husky  cough,  loss  of 
appetite,  weakness,  and  a bloodless  condition  of  the  whole 
system,  which  is  readily  known  by  the  pale,  white  look  of 
the  lining  of  the  eyes,  nose,  and  mouth.  The  consump- 
tive cow  stands  with  her  back  arched,  and  her  fore  legs 
turned  out  at  the  elbows,  and  when  lying  rests  on  the  belly 
and  breast  bone.  The  milk  of  such  cows  is  thin,  blue, 
and  watery. 

Previous  to  the  death  of  a consumptive  cow,  diarrhoea, 
dysentery,  discharges  from  the  nose  and  eyes,  accompanied 
with  hectic , or  sympathetic  fever,  conclude  the  symptoms 
of  this  lingering,  but  fatal  disease. 

Treatment  In  the  early  stage  of  consumption  in  cows 
much  can  be  done  in  the  way  of  treatment.  Feed  the 
animal  well  with  rich  and  nutritious  material,  such  as  lin- 
seed, cake-meal,  etc.  Sulphuric  acid  given  several  times 
a week,  in  doses  of  half  an  ounce  in  weight,  largely  diluted 
with  water,  will  sustain  the  vital  powers,  and  impart 
tenacity  to  the  buccal  membrane  throughout  the  body. 
Use  occasional  doses  of  sulphate  of  iron  and  gentian  ; three 
drachms  of  iron  and  half  an  ounce  of  the  gentian,  will 
make  one  dose.  Such  treatment  will  prolong  the  life,  and, 
at  the  same  time,  improve  the  condition  and  milking  qual- 
ities of  the  cow. 

Contagious  Typhus. — (See  Typhus  Contagiosus 
Bourn.) 


270 


DISJ  VSES  OF  CATTLE. 


Coryza. — (S  e Catarrh  us,  Linuum  and  Hoose.) 

Cow-pox.—  Variolas  Vaccina.  This  is  a simple  affec- 
tion of  the  ski  i of  the  udder,  which  has  claimed  much 
notice  on  account  of  the  valuable  benefit  conferred  by  it 
upon  the  human  family,  in  furnishing  the  material  for  the 
vaccination  of  children. 

Cause . At  present  unknown. 

Nature,  A contagious  eruption,  running  a fixed  course> 
and  accompanied  by  slight  fever. 

Symptoms.  Teats  painful,  slightly  swollen,  a faint  blush 
upon  the  udder  j and  in  about  three  or  four  days,  red 
hard  spots  are  seen,  succeeded  by  red  patches,  which,  in 
from  a few  days  to  a week,  form  bladders  containing  the 
true  vaccine  lymph. 

Treatment.  Warmth,  good  nursing,  and  the  drawing  of 
the  milk  from  the  udder  by  the  syphon — as  shown  in  the 
treatment  of  diseases  of  the  teats.  (See  Teats.) 

Croup. — Stridulous  croup  in  animals  is  rare,  but  it  is 
seen  occasionally  in  milch  cows,  and  is  very  fatal,  from  the 
fact  that  it  is  situated  in  the  larynx,  which  speedily  causes 
suffocation,  unless  the  windpipe  be  opened  with  a knife  to 
admit  of  the  act  of  respiration  and  expiration  till  the 
swelling  of  the  head  of  the  windpipe  has  passed  off 

Cause.  Cold  attacking  the  head  of  the  windpipe,  fol- 
lowed by  inflammation,  and  the  development  of  false  mem- 
branes. 

Symptoms.  Loud,  stridulous  noise  or  murmur,  quick- 
ened breathing,  excitation,  fever,  and  threatening  suffoca- 
tion of  the  animal,  cough  and  distress. 

Treatment.  Place  the  animal  in  the  open  air — if  in 
summer  time,  in  the  shade — and  give  aconite,  in  the  form 
?f  tincture,  twenty-five  drops  to  a dose.  This  will  allay 


1 


DIARRHOEA.  271 

the  excitement,  fever  and  irritation.  If  this  give  relief, 
repeat  the  dose  in  a few  hours  again.  But  on  the  con- 
trary, there  being  no  relief  in  half  an  hour,  give  no  more 
aconite,  nor  indeed  anything  else.  There  will  be  but  one 
of  three  things  to  be  done : either  to  kill  the  beast,  if  it  be 
in  good  condition,  and  fit  for  market;  or  wait  for  the 
animal  to  die,  or  have  the  boldness  to  cut  a hole  in  the 
windpipe,  about  the  middle,  and  on  front  of  the  neck.  In 
case  the  latter  is  preferred,  tighten  the  skin  on  the  front 
of  the  windpipe,  and  make  a clean  cut  fair  down  the  centre, 
and  through  the  skin ; when  the  white  shining  windpipe 
is  brought  to  view,  have  an  assistant  to  hold  the  edges  of 
the  skin  back  out  of  the  way,  till  a hole  is  cut  out  of  the 
cartilages  of  the  tube,  as  large  as  a fifty  cent  piece.  This 
will  give  instantaneous  relief.  The  hole  will  gradually 
fill  up,  and  close  again  without  any  trouble  whatever. 
This,  I am  satisfied,  is  the  only  sure  way  of  cure  in  this 
disease. 

Cud,  LOSS  of  the. — This  occurrence  is  the  symptom 
of,  and  not  a disease.  Loss  of  the  cud,  or  rumination, 
accompanies  almost  every  disease  of  any  importance  attack- 
ing the  ox  or  cow.  When  rumination  has  ceased  for  a 
time,  and  is  resumed  again,  it  is  a good  symptom  that  the 
animal  is  somewhat  better,  and  an  indication  that  the 
functions  of  the  body  are  about  being  resumed  again,  and 
are  demanding  food  for  their  nourishment.  Loss  of  cud  is 
among  the  first  symptoms  observed  by  farmers  in  case  of 
bronchitis,  pleuro-pneumonia,  hoven,  aphtha,  etc. 

Diarrhoea,  Simple. — This  variety  does  not  call  for 
much  description,  as  it  is  only  an  effort  of  nature  to  get  rid 
of  something  that  is  injurious.  By  its  removal  the  purging 
will  stop.  Simple  diarrhoea  rarely  calls  for  treatment,  but 


«72 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


If  it  should,  change  of  feed  and  pasture  land  will  be  the 
first  things  to  be  attended  to;  and,  if  necessary,  after  a 
trial  of  new  feed  and  pasture,  a few  powders  composed  of 
prepared  chalk,  two  ounces  ; ginger,  half  an  ounce ; opium, 
one  drachm ; may  be  mixed  and  given  in  the  form  of  a 
drench,  with  wheat  flour  gruel.  Repeat  the  dose,  if  it  be 
necessary,  but  never  be  in  a hurry  to  give  astringents  in 
looseness  of  the  bowels,  as  much  mischief  may  be  done  by 
controverting  the  efforts  of  nature,  which  are  always  of 
salutary  effect,  if  not  too  violent  for  the  condition  of  the 
beast,  and  in  that  case  interference  is  necessary. 

(1.)  Diarrhcea,  Chronic. — This  condition  is  some- 
times called  the  1 lot,  from  the  belief  that  the  animal  is 
rotten.  Chronic,  or  indeed,  any  kind  of  diarrhoea  should 
not  be  looked  upon  as  a disease  at  all,  but  merely  a symp- 
tom of  internal  irritation  of  some  kind. 

Causes.  This  is  an  important  inquiry  in  cattle  pathology, 
for  farmers  are  sometimes  disappointed  when  they  are 
told  the  animal  will  die  within  a given  time,  not  knowing 
the  nature  of  the  disease  of  which  diarrhoea  and  dysentery 
are  but  the  symptoms.  Chronic  diarrhoea  is  the  sequel  to 
tuberculous  consumption  already  described  under  that 
head ; or  dysentery  may  show  itself  before  even  consump- 
tion is  either  thought  of  or  recognized,  However,  chronic 
diarrhoea  or  dysentery  is  the  result  of  tubercles  situated  on, 
and  in  the  white  membranes  throughout  the  body. 

Treatment.  Generous  diet,  composed  of  linseed  or  cake 
meal.  Commercial  sulphuric  acid,  gentian,  and  sulphate 
of  iron,  are  the  medicines  employed.  In  addition  to  this 
treatment,  which  has  already  been  recommended  for  con- 
sumption, I would  advise  weekly  inhalations  of  sulphurous 
acid  gas  in  the  manner  recommended  under  that  head  in 
the  list  of  medicines,  (which  see,)  for  I think  this  is  one  of 


DIARRHOEA. 


273 


those  diseases  which  will  be  greatly  benefited  by  its  proper 
use. 

(2.)  Diarrhcea  in  Calves. — This  is  a frequent  affec- 
tion among  young  calves,  and  destroys  thousands  of  them 
every  year. 

Cause . Depending  upon  the  character  of  the  milk  ; not 
so  much  its  quality  as  the  time  and  manner  of  giving  it. 
Thus,  calves  are  not  allowed  to  suck  their  own  mothers  ; 
frequently  they  are  not  allowed  to  suck  at  all,  but  have 
to  drink  the  milk  out  of  a bucket,  and  then  it  is  often 
cold  before  they  are  allowed  to  have  it.  The  rapidity  with 
which  they  drink  their  allowance,  which  is  often  too  much 
for  them,  gorges  the  stomach  and  paralyzes  the  digestive 
functions.  Hence,  the  white  diarrhcea  so  often  seen  among 
young  calves. 

Symptoms . The  symptoms  one  would  think  alike  in  all 
animals ; but  this  is  not  the  case  here,  or  so  far  as  the 
diarrhoea  of  calves  is  concerned.  They  have  a voracious 
appetite,  swelling  of  the  belly  with  occasional  pain,  dis- 
charges of  wind  or  gas,  and  white  or  yellowish-colored 
excrement  or  dung,  while  in  some  bad  cases  the  true  milk  is 
passed  unchanged  by  the  action  of  either  stomach  or  bowels. 

Prevention . This  is  better  than  cure,  and  consists  in 
allowing  the  calf,  until  several  weeks  old,  to  suck  its  own 
mother,  not  only  morning  and  night,  but  at  least  three 
times  in  the  day,  dividing  the  periods  as  evenly  as  possible. 
Thus,  by  allowing  calves  to  suck  the  milk  for  themselves, 
paralyzation  and  gorging  the  stomach  with  cold  milk  is 
avoided,  and  thereby  white  diarrhoea  prevented. 

Treatment . Give  three  drachms  of  carbonate  of  soda  in 
well  boiled  wheat  flour  gruel  once  a day.  If  this  is  not 
convenient,  give  a tablespoonful  of  common  rennet  after 
each  feed  of  milk  the  calf  takes ; this  will  materially  aid 
18 


274 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


proper  digestion  by  its  power  in  decomposing  the  milk  and 
fitting  it  for  assimilation. 

Distention  of  the  Rumen. — (See  Hoven.) 
Dropping  After  Calving.— (See  Milk  Fever.) 

Dysentery. — (See  Consumption  and  Chronic  Diar- 
rhoea.) 

Ectopia  Cordis. — This  is  a deformity  sometimes  met 
with  in  calves  at  birth.  The  heart  may  be  seen  outside 
of  the  chest,  or  the  lower  portion  of  the  neck,  or  even 
through  an  opening  below  the  chest,  and  sometimes  even 
in  the  abdomen.  The  animal  will  have  to  be  killed. 

Epizootic  Aphtha. — Murrain . In  some  parts  of  the 
world,  this  disease  is  called  murrain.  It  is  one  of  the 
epizootic  diseases  of  cattle,  attacking  the  feet  and  mouth, 
and  sometimes  extending  to  the  teats  of  the  udder. 

Causes . Contagion  is  believed  to  be  the  cause,  but  I 
never  can  be  reconciled  to  belief  in  the  repeated  bug-bear 
that  contagion  is  the  only  cause  of  certain  diseases.  We 
all  know,  however,  that  when  a disease  is  once  established 
it  can  affect  others ; but  still  we  must  consider  that  all 
diseases,  of  whatever  kind,  must  have  had  an  origin  aside 
from  any  contagious  element  to  produce  it.  This,  I firmly 
believe  to  be  one  of  those  diseases,  depending  not  so  much 
upon  contagion,  as  upon  what  Sydenham  would  call  the 
peculiar  constitution  of  the  year,  exercising  certain  deleteri- 
ous influences  on  the  system,  and  soon  followed  by  disease 
of  some  portion  or  other  of  the  body. 

Symptoms . Sore  mouth,  sore  teats  and  sore  feet ; ele- 
vated vesicles  within  the  mouth,  and  on  the  teats,  which 
contain  pus,  and  soon  discharge  and  dry  up  through  the 
formation  of  a scab — at  which  juncture  fever  and  other 
eonsitutional  symptoms  subside.  When  the  feet  are  badly 


EYE  DISEASES. 


275 


affected  the  sores  burrow  deep  in  between  the  hoof  and  the 
sensitive  structure  of  the  foot,  which  results  in  a complete 
separation  of  the  hoof,  and  its  being  finally  thrown  off 
entirely. 

It  is  painful  to  look,  as  I have  done  on  several  occasions, 
upon  a whole  row  of  cows  suffering  from  suppuration,  and 
falling  off  of  the  hoofs.  The  loss  to  dairy  men  consists 
in  the  loss  of  milk,  and  loss  of  condition  in  the  cows ; for 
if  the  cows  are  properly  attended  to,  not  many  of  them  need 
die.  The  hoof  will  grow  again,  and  be  as  useful  as  ever, 
from  the  fact  that  cows  like  pigs  are  not  kept  for  racing 
purposes,  and  a second  hoof,  although  not  so  strong  as  the 
first  one,  will  answer  for  the  purpose  of  walking  on  soft 
ground,  and  gathering  their  food. 

Treatment . Apply  to  the  sores  the  following  lotion: 
Sulphate  of  zinc,  two  drachms;  water,  one  pint. 

Prevention . When  once  fairly  established  in  a place,  it 
is  almost  a certainty  that  all  cows  and  neat  cattle  will  take 
it,  some  developing  it  sooner  than  others.  To  save  time  and 
expense,  “ take  the  bull  by  the  horns,”  and  inoculate  every 
one  of  them.  By  producing  the  disease  in  this  way,  a 
week  or  so  will  see  the  last  of  it,  and  by  good  care  nbt 
much  time  or  loss  will  have  been  incurred.  The  milk  of 
cows  affected  with  this  disease  is  poison.  Calves,  by 
drinking  the  milk  of  cows  with  this  disease,  will  perish  in 
great  numbers. 

Symptoms . Difficulty  in  swallowing,  and  cough  ; saliva 
driveling  from  the  mouth.  The  whole  accompanied  by 
fever,  and  frequently  ending  in  death. 

Eye  Diseases. — Cows  are  not  so  often  the  subject  of 
diseases  of  the  eye,  as  horses  are.  There  is,  however,  one 
disease  of  the  eye  which  cows  are  often  affected  with, 


276 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


namely : cancer  of  the  eye,  which  cannot  be  cured,  but 
will  ultimately  destroy  the  eye  altogether.  For  other 
diseases  of  the  eye,  see  Eye  Diseases , in  the  first  part  of 
this  book. 

Falling  Sickness. — (See  Milk  Fever.) 

Falling  of  the  Womb. — Calf  Bed — Reed,  etc.  This 
deviation  from  the  normal  or  healthy  condition  is  a great  ] 
trouble  to  the  farmer  and  breeder. 

Cause.  Relaxation  of  the  horns  or  ligaments  of  the  womb 
from  a weak  and  relaxed  habit  of  the  body,  accompanied' 
by  debility. 

Prevention.  Immediately  after  calving,  apply  a truss  or 
pad  to  the  mouth  of  the  vagina,  and  secure  it  in  the  fob 
lowing  manner : put  a large  horse  collar  on  the  cow’s  neck  ; 
one  surcingle  round  the  body  of  the  cow,  behind  the  fore 
legs,  and  another  in  front  of  the  udder  and  hind  legs. 
This  being  done,  attach  a small  soft  rope  to  each  side  of 
the  collar,  bring  it  along  each  side  of  the  back  bone,  give 
it  a hitch  round  the  fore  surcingle,  and  the  same  on  the 
hind  one;  then  bring  the  rope  close  together  under  the 
tail,  and  place  the  pad  over  the  proper  part,  with  the 
ropes  laid  firmly  over  it.  Here  tie  both  ropes  together 
with  a string,  just  below  the  pad,  then  bring  one  rope 
down  between  the  udder  and  thigh,  give  it  a hitch  round 
the  hind  surcingle  or  band,  and  finally  secure  the  end  of 
the  ropes  to  that  portion  coming  along  the  back. 

Treatment.  When  the  womb  has  fallen  down  and  is  in- 
verted, assistance  should  be  had  at  once.  The  womb  or 
bag  should  be  lifted  into  a clean  cloth,  and  held  up  by  a 
person  on  each  side.  There  are  two  ways  of  returning  the 
womb  into  its  place,  the  one  by  pressure  on  the  neck  or 
small  portion  of  the  womb,  and  the  other  by  pressure  to 


FEEDING  OF  MILCH  COWS. 


277 


the  fundus  or  large  end  or  bottom  of  the  womb.  This 
last  is  the  best  way,  because  we  have  not  only  the  mere 
pulling  of  the  womb  to  contend  with,  but  its  invertion  also. 
So,  therefore,  apply  gentle  pressure  to  the  bottom  of  the 
womb!  first  having  cleaned  it  from  dirt,  dung  and  straw. 
The  operation  will  be  effected  more  easily  by  having  the 
cow  placed  with  her  fore  legs  low,  and  the  hind  ones  high,fc 
so  that  it  will  slip  in  without  much  difficulty.  After  it  is 
in,  the  cow  should  be  kept  standing  in  such  position,  or 
even  lying  in  this  position,  a day  or  so,  and  the  pad, 
already  spoken  of,  should  be  applied  as  soon  as  the  opera- 
tion is  finished.  The  pad  is  a much  better  way  of  securing 
the  parts  than  by  sewing  the  lips  of  the  vagina. 

Where  all  eflorts  fail  to  put  back  the  bed,  and  when 
decomposition  or  mortification  has  ensued,  the  only  chance 
to  save  the  life  of  the  cow  is  to  cut  the  womb  or  bed  at  its 
smallest  or  neck  portions ; but  before  doing  so,  tie  firmly 
round  the  neck  of  the  womb  a well  waxed  cord,  which  will 
prevent  bleeding.  This  is  to  remain  on  the  bed  which  is 
left.  Give  immediately,  twenty-five  drops  of  the  tincture 
of  aconite  root  every  three  hours,  till  four  or  five  doses  are 
given,  which  will  relieve  pain,  and  control  the  circulation. 

Fardel  Bound. — This  is  a disease  affecting  the 
omasum,  or  third  stomach  of  the  cow  or  ox.  (See  Impac- 
tion, Hoveu,  and  Texan  Fever.) 

Feeding  of  Milch  Cows. — I am  induced  to  refer  to 
this  subject  on  account  of  its  importance,  together  with  the 
eminently  practical  manner  of  feeding  cows,  suggested  in 
a pamphlet  by  Mrs.  Agnes  Scott,  a lady  of  Scotland. 
Premising,  however,  that  the  bean  and  pea  meal  spoken  of, 
may,  with  advantage,  in  this  country  (at  least  in  the  pres- 
ent condition  of  our  agriculture  and  variety  of  crops 


278 


DISEASES  OP  CATTLE, 


produced)  give  good  place  to  our  Indian  or  corn  meal. 
The  turnips  may  be  supplanted  by  beet  or  mangold,  etc. 
Turnips  as  a crop,  farmers  do  not,  as  a class  with  us,  ap- 
preciate the  true  value  of,  either  as  a feed  for  cows  or  as  an 
improver  of  manure — lying  at  the  base  of  true  agriculture : 

Experience  soon  taught  me  that  most  milk  and  butter 
were  produced  when  the  feeding  was  most  carefully  at- 
tended to.  In  order  to  insure  this,  I superintended  this 
department  myself,  and  shall  give  the  management  as 
systematically  followed.  In  winter , at  six  o’clock  in  the 
morning  two  arms  windling — an  armful  tightly  wound  up 
between  them.  Afterwards  they  were  well  cleaned,  the 
stalls  being  also  well  littered,  and  the  doors  of  the  cow- 
houses shut  until  eight  o’clock,  when  all  were  called  to  the 
milking.  At  ten  o’clock,  an  ordinary  sized  barrowful  of 
turnips  was  given  between  three  cows,  and  when  the 
turnips  were  not  to  be  had,  a quart  of  peas  or  bean  meal 
was  given  instead,  mixed  with  a pint  of  cold  water. 
There  is  no  feeding,  however,  equal  to  turnips,  especially 
the  yellow  Aberdeen.  A richer  taste  and  color  is  im- 
parted to  the  butter  produced  by  this  root  than  from  any 
other  kind  of  feeding  in  the  early  part  of  winter — while 
a larger  quantity  both  of  butter  and  milk  is  produced 
thereby.  In  the  spring,  when  the  feeding  properties  of 
this  root  are  very  much  deteriorated,  a small  quantity  of 
peas  or  bean  meal  will  be  found  needful  to  keep  up  the 
full  return  of  milk.  The  peas  or  bean  meal  are  preferable 
to  oil-cake  or  locust-beans,  as  both  of  the  latter  give  the 
milk  and  butter  a hard  flavor. 

About  one  o’clock,  the  cows  should  be  let  out  to  water- 
ing, and  when  weather  is  mild  and  otherwise  favorable, 
fresh  air  will  be  found  to  be  of  very  great  advantage  to  the 
general  health  of  the  dairy  stock.  When  the  cows  are  at 


FEVER. 


279 


large,  the  cow-houses  should  be  thoroughly  cleaned  in 
every  nook  and  corner,  the  doors  being  left  open  to  admit 
fresh  air,  weather  being  seasonable.  While  kept  in  the 
house,  let  them  have  a drink  of  meal  and  water  twice  a 
day ; a handful  of  oatmeal  and  three  pints  of  lukewarm 
water  will  be  sufficient.  In  the  first  draught,  let  a handful 
of  salt  be  given. 

When  the  cow-houses  are  well  aired,  a windling  of  straw 
should  be  given  between  two  cows  as  they  return  from 
watering.  Upon  the  supposition  that  the  cow-houses  are 
well-ventilated  from  the  roof,  the  doors  should  be  shut. 
About  four  or  jive  o’clock,  turnip  should  be  given  in  quan- 
tity as  before ; or,  failing  turnip,  the  above-named  substitute. 
The  time  of  feeding  should  be  regulated  according  to  the 
season  ; milking-time  also  should  be  so  fixed  that  it  may  be 
regularly  kept — and  kept  so  as  to  be  suitable  not  only  for 
the  parties  engaging  in  it,  but  so  as  not  unduly  to  disturb 
either  the  rest  or  feeding  of  the  cows. 

At  eight  o’clock  a windling  of  good  meadow  hay  between 
two  cows  should  be  given  for  supper,  the  quantity  being 
always  regulated  according  to  what  each  cow  can  consume. 
It  is  a great  mistake  to  keep  fodder  in  quantities  lying 
unused  ; rather  let  the  appetite  be  tested,  and  by  keeping 
it  always  sharp,  not  only  will  each  meal  be  eaten  up  with 
relish,  but  a more  healthful  state  will  be  maintained.  In 
addition  to  this  hay,  cows  that  have  recently  calved  should 
get  half  a pailful  of  boiled  turnip,  mixed  with  a quart  of 
peas  or  bean  meal  rather  more  than  lukewarm.  For  four 
or  five  days  after  calving,  cows  should  have  no  turnips. 

Fever. — Cows  are  subject  to  ephemeral  fever,  or  more 
plainly  speaking,  a fever  of  a day’s  duration,  which  passes 
off  without  any  trouble.  This  fever  has  been  thought,  by 


280 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


some  persons,  to  depend  upon  hollow  horn  and  wolf  in  the 
tail,  and  they  have  consequently  cut  the  tail,  and  bored  the 
horns  of  the  poor  dumb  brute. 

Foul  Claw. — Foul  in  the  Foot . This  is  a sore  between 
the  digital  spaces,  and  is  caused  by  the  animal  standing  in 
mud  and  moisture,  which  scalds  the  parts,  and  produces 
lameness. 

Treatment . Cleanse  out  with  a hair  rope  or  by  some 
other  means,  and  apply  sulphate  of  zinc,  one  drachm  j 
water,  half  a pint.  Keep  the  feet  dry  and  clean,  which 
will  not  only  assist  the  cure,  but  is  a preventive  also. 

Gangrene  of  the  Tail. — Gangrena  Caudce  Epizootica. 
This  is  not,  as  yet,  at  all  events,  an  American  disease,  but 
is  of  frequent  occurrence  among  the  cows  of  continental 
Europe.  This  fact,  however,  I believe  to  be  the  only  true 
reason  why  we  in  Pennsylvania  will  persist  that  cows  have 
wolf  in  the  tail,  accompanied  with  an  empty  horn. 

Cause.  Unknown. 

Symptoms.  We  are  told  by  Hering  and  Rychner  that 
the  tail  becomes  paralyzed,  its  skin  soft,  swollen,  and  filled 
with  water  at  its  end,  and  when  opened,  a bad-smelling 
ichor  is  discharged.  The  disease  spreads  upwards,  where 
finally  separation  of  the  tail  takes  place,  leaving  the  animal 
without  one. 

Garget  Mammitis. — Inflammation  of  the  udder  in 

cows  is  often  of  a very  troublesome  character.  In  occurs 
shortly  after  calving,  and  in  some  instances  not  for  a week 
or  two  after.  The  inflammation  is  usually  confined  to  one 
quarter  of  the  udder  only,  and  may  be  of  an  acute,  or 
chronic  character. 

Cause.  Want  of  proper  attention  in  not  milking  the 
cow  sufficiently  after  calving,  and  in  many  cases  by  not 


GARGET  MAMMITIS. 


281 


milking  the  cow  when  her  udder  is  almost  ready  to  burst, 
even  before  calving.  In  a word,  if  the  udder,  teats  and 
milk  ducts  are  kept  from  over-gorgement,  there  can  be  no 
udder  disease.  The  trouble  is,  that  all  cows  are  not  alike 
in  the  production  of  milk,  but  unfortunately  they  receive 
the  same  treatment ; and  hence  those  cows  which  are  en- 
dowed with  great  milking  qualities  are  usually  the  victims 
of  garget. 

Symptoms . Heat,  redness  and  pain,  followed  in  a day 
or  so  by  elevated  swellings,  which,  if  acute,  will  grow  to 
a point,  becoming  soft  and  fluctuating,  and  containing  pus; 
and  if  not  opened  at  this  stage,  fistulous  sores  will  be 
formed,  which  may  cause  the  final  destruction  of  one  por- 
tion of  the  udder. 

When  the  heat  and  redness  is  not  followed  by  swelling 
containing  pus,  it  is  called  chronic  garget.  In  addition  to 
these  symptoms,  the  cow  will  have  shivers  and  chills,  not 
from  cold,  but  from  the  muscular  rigor  which  is  set  up  in 
cases  of  extensive  suppuration. 

Treatment  In  the  acute  form,  apply  warm  poultices  to 
hasten  suppuration  or  bealing.  Where  the  parts  point,  and 
contain  fluid  or  pus,  open  deeply  at  the  lowest  point,  that 
the  pus  may  escape  without  forcing.  When  properly  dis- 
charged, heal  as  for  a common  sore.  (See  Ointments  in 
the  part  of  this  book  treating  upon  Horse  and  Cattle 
Medicines.)  For  chronic  garget,  use  a cold  application, 
so  as  to  put  it  back,  if  possible ; if  not,  hasten  the  sup- 
purative process,  and  treat  as  for  the  acute  form.  What- 
ever treatment  may  be  adopted,  by  all  means  do  not  forget 
to  milk  the  udder  severely , and  the  best  plan  will  be  to 
put  two  strong  calves  to  suck,  for  by  so  doing  the  pus 
may  be  drawn  off  by  them. 


m 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


Gastro-Enteritis  in  Calves.— (See  Diarrhoea  h 

Calves.) 

Glossitis— Anthrax— Blain.— This  is  a disease  aft 
fecting  the  tongue,  and  can  only  be  taken  for  epizootic 
aphtha,  already  described.  Although  apparently  situated 
in  the  tongue,  it  is  a constitutional  disease — a blood  poison 
in  fact.  This  is  also  an  epizootic  disease,  and  as  usual,  it 
is  thought  to  be  contagious,  which  is  equivalent  to  saying, 
we  know  nothing  of  its  cause  or  mode  of  warfare.  Few 
veterinary  surgeons,  or  horse  doctors,  have,  it  would  seem, 
ever  known  of  zumins,  ferments  or  leavens,  as  the  Scrip- 
tures have  it,  for  not  in  any  work  on  veterinary  science  or 
animal  husbandry  are  any  of  these  words  mentioned ; nor 
is  a hint  thrown  out  that  such  agents  do  exist,  and  have  a 
deleterious  effect  upon  the  health  of  animals.  I am  satis- 
fied that  upon  further  inquiry  and  investigation,  ferments 
will  be  found  the  only  cause  of  such  diseases  as  are  at 
present  involved  in  darkness  and  obscurity. 

Symptoms.  Loss  of  appetite,  saliva  flowing  from  the 
mouth ; the  tongue  red,  swollen,  and  inflamed,  thus  arrest- 
ing mastication,  or  chewing;  the  muzzle  or  lips,  head  and 
neck  swell ; breathing  disturbed.  Appearances  of  suffo- 
cation set  in,  the  saliva  is  offensive  to  smell,  and  tinged 
with  blood ; the  basis  of  the  discharge  is  of  a greenish 
color,  not  unlike  vomicce  seen  in  the  lungs  of  glandered 
horses  and  consumptive  men.  In  this  condition,  the  ani« 
mal  will  live  from  two  to  four  days. 

Treatment.  Lance  the  turgid  tongue  to  relieve  conges- 
tion, wash  the  mouth  with  vinegar,  and  administer  a slight 
purgative.  Give  one  pound  of  epsom  salts  in  two  bottles 
of  water,  sweetened  with  molasses ; a little  powdered  gin- 
ger may  be  added.  Allow  the  animal  plenty  of  cold  water  to 


HIDE  BOUND. 


283 


drink,  to  cool  the  mouth  and  tongue,  and  furnish  pure  air. 
Follow  with  two  drachms  of  the  sulphate  of  iron,  and  an 
ounce  each  of  ginger,  fenugreek  and  sulphite  of  soda  twice 
in  the  day,  which  will  give  strength  to  the  body,  and  purity 
to  the  blood. 

Haematuria — Blood  in  the  Urine. — This  occurrence 
is  not  to  be  confounded  with  red  water.  Coagulated,  or 
congealed  blood  comes  when  the  first  flow  of  water  is  dis- 
charged, and  the  remainder  of  the  urine  is  clear. 

Cause . Blows  or  other  injuries  over  the  region  of  the 
kidneys,  or  from  eating  the  leaves  or  tops  of  plants  having 
a powerful  diuretic  effect,  such  as  some  of  the  yews,  cedars 
and  savins.  Cows  in  calf,  and  mares  with  foal,  will  eat 
what  other  animals,  or  what  they  themselves  would  not  eat 
when  in  other  condition.  (See  Red  Water.) 

Treatment  Give  linseed  tea  to  drink,  and  slush  mashes 
and  plenty  of  fluids  to  drink.  No  medicine  will  be  re- 
quired. 

Hair  Balls. — These  are  very  common  in  cattle,  and 
are  introduced  by  the  animal  licking  itself  and  swallowing 
the  hair.  These  balls  are  found  after  death,  and  are  of 
various  sizes,  and  thoroughly  felted. 

Herpes. — (See  Mange.) 

Hide  Bound, — This  is  not  to  be  taken  as  a disease, 
but  merely  the  result  of  faulty  digestion  and  assimilation. 

Treatment . Give  one  pound  of  epsom  salts,  half  an  ounce 
of  ginger,  and  mix  in  two  bottles  of  cold  water,  sweetened 
with  molasses.  Next  day  follow  with  the  following  pow- 
ders : Powdered  ginger,  one  ounce ; fenugreek,  one  ounce  ; 
caraway  seeds,  half  an  ounce ; mix,  and  give  in  one  dose  i 
and  one  dose  may  be  given  daily  for  a week. 


284 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


Hoose  in  Calves. — This  is  a common  disease  in 
breeding  districts,  and  is  very  fatal  in  its  results,  attacking 
young  calves  and  cattle,  till  two  years  old.  It  is  a para- 
sitic  disease. 

Cause.  The  presence  of  minute  worms  in  the  bronchial 
tubes.  These  worms  are  called  Jilaria  bronchi , and  inhabit 
the  windpipe  of  young  cattle,  sheep  and  lambs. 

Prevention.  Keep  calves, sheep  and  lambs  on  dryland, 
where  there  is  no  marsh,  wet  land  or  meadow. 

Symptoms.  Constant,  husky  cough  ; difficulty  in  breath- 
ing; emaciation,  and  loss  of  appetite.  Thus  the  disease 
goes  on  from  bad  to  worse,  until  death  takes  place  in  from 
two  to  three  weeks,  depending  much,  however,  upon  the 
age  of  the  beast. 

Treatment.  Linseed  oil,  two  ounces ; oil  or  spirits  of 
turpentine,  half  an  ounce,  well  mixed  with  the  linseed  oik 
This  dose  is  for  a calf  of  six  months  old.  It  should  be 
repeated  every  two  days.  Give  the  calves  good  feed,  such 
as  oil  cake,  etc.  Another  form,  and  a good  one,  which  is 
generally  used  in  sheep  to  save  expense  and  trouble,  is  to 
get  them  together,  and  drive  them  into  a pretty  close  house 
or  shed,  not  larger  than  will  hold  all  the  affected  ones. 
Then  procure  an  earthen  bowl  or  basin,  containing  one 
ounce  each  of  common  salt  and  oxide  of  manganese,  and 
pour  over  this  a mixture,  say,  water,  half  an  ounce;  sul- 
phuric acid,  one  ounce  and  a half ; stir  with  a stick,  and 
chlorine  gas  will  be  evolved.  When  sufficiently  stirred, 
leave  the  place,  and  close  the  door.  Repeat  the  inhalations  J 
for  two  or  three  times,  and  let  two  days  pass  before  each 
subsequent  inhalation.  If  the  animal  be  much  weakened 
by  the  parasites,  mix  caraway  and  fenugreek  in  their 
feed,  of  each  a quarter  of  an  ounce,  once  a day,  for  a week 
or  so. 


HOVEEL 


285 


Hoven. — Tympanitis  or  Drum-belly . So  called  from  the 
appearance  and  sound.  The  evolution,  or  giving  off  of 
carbonic  acid  gas,  from  the  large  quantity  of  grass  or  clover 
when  wet,  contained  within  the  rumen  or  paunch,  together 
with  the  suspension  of  the  function  of  digestion,  and  peri- 
staltic action  of  the  bowels — all  of  which  combined,  go  to 
make  up  the  disease  called  hoven.  Hoven  may  occur  in 
one  hour,  for  we  often  see  cows  turned  out  to  pasture  in 
the  morning,  and  are  found  almost  suffocated  in  an  hour 
afterward.  In  cases  of  this  kind  there  is  obviously  no 
time  to  be  lost.  Every  farmer  should  be  prepared  to  meet 
and  cure  them  as  they  occur,  there  being  no  time  to  run 
for  assistance. 

Cause . Over-filling  the  paunch,  and  in  too  quick  a 
time — before  the  stomach  has  time  to  act  upon  it ; hence 
fermentation  is  set  up. 

Symptoms . Great  distress ; the  sides  are  distended,  and 
when  struck,  sound  like  a drum,  the  beast  lying  and  rising  ; 
the  breathing  is  hurried ; there  is  great  suffering,  and  if 
not  speedily  relieved,  the  rumen  will  give  way,  burst  or 
rupture ; if  this  does  not  happen  shortly,  the  brain  becomes 
affected,  and  the  beast  dies  unconscious.  The  disease  runs 
its  course  with  fearful  rapidity. 


TROCAR,  WITH  CANULA. 


Treatment  At  once  plunge  a dinner  knife,  well  sharp* 
ened,  into  the  side,  or  at  equal  distance  from  the  hauncfe 


286 


a/ISEASES  of  cattle. 


bone  and  short  rib,  oil  the  left  side  of  the  animal. 
Veterinary  surgeons  use  a trocar  for  this  purpose,  and 
every  farmer  should  have  one  also.  If  the  case  be  not  a 
severe  one,  it  may  be  entrusted  to  time,  nature  and  medi- 
cine. Give  half  a pound  of  table  mustard,  and  an  ounce 
of  the  chloride  of  lime,  mixed  in  as  little  cold  water  as  will 
float  the  mustard  out  of  the  bottle,  and  down  the  throat  of 
the  animal.  Or,  instead  of  the  mustard  and  lime,  give 
one  ounce  of  recently  powdered  carbonate  of  ammonia  in 
cold  water.  Dashing  cold  water  over  the  loins  of  the 
beast  often  cures  the  affection,  by  inducing  reflex  action  of 
the  nervous  centres  of  the  body.  Sometimes  we  see  a 
chronic  form  of  this  complaint,  occurring  at  intervals, 
owing  to  a debilitated  condition  of  the  walls  of  the  rumen, 
which  is  cured  by  the  following  powder,  given  morning 
and  night  in  the  feed  : Powdered  ginger,  half  an  ounce; 
gentian,  half  an  ounce;  fenugreek,  half  an  ounce;  mix, 
and  give  in  one  dose,  and  continue  it  for  a few  days. 

Hydatids  in  the  Brain. — This  is  a parasitic  disease 
— a worm  found  floating  in  a serous  fluid,  surrounded  by 
a sack  or  small  bladder,  and  situated  generally  on  one  side 
of  the  brain,  and  under  or  near  the  base  of  the  horn. 

Cause . This  affection  is  caused  by  the  animal  eating, 
with  the  feed  or  grass,  some  of  the  ova  or  eggs  which  have 
been  dropped  from  dogs  affected  with  tape-worms. 

Symptoms . The  affected  beast  will  be  observed  in  the 
early  season  of  the  disease,  to  be  affected  in  one  of  the  eyes, 
ending  shortly  in  total  blindness  of  that  organ.  This.  \ 
however,  is  not  always  the  case.  The  great  symptom 
chiefly  to  be  relied  upon,  is  the  constant  turning  of  the 
animal  in  the  form  of  a circle.  This,  the  animal  will 
always  persist  in  doing,  and  stop  only  when  brought  in 


INFLAMMATION. 


287 


contact  with  a stone  wall  or  fence,  which  prevents  further 
circular  turning.  Unfortunately,  the  poor  animal  comes 
in  contact  with  the  wall  with  such  force,  and  so  often 
repeated,  that  on  that  side  of  the  head  will  be  seen  swell- 
ings and  enlargements  of  the  bones  of  the  jaw.  In  this 
way  does  the  affected  beast  turn  from  day  to  day  until 
emaciated  from  weakness  and  hunger.  The  end  of  some 
cases  is  frequently  hastened  by  their  falling  into  holes, 
rivers,  etc.  The  inability  to  stop  turning  prevents  the 
animal  from  gathering  food,  and  hence  the  case  terminates 
in  starvation. 

Treatment  The  success  attending  the  treatment  of  such 
cases  is  very  great.  The  cure  consists  in  finding  out  the 
exact  spot  on  the  head  over  the  hydatid,  and  boring 
through  the  bone  with  an  instrument  made  for  that  pur- 
pose. As  soon  as  the  bone  is  bored  through  a small  pair 
of  foreeps  or  tongs  is  put  through  it  into  the  sack,  and  by 
this  means,  together  with  a syringe  with  a long  nozzle  to 
pump  out  what  fluids  there  are  in  the  cavity,  the  cure  is 
completed.  The  hole,  of  course,  will  have  to  be  closed  by 
a pad  or  cloth,  to  exclude  the  air  till  it  has  closed  by  a 
new  bone.  (See  Diseases  of  Sheep.) 

Inflammation. — Inflammation  is  the  same  in  all  ani« 
mals,  but  happily  it  is  not  common  to  the  ox  tribe. 
Indeed  inflammation  in  all  animals  is  not  so  common  as  it 
is  usually  represented  to  us  to  be.  Irritation  is  oftener 
observed  among  animals  and  men,  than  inflammation,  and 
disease  with  decreased  force  or  power  is  more  frequent  than 
either  diseases  now-a-days ; or,  it  may  be,  we  are  better 
educated,  and  thereby  can  more  readily  discern  the  true 
conditions  of  diseases,  than  men  of  former  times ; or,  it 
may  be  from  both  causes  combined,  that  we  are  able  to 


288 


DISEASES  OP  CATTLE. 


discern  jmch  a change  in  diseases.  However,  the  majority 
of  diseases,  now  met  with,  are  of  a low  type,  and  require 
for  treatment  not  bleeding,  but  medicines  and  good  feeding 
to  support  the  powers  of  nature. 

Impaction  of  the  Omasum,  or  Third  Stomach.— 

In  some  parts  of  the  world  this  disease  is  called  “ wood 
evil.”  So  called  because  the  stomach  is  filled  with  leaves, 
dried  bramble  and  sticks  or  twigs,  from  bushes.  These 
articles  being  deficient  in  nutritive  matter,  cause  the  sus- 
pension of  rumination  (chewing  the  cud)  and  digestion. 

Causes . In  addition  to  the  causes  above  given,  we  may 
add  that  of  dried  grass,  which  has  been  left  standing  in  the 
field ; or  in  fact  any  kind  of  food,  which  does  not  contain 
essential  principles  for  fat  and  blood-making,  in  proportion 
to  its  bulk,  is  sure  to  bring  on  an  attack  of  wood  evil  or 
impaction  of  the  third  stomach. 

Symptoms.  Loss  of  cud,  loss  of  appetite,  and  quickened 
breathing,  accompanied  with  a grunt.  Diarrhoea  is  fol- 
lowed by  constipation,  great  thirst;  the  legs,  horns  and 
ears  are  cold ; grinding  of  the  teeth,  and  when  the  disease 
has  about  run  its  course,  moaning  takes  the  place  of  the 
grunt,  diarrhoea  succeeds  costiveness,  and  the  poor  beast 
dies  exhausted.  Examinations  after  death  disclose  a curi- 
ous condition,  namely  : the  third  stomach  is  perfectly  stuffed 
full  with  food,  and  it  is  so  hard  and  dry,  that  it  readily 
burns  when  fire  is  applied  to  it. 

Treatment  Allow  the  animal  plenty  of  cold  water  to 
drink,  so  that  the  mechanical  effects  thereof  may  be  advan- 
tageous in  assisting  to  wash,  dilute  and  moisten  the  dry 
mass.  Give  strong  purgatives.  Take  epsom  salts,  one 
pound ; table  salt,  half  a pound  ; oil  of  croton,  fifteen 
drops ; mix,  and  give  in  one  dose,  in  fully  a gallon  of 


JAUNDICE* 


289 


water ; for  be  it  remembered  that  cattle  should  have  all 
medicines  given  in  large  fluids,  and  it  is  more  imperatively 
demanded  in  cases  like  this,  where  so  much  depends  upon 
fluids.  If  twenty-four  hours  pass  by  without  any  effect 
from  the  salts,  repeat  the  dose  with  an  addition  of  two 
ounces  of  the  spirits  of  turpentine.  With  this  dose  the 
purgative  medicine  should  be  stopped,  whether  it  has  had 
any  effect  or  not.  So  long  as  the  animal  does  not  seem 
stupid  or  the  brain  be  not  affected,  there  are  still  hopes 
that  recovery  may  reward  our  labors.  (See  Texan  Fever.) 

Jaundice. — Icterus . This  is  a common  disease  in  the 
ox,  from  the  fact  that  he  is  supplied  with  a gall  bladder, 
and  gall  in  great  quantity.  Jaundice  may  be  properly 
called  biliary  intoxication,  or  distribution  of  bile  through- 
out the  whole  circulation  of  the  body. 

Cause . Closure  of  the  biliary  ducts  in  the  liver,  and 
the  consequent  absorption  of  the  bile  into  the  stomach. 
The  bile  duct  may  be  closed  from  gall-stones. 

Symptoms . In  white-skinned  oxen,  jaundice  is  seen  at 
once  from  their  yellow  color.  In  dark-colored  animals  we 
are  satisfied  to  examine  the  lining  of  the  mouth,  nose  and 
eyes,  for  this  yellow  appearance.  In  addition  to  these 
signs,  we  have  dullness  and  costiveness,  while  the  dung  is 
of  a whitish  or  straw-colored  look. 

Treatment  If  the  symptoms  be  not  very  prominent, 
the  animal  may  be  left  with  safety  to  the  powers  of  nature, 
which  can  be  assisted  by  giving  slop  food,  or  placing  it 
upon  bare  pasture  for  few  days.  If  the  case  be  more  of  * 
an  acute  kind,  give  a dose  of  purgative  medicine,  as  fol- 
lows: Epsom  salts,  one  pound;  table  salt,  half  a pound; 
ginger,  half  an  ounce ; mix,  and  dissolve  in  four  bottles 
of  water,  sweetened  with  molasses. 

19  — 


290 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


Kidney  Disease. — Kidney  disease  in  the  ox  is  of  a 
rare  occurrence.  Disease  of  the  kidneys  is  more  peculiar 
to  animals  whose  lives  are  allowed  to  run  longer  than 
those  of  oxen,  especially  when  fat  and  fit  for  market. 

Laryngitis. — (See  Croup  and  Bronchitis.) 

Leucorrhcea.— A discharge  of  muco-purulent  matter 
from  the  womb  and  vagina  of  cows. 

Cause.  Debility  and  bloodless  condition  of  the  system. 

Treatment . Iron,  gentian,  fenugreek,  the  mineral  acids 
and  good  nourishing  food  are  what  is  wanted  to  build  up 
the  system,  and  a weak  solution  of  lime  may  be  injected 
into  the  vagina  once  a day  with  a No.  6 syringe,  to  which 
is  attached  an  8-inch  nozzle.  Give  the  following  powder, 
morning  and  night:  Powdered  sulphate  of  iron,  two 
drachms ; powdered  gentian  root,  half  an  ounce ; pow- 
dered ginger,  half  an  ounce ; fenugreek,  half  an  ounce ; 
mix,  and  give  in  one  dose,  and  continue  for  a week. 
Commercial  sulphuric  acid  in  half  ounce  doses,  by  weight, 
may  be  given  once  a day  in  half  a bucket  of  cold  water, 
which  the  cow  will  readily  drink. 

Lice. — (See  Lice,  in  the  first  part  of  this  book.) 

Liver  Disease. — (See  Jaundice.) 

Locked-jaw. — Kill  the  beast  and  dress  it  for  market 
as  soon  as  it  is  known  that  it  is  locked-jawed. 

Lung  Diseases. — (See  Pleuro-pneumonia.) 

Lymphangitis. — An  affection  of  the  ox  tribe,  fol- 
lowing an  accident,  which  partakes  of  some  of  the  charac- 
teristics attending  farcy  in  horses,  but  without  any  specific 
poison  being  developed. 


MILK  FEVER. 


291 


Treatment . A dose  of  salts  internally,  and  fomentations 
or  poultices.  Apply  to  the  swelling  and  to  the  sores,  if 
there  be  any,  which  will  depend  upon  whether  the  skin 
gives  way  or  not. 

Malignant  Catarrh.— (See  Catarrhus,  etc.) 
Mammitis. — (See  Garget.) 

Mange. — (See  Mange,  in  the  first  part  of  this  book.) 

Milk  Fever. — Febris  Ladea — Metria.  Milk  fever  oc- 
curs from  the  first  to  the  third  day  after  calving;  rarely  after 
the  third  day.  It  is  seldom  met  with  before  the  fourth 
calving,  then  attacking  chiefly  cows  of  select  breeds,  and 
good  milkers.  Milk  fever  consists  in  inflammation  of  the 
womb,  which  sometimes  even  extends  to  the  bowels. 

Symptoms . Loss  of  appetite ; chewing  the  cud,  or  rumi- 
nation ceases;  staggering  gait,  wild  look,  falls  and  cannot 
rise.  If  the  disease  be  not  checked  the  brain  will  soon  be 
affected  also,  when  the  cow  will  dash  about  with  her  head 
and  horns,  plunging  them  into  the  ground. 

Cause . Undue  determination  of  the  blood  to  the  womb 
from  over  feeding  before,  and  immediately  after  calving, 
and  from  sudden  changes  of  the  weather  at  the  time  of 
calving. 

Prevention . Give,  one  week  before  calving,  one  pound 
of  epsom  salts,  half  a pound  of  table  salt,  and  half  an 
ounce  of  ground  ginger,  mixed  in  four  bottles  of  cold 
water  and  sweetened  with  molasses.  Let  the  cows  feed 
be  of  the  lightest  kind,  such  as  hay  and  thin  slop  mashes^ 
and  no  meal,  grain  or  solid  food.  This  measure  will 
lessen  the  tendency  to  interruption  of  the  circulation,  and 
will  improve  the  health  and  tone  of  the  whole  system. 
To  avoid,  as  much  as  possible,  the  effects  of  sudden  changes 


292 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


of  the  weather,  have  the  cow  brought  into  the  house. 
When  milk  fever  is  anticipated,  give,  a few  hours  after 
calving,  twenty-five  drops  of  the  tincture  of  aconite  root, 
which  may  be  repeated  every  six  hours,  till  four  doses 
have  been  given.  Nothing  that  I am  acquainted  with  is 
as  capable  of  equalizing  the  circulation  of  the  blood  by 
controlling  the  heart’s  action,  and  thereby  the  circulation, 
as  aconite ; and  for  this  purpose  I highly  recommend  it 
to  farmers  and  breeders  of  stock  throughout  the  country. 
The  foregoing  measures,  together  with  light  slop  feeding 
for  a few  days  after  calving,  I am  sure  will  prevent  much 
suffering  to  the  cow,  and  inconvenience  and  loss  to  the 
owner. 

Treatment  When  the  disease  is  present,  give  at  once 
thirty  drops  of  the  tincture  of  aconite  root,  and  half  an 
ounce  of  the  pure  opium  in  powder,  in  a bottle  of  thin 
gruel.  The  aconite  must  be  repeated  every  four  hours 
without  the  opium,  until  four  or  five  doses  are  given. 
Place  chopped  ice  in  a bag  on  the  forehead,  and  attach  it 
to  the  horns,  renewing  it  when  wanted.  This  being  done 
quickly,  at  more  leisure  get  epsom  salts,  one  pound;  table 
salt,  one  pound  ; ginger,  half  an  ounce ; mix,  and  dissolve 
in  four  bottles  of  cold  water,  with  a little  molasses  to 
sweeten  it,  and  give  at  one  dose.  After  this  medicine  has 
been  given,  turn  the  cow  from  side  to  side  every  four  hours, 
or  when  the  aconite  is  given,  which  will  save  labor  and 
unnecessary  excitement  to  her.  She  should  be  left  as  quiet 
as  possible,  and  her  legs  and  body  be  kept  warm,  thereby 
relieving  the  womb  to  that  extent.  Do  not  deny  pure  air, 
nor  plenty  of  cold  water  to  the  afflicted  animal,  for  she  not 
only  needs  them,  but  they  are  indispensable  to  a sure  and 
perfect  recovery  in  most  diseases,  and  as  much  so  if  not 
more  in  a disease  of  this  kind. 


MURRAIN. 


293 


Milk  Trembles. — This  is  a disease  seen  in  the  wooded 
country  of  the  South  and  South-west,  and  depends  upon 
cold,  moisture  and  miasma.  The  disease  disappears  with 
improvements  and  clearing  of  the  land  from  timber. 

Treatment . Give  gentian,  ginger,  and  fenugreek,  of  each, 
half  an  ounce;  mix,  and  make  one  dose,  which  may  be 
repeated  once  in  the  day. 

Moor  Evil. — (See  Red  Water.) 

Mouth  Disease, — (See  Epizootic  Aphtha.) 

Murrain. — This  is  one  of  the  names  given  to  diseases  of 
cattle,  which  ought  long  ago  to  have  been  expunged  from 
the  books  and  writings  of  men  who  ought,  if  they  do  not, 
to  know  tha  tthe  word  murrain  means  to  die.  By  classi- 
cal scholars,  orators,  and  poets,  the  use  of  the  word  murrain 
may  be  taken  as  an  indication  that  they  have  read  Virgil, 
Homer  and  Horace ; but  when  cow  doctors  talk  about  the 
murrain,  it  convey  s the  reverse  idea  to  that  entertained 
when  used  by  the  orators  and  poet.  Cattle  plagues  and 
murrain  are  excellent  names,  whereby  the  ignorant  pre- 
tender may  gain  credit,  among  farmers  and  others,  for  a 
knowledge  he  never  did  possess.  He  may  give  the  name 
of  murrain  to  any  disease  or  diseases,  however  different  the 
one  may  be  from  the  other  in  sign,  symptom  and  seat, 
providing  that  the  beast  die . It  will  be  observed,  how- 
ever, that  if  the  animal  should  live , murrain  can’t  be  its 
proper  name.  Murrain,  as  applied  to  cattle  diseases, 
conveys  no  idea  of  the  nature  or  seat  of  the  disease.  In 
some  parts  of  the  world,  murrain  is  applied  to  epizootic 
aphtha,  a disease  affecting  the  mouth  and  feet — de  lajievre 
aptheura — and  withal,  not  deadly,  or  fatal.  Without 
fatality,  any  intelligent  person  would  naturally  and  know- 
ingly think  that  there  can  be  no  murrain,  and  the  absurd- 


294 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


ity  of  the  name  so  applied,  can  induce  no  very  high 
opinion  of  cow  doctors. 

Nephritis. — This  is  a name  given  to  a disease,  or  in- 
flammation, of  the  kidneys.  It  is  scarcely  ever  seen  in 
the  ox. 

Nervous  Diseases. — These  may  be  classed  as  follows: 
Brain  diseases,  apoplexy,  inflammation  of  the  brain, 
palsy,  paralysis,  locked-jaw,  twitching  of  the  muscles,  etc. 

(Estromania. — A term  applied  to  cows  when  bulling. 

(Estrus  Bovis. — The  fly  which  deposits  the  eggs,  from 
which  the  ox  bot  is  developed. 

Osseous.  Composed  of  bone;  bony  tumor. 

Ovarian  Dropsy.  This  is  a disease  peculiar  to  milch 
cows,  and  consists  of  watery  swellings  of  the  ovary,  but 
one  ovary  being  usually  affected.  Ovarian  dropsy  is 
characterized  by  a large,  soft  swelling,  situated  upon  the 
side  of  the  cow,  between  the  short  rib  and  the  thigh. 

Treatment  Tap  the  tumor  with  an  instrument  called  a 
trocar,  whereby  the  fluid  is  let  out.  When  this  is  done, 
feed  the  cow  well,  and  give  her  iron,  gentian  and  ginger, 
to  prevent  further  accumulation. 

Ovarian  Tumor. — The  difference  between  ovarian 
dropsy  and  ovarian  tumor,  as  ascertained  by  the  touch,  is, 
the  dropsy  is  soft  and  fluctuating,  and  the  tumor  hard  and 
slightly  movable.  Ovarian  tumors  are  generally  hard, 
and  similar  to  cancroid  and  encephaloid  tumors  found  in 
man  and  animals. 

Treatment  Fatten  the  animal,  and  kill  and  send  her  to 
market,  before  she  dies  and  becomes  a complete  loss. 

Palsy,  or  Paralysis. — This  is  a nervous  disease,  and 


PLEU  RO-PN  EUMONI  Ar 


295 


is  characterized  by  the  animal  having  lost  the  power  of 
standing.  Palsy  may  be  partial  or  complete. 

Causes . Tumors  on  the  brain;  injury  to,  or  softening 
of  the  spinal  cord. 

Symptoms.  Inability  of  the  animal  to  move,  continued 
lying;  will  usually  eat  and  drink  as  if  nothing  were 
amiss,  and  will  continue  to  do  so  for  many  weeks. 

Treatment.  We  are  in  possession  of  only  one  drug, 
which  is  oftentimes  of  service  in  curing  this%  disease,  de- 
pending on  whether  the  paralysis  be  from  reflex  action  of 
the  nerves  of  motion,  or  from  entire  suspension  of  feeling. 
If  the  case  be  from  reflex  action,  then  this  medicine 
had  better  not  be  given  ; but  if  the  nervous  feeling  be  en- 
tirely lost,  strychnia  may  then  be  given  in  one  grain  doses 
twice  in  the  day  in  the  animal’s  feed,  and  continued  for 
a week  or  two. 

Parasitic  Lung  Disease.— (See  Hoose.) 
Parturient  Fever. — (See  Milk  Fever.) 

Phthisis. — (See  Consumption  and  Diarrhoea.) 

Placenta. — This  is  a name  given  to  the  after-birth. 
Plethora. — Fatness;  full  of  blood. 

Pleurisy. — This  is  inflammation  of  the  pleura,  or 
white,  fibrous,  serous  tissue  lining  the  ribs  within  the 
chest,  and  the  covering  of  the  lungs.  For  further  par- 
ticulars, see  the  following  article. 

Pleuro-pneumonia. — “Massachusetts  Cattle  Disease  ” 
— Epizootic  Pleuro-pneumonia.  Pleuro-pneumonia  is  a 
compound  disease,  as  its  name  indicates — pleuro  and  pneu- 
monia. My  own  opinion  is,  however,  and  it  is  almost  a 
certainty,  X think,  that  the  single  name  pleurisy  wouk3 
cover  the  whole  ground  ; for  the  pathology  of  the  disease 


296 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


unmistakably  points  to  this  one  fact  that  the  lungs  are  not 
affected  as  a disease  from  the  beginning,  but  the  solid, 
spotted  and  mottled  conditions  of  the  lungs  are  but  the 
effects  of  disease  of  the  pleural  covering, and  the  consequent 
effusions  of  serum  into  the  chest,  floating  and  surrounding 
the  lungs,  together  with  weakness,  low  vitality,  and  debili- 
ty of  the  animal  affected.  This,  then,  is  the  reason  why 
the  lungs  have  become  diseased,  and  the  consequent 
double  name  given  to  the  affection. 

However  much  men  may  doubt  it,  this  disease  is  nothing 
more  than  buccal  inflammation,  extending  from  the  cover- 
ings of  the  mouth  and  nose  down  to  the  pleural  membranes 
within  the  chest,  speedily  followed  by  extensive  outpour- 
ing of  fluid  called  serum,  and  it  is  not  till  this  fluid  has 
accumulated  in  sufficient  quantity  that  the  evidence  of 
disease  show  itself  to  the  farmer  or  breeder.  Cows  are  not 
so  nervous,  nor  yet  so  excitable  as  horses,  whether  in 
health  or  sickness,  and  hence  the  abscence  of  those  symp- 
toms in  the  early  stage  of  the  disease  in  cows,  which  are  so 
early  shown  in  horses,  when  affected  by  the  same  sickness. 
Farmers  should  remember  this,  for  in  early  detection  lies 
often  the  life  of  the  animal. 

Again,  and  in  support  of  my  theory,  if  the  lungs  were 
one  of  the  primary  seats  of  the  disease,  it  would  not  be 
reasonable  to  expect  the  animal  to  live  for  a week,  and  in 
some  cases  a month,  as  is  the  case  with  animals  affected 
with  this  disease.  In  no  disease  of  the  lungs,  excepting 
tubercles,  will  animals  live  so  long  as  those  do  when 
affected  with  pleuro-pneumonia,  thus  entirely  disproving 
the  theory  universally  entertained  by  those  who  have  an 
idea  to  offer  upon  the  subject. 

The  length  of  time  animals  live  with  this  disease,  to- 
gether with  the  serum,  the  condition  of  the  lungs,  and  the 


PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 


297 


adhesions  so  often  seen  connecting  the  lungs  with  the  sides 
of  the  chest,  does  not  go  to  prove  the  incurability  of  the 
disease  at  all,  as  has  been  so  often  asserted,  but  on  the 
contrary,  it  goes  to  show  the  curability  of  the  disease,  and 
the  ignorance  of  those  who  have  been  guilty  of  so  bold  and 
unwarranted  an  assertion,  thereby  deceiving  the  honest 
cow  keeper  and  breeder  to  their  great  loss,  and  in  some 
cases  to  their  ruin.  Pleuro-pneumonia  then  I take  to  be  a 
disease  similar  to  typhoid  influenza  in  the  horse,  affecting 
the  white  membranes  of  the  nose,  mouth,  windpipe  and 
chest,  speedily  followed  by  outpouring  of  fluid  into  the 
cavity  of  the  thorax  or  chest,  gradually  increasing  in 
volume,  till  the  lungs  are  nearly  submerged,  solidifying 
them,  thus  arresting  aeration,  or  proper  oxygenation  of  the 
blood,  together  with  shreds  of  plastic  lymph  connecting 
and  interfering  still  further  with  the  action  of  whatever 
healthy  lung  there  maybe  left:  and  thus  by  a gradual, 
but  progressive  process,  the  vital  power  gives  way,  and  the 
poor  beast  dies  from  suffocation,  or  asphyxia,  in  from  one 
week  to  two  months  or  more — depending  if  the  cow  be  in 
calf,  and  what  condition  otherwise  the  animal  may  be  in. 
The  better  the  condition,  the  longer  will  they  live,  and  the 
more  likely  are  they  to  live,  even  without  medicine,  thus 
giving  the  lie  to  its  incurability.  (See  Bronchitis.) 

Cause . Some  subtle  poison  in  the  atmosphere  sometimes, 
which  is  not  always  present ; sudden  and  severe  changes  in 
the  temperature,  cold,  heat,  dryness  and  moisture,  easterly 
winds,  and  possibly  some  other  conditions  which  may  be 
present,  but  not  recognized,  and  which  give  rise  to  what 
is  called  the  predisposing  cause,  for  since  we  have  those 
various  changes  in  the  condition  of  the  weather,  without 
producing  the  disease,  something  is  wanted  in  the  animal 
economy  to  act  as  a predisposing  cause,  two  causes  being 


298 


DISEASES  OP  CATTLE. 


necessary  to  produce  epizootic  disease,  namely : the  predis- 
posing cause,  which  resides  in  the  system,  and  the  exciting 
cause,  which  belongs  to  the  atmosphere.  Atmospheric 
cause  is  being  clearly  proven  from  the  fact  of  the  early 
symptoms  of  the  disease  being  irritation  of  the  mucous 
membranes  of  the  nostrils,  nose,  eyes,  etc.  That  this  may 
be  properly  understood,  let  any  person  enter  the  too 
frequently  over-heated  lecture  room  or  theatre,  with  its 
impure  air,  and  on  coming  out  to  the  keen  air  of  night, 
how  readily  the  membranes  of  the  eyes  drop  tears,  and 
sneezing  from  irritation  of  the  nose  takes  place.  Pleuro- 
pneumonia being  a disease  chiefly  attacking  milch  cows 
and  working  oxen,  and  rarely  affecting  herds  of  cattle  in 
the  field,  we  are  carried  back  again  in  our  inquiries  to  the 
cow  house,  barn  yard  and  its  surroundings.  There  we 
find  the  slop  feed  stimulating  the  cow  to  over-secretion  of 
milk,  and  at  the  expense  of  her  general  health  and  condi- 
tion— the  smoking  and  putrefying  dung  heap — the  imper- 
fect ventilation  and  over-heated  stable — the  giving  of  stim- 
ulating feed,  and  immediately  after  turning  the  heated  cow 
out  to  the  cold,  and  sometimes  frozen  watering  trough, 
to  quench  her  thirst.  In  one  or  other  of  these  anomalies, 
or  all  combined,  will  be  found  the  cause  of  this  epizootic 
disease — contagion,  if  it  is  really  contagious,  which  I 
honestly  doubt  and  even  deny ; however,  if  so,  then  they 
cannot  be  the  only  exciting  and  predisposing  causes  of  the 
disease. 

Symptoms . As  has  been  already  stated,  the  early  symp- 
toms are  irritation  of  the  membranes  of  the  nose,  windpipe, 
etc.  The  symptoms  of  this  irritation  are  not  perceived  by 
the  farmer,  till  effusions  of  fluid  are  poured  into  the  chest 
in  considerable  quantities,  interfering  with  the  movements 
of  the  lungs,  and  consequently  the  breathing  or  respiration  j 


JPI*EUR0-  PNEUMONIA* 


299 


then — and  then  only  does  the  farmer  observe  that  the 
animal  is  sick.  The  presence  of  irritation  in  the  windpipe 
can  be  detected  by  placing  the  ear  close  to  the  windpipe, 
previously  tightening  the  skin  upon  it,  when  a slight 
' grating  sound  is  heard.  The  immediate  effect  of  irritation 
of  the  windpipe  of  the  cow,  is  a slight  discharge  of  an 
acrid  fluid,  of  the  appearance  of  water,  from  the  corners  of 
the  eyes  and  nose,  which  is,  however,  sometimes  so  slight 
that  most  persons  fail  to  see  it,  and  if  they  did,  would 
attach  no  importance  to  it — so  the  first,  and  most  impor- 
tant time  and  symptom  is  passed  by  uncared  for,  unheeded 
and  unchecked.  The  next  and  important  symptom  is  a 
half-involuntary  cough,  or  rather  a husking  sound — not  the 
clear  cough  which  horses  give,  when  similarly  affected. 
When  cough  is  heard,  it  may  then  be  said  the  incubative 
stage  has  passed  away.  I have  said  incubative,  although 
not  believing  in  the  existence  of  such  a thing,  if  it  be  not 
in  the  passive  condition  of  the  minds  of  men,  who  give 
credence  to  such  a theory*  The  milk  now  becomes  smaller 
in  quantity,  thin  and  blue;  cough  louder  and  often er ; 
breathing  quick  and  labored,  accompanied  with  a grunt  ; 
rumination  is  irregular,  and  the  appetite  precarious.  Such 
then  are  the  symptoms  that  may  be  seen  by  the  ordinary 
observer.  Auscultation  and  percussion  applied  to  the 
sides  of  the  chest,  are  not  to  be  relied  upon  by  persons 
who  are  not  accustomed  to  the  chest  murmurs , or  sounds 
?in  health  and  diseases.  Animals  in  good  condition  rally 
from  the  attack  and  get  well,  without  assistance  from 
medicine  or  art.  In  weak  and  low-conditioned  animals  the 
disease  and  symptoms  are  gradual  and  progressive,  and 
they  finally  die  in  from  two  weeks  to  two  months. 

Treatment . The  success  of  the  treatment  here  recom- 
mended, will  depend  upon,  1st.  Whether  the  animal  be  in 


300 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


good  or  low  condition  ; 2d.  Whether  the  cow  be  heavy 
with  calf ; 3d.  Whether  the  disease  has  been  discovered, 
and  treatment  applied  in  good  season.  These  are  impor- 
tant inquiries,  having  much  depending  upon  them,  for  this 
disease  is  much  more  frequent  ‘And  fatal  in  cows  heavy  with 
calf,  and  animals  in  low  condition.  If  the  disease  has  been 
observed  within  forty-eight  hours  from  the  time  of  attack, 
give  the  following  powders  every  four  hours  between  six 1 
o’clock  in  the  morning  and  ten  at  night,  or  at  six,  ten, 
two,  six  and  ten  o’clock : 

Tincture  of  aconite  root,  two  drachms  and  a half ; pow- 
dered gentian  root,  three  ounces ; powdered  ginger  root, 
three  ounces;  sulphate  of  iron,  two  ounces;  mix  well, 
and  divide  into  five  powders  and  give  as  above  directed. 
After  the  five  powders  have  been  given,  continue  with  the 
same  powders,  but  without  the  aconite,  and  give  them  only 
three  times  in  the  day,  instead  of  five  as  above  directed. 
Half  an  ounce  of  the  sulphite  of  soda  may  be  added  to  each 
powder  with  advantage.  The  powder  will  have  to  be 
mixed  in  a large  bottle  of  water,  and  sweetened  with 
molasses.  Allow  plenty  of  pure  air,  cold  water  and  good 
strong  feed,  but  not  too  much  at  a time;  this  will  be  better 
than  thin,  poor  and  non-strengthening  slop,  which  is  so 
injurious  and  deceptive,  and  so  often  recommended  and 
adopted  in  cases  of  sickness.  In  the  early  stages  of  the 
disease,  the  carbonate  of  ammonia  given  in  three  drachm 
doses,  along  with  the  other  powders,  will  do  much  good. 
There  are  two  points  I have  ever  sought  to  obtain,  in  the 
treatment  of  this  disease : 1st.  To  maintain  the  appetite. 
2d.  To  restore  and  maintain  it,  if  it  be  lost. 

Prolapsus  Vaginas. — Procidenta.  This  is  a protru- 
sion of  the  womb  through  the  vulvay  and  is  an  accident  of 


RAILWAY  DISEASE. 


301 


frequent  occurrence  with  cows  when  accumulating  flesh 
fast,  and  also  among  cows  denominated  bullers.  Some- 
times, however,  it  may  be  due  to  tumors,  or  dropsy  in  the 
womb  or  ovaries. 

Treatment  If  from  ovarian  disease,  spay  the  cow,  and 
in  simple  cases  elevate  the  hind  parts  of  the  cow,  by 
making  the  stall  lower  at  front  and  higher  behind,  placing 
a pad  on  the  parts,  after  the  manner  described,  under  the 
article  Falling  of  the  Womb . 

Prolapsus  Vesicae. — (See  Bladder,  Diseases  of  the.) 

Prurigo  Vernalis. — This  is  a disease  peculiar  to  the 
Spring  of  the  year,  and  characterized  by  extreme  itchiness 
— the  body  being  covered  with  inflammatory  spots,  which 
discharge  pus,  and  form  scabs  that  fall  off  and  leave  the 
parts  bald,  or  without  hair. 

Treatment  Give  a dose  of  epsom  salts,  and  fumigate 
the  beast  with  sulphurous  acid  gas.  (See  Sulphurous 
Acid  Gas,  in  article  on  Horse  and  Cattle  Medicines.) 
Give  good  feeding  and  good  shelter. 

Puerperal  Fever. — (See  Milk  Fever.) 

Quarter  Evil,— (See  Black  Leg.) 

Railway  Disease  of  Cattle.— The  summer  of  1867 

showed  very  clearly  the  existence  of  a disease  developed 
by  the  transportation  of  cattle  to  the  markets  of  New  York 
and  other  cities  from  the  saline  plains  and  pastures  of  the 
West.  For  the  want  of  a better  name,  we  have  designated 
it  as  above,  not  being  satisfied  of  its  identity  with  that 
disease  commonly  called  “ Texan  Fever ; ” because  the 
cattle  of  Texas  and  of  the  Cherokee  nation  are  not  known 
to  be  ever  sick  from  Texan  or  other  diseases,  except  from 


302 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


starvation  in  dry  seasons,  from  which  they  have  been 
known  to  die  by  thousands.  (See  Texan  Fever.)  Rail- 
way disease  is  characterized  by  weakness,  debility,  and 
fever,  with  complete  absorption  of  all  the  fluids  of  the  body. 
These  conditions  naturally  arise,  1st.  Because  of  the  salty 
nature  of  much  of  their  late  pastures,  which  tend,  greatly 
to  the  loss  of  the  animal  fluids  and  increased  desire  for 
water  as  a consequence  of  the  action  of  salt  upon  the  ani- 
mal economy.  2d.  The  crowding  of  large  numbers  in 
cars  without  food  or  water,  except,  perhaps  at  long  and 
insufficient  intervals  of  time,  together  with  want  of  air, 
proper  attention,  and  expedition  in  their  transportation 
during  the  heated  season  of  the  year. 

Remove  the  cause,  and  the  effect  will  cease,  is  particu- 
larly applicable  to  this  disease. 

Red  Water. — This  is  a disease  of  milch  cows  soon 
after  calving,  and  consists  in  an  altered  condition  of  the 
blood,  in  which  the  red  globules  are  broken  up,  and  the 
coloring  matter  which  is  called  hematosin  escapes  and  is 
passed  with  the  urine. 

Cause.  Obscure,  but  assigned  to  local  causes  such  as 
the  peculiar  properties  of  certain  herbs  or  grasses  which 
the  cows  feed  upon.  My  opinion,  however,  is  that  the 
cause  will  be  found  to  be  local  congestion,  the  red  coloring 
matter  is  but  the  product — red-colored  serum. 

Symptoms.  Diarrhoea  lasting  for  a day  or  two,  followed 
by  constipation ; urine  of  a brown  color  changing  to  a 
deep  red,  and  in  the  last  and  fatal  stages  to  a black, 
resembling  porter. 

Post-mortem . Appearances  confirm  my  opinion  that  it 
is  local  congestion  that  gives  rise  to  red  water.  The  liver 
and  kidney  being  chiefly  implicated. 


RINGWORM. 


303 


Treatment  Give  a strong  dose  of  epsom  and  common 
table  salt,  one  pound  each,  and  half  an  ounce  of  ginger,  dis° 
solved  in  four  bottles  of  water,  and  sweetened  with  molasses. 
Give  mashes  pretty  well  wet,  and  in  a day  or  two  follow 
by  giving  powdered  ginger  root,  half  an  ounce;  powdered 
gentian  root,  half  an  ounce ; powdered  fenugreek,  half  an 
ounce;  mix,  and  make  one  dose;  give  one  dose  twice  in 
the  day,  till  sufficient  improvement  takes  place  to  warrant 
no  further  medicine  being  given.  To  hasten  recovery, 
give  good  and  generous  feeding,  which  will  also  assist  in 
making  blood  for  hat  which  has  been  lost. 

Reticulum. — The  second  stomach,  so  called  from  rety 
©r  net  like,  and  is  sometimes  called  the  honeycomb. 

Retroflexion  of  the  Womb. — Retroflexion  is  said  to 

be  present  when  the  canal  is  bent  on  itself. 

Retroversion  of  the  Womb.— This  term  is  applied 

when  the  canal  is  straight. 

Rheumatism. — (See  Rheumatism,  in  the  first  part  of 
this  book.) 

Rinderpest. — This  is  the  Dutch  name  for  Cattle 
Plague.  So  much  do  I abhor  the  employment  of  such 
ignorant  and  unmeaning  names,  that  I cannot  but  enter- 
tain a poor  opinion  of  the  scientific  attainments  of  those 
who  constantly  use  them.  The  disease  will  be  found  treated 
i of  under  the  article  Typhus  Contagiosus  Bourn,  (contagious 
typhus  of  cattle.) 

Ringworm. — This  is  a parasitic  disease,  and  consists 
in  the  growth  of  cellular  tumors  on  the  skin.  Young 
animals  of  one  and  two  years  are  most  subject  to  the  attack 
«>f  the  parasites. 

Symptoms.  Broad  and  flattened  elevations  on  the  skin. 


304 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


Treatment . If  left  to  themselves  they  will  die  out  in  a 
year.  The  oxide  of  zinc  ointment  will  speedily  cure  the 
affection.  It  is  considered  a contagious  disease,  although 
not  a fatal  one.  (See  Ointments  in  article  on  Horse  and 
jCattle  Medicines.) 

Rot. — (See  Diarrhoea  and  Consumption.) 

Rumen  or  Paunch. — This  is  the  first  stomach,  and  is  : 
the  receptacle  for  all  food  that  is  gathered,  which  is  kept 
there  till  wanted,  or  till  the  rumen  is  full,  when  rumina- 
tion is  usually  begun  by  contraction  of  the  rumen  upon  its 
contents,  whereby  portions  of  the  food  are  forced  into  the 
gullet  and  mouth,  to  be  remasticated,  and  finally  passed 
down  the  gullet  again.  It  does  not,  however,  pass  over 
the  floor  of  the  canal  this  time,  but  separates  the  pillars, 
and  goes,  not  into  the  rumen,  but  into  the  manyplus,  or 
third  stomach. 

Rupture  in  Calves. — The  rupture  we  are  now  con- 
sidering is  what  is  known  by  the  name  umbilical,  which 
occurs  in  young  colts  and  calves,  and  consists  in  the  pro- 
trusion of  a portion  of  the  bowel  and  intestine  through 
the  navel,  thus  forming  a small  tumor.  This  condition  is 
often  congenital,  or  found  on  the  calf  at  birth. 

Treatment  Force  the  bowel  up  into  the  belly,  gather  the 
loose  skin  together,  tie  a well  waxed  cord  tightly  round  it 
close  to  the  belly,  and  a strong  pin  may  be  forced  through 
the  skin  below  the  ligature  or  cord,  to  keep  it  from  falling 
off  before  the  loose  skin  comes  away.  In  a few  days  the 
skin  will  fall  off,  leaving  a healthy  sore  without  any  hole 
or  rupture. 

Another  form  of  treatment  is  to  place  a bandage  round 
the  body,  and  a pad  over  the  rupture,  as  is  recommended 
for  the  same  condition  in  colts,  (which  see.)  Whatever 


SPAYED  COWS. 


305 


the  plan  that  may  be  adopted  for  the  cure  of  umbilical 
hernia  in  calves,  they  must  be  kept  separate  from  one 
another,  as  each  will  suck  the  other,  thus  preventing 
closure  of  the  rupture  and  healing  of  the  parts. 

Siberian  Boil  Plague. — Carbuncular  Disease . This 
is  one  of  those  diseases  affecting  cattle  on  the  Russian 
Siberian  Steppes.  It  is  a blood  poison  or  pyemia,  and  is 
closely  allied  to  the  other  Russian  Steppe  disease,  com- 
monly called  rinderpest  and  cattle  plague. 

Slinking  the  Calf.— (S  ee  Abortion.) 

Sore  Throat. — (See  Bronchitis.) 

Spaying. — This  is  the  name  given  to  an  operation 
for  the  removal  of  the  ovaries  or  female  testicles  from  the 
milch  cow  and  young  female  oxen.  The  object  of  the 
removal  of  the  ovaries  from  young  cows  that  never  have 
had  a calf,  is  to  prevent  them  from  ever  having  a desire  for 
the  male,  so  that  she  will  be  the  more  easily  fattened  and 
fitted  for  the  market.  Young  cows  so  operated  upon,  are 
henceforth  called  heifers. 

Spayed  Cf  ws,  the  Advantages  of. — The  following 
are  the  reasons  why  dairymen  should  spay  their  cows, 
when  not  intended  for  breeding : 

1.  Spayed  cows  are  more  easily  kept  in  good  condition 
than  cows  not  spayed. 

2.  They  are  less  liable  to  sickness  of  an  epizootic  kind, 
and  when  sick,  more  certain  and  easy  of  cure. 

3.  When  epizootic  diseases  are  present  in  the  vicinity, 
or  even  in  the  herd,  spayed  cows  are  always  in  condition, 
and  fit  for  the  butcher.  To  prevent  loss  and  save  expense 
in  the  treatment,  with  the  attendant  risk  of  loss  of  some, 
and  loss  of  condition  and  milk  of  all  that  are  effected,  they 

20 


306 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


can  be  sold  without  loss — which  is  not  the  case  with  cows 
not  spayed,  and  when  pleuro-pneumonia  is  among  them. 

4.  Spayed  cows  give  the  same  quantity  and  quality  of 
milk  all  the  year  round,  if  they  are  properly  fed  and  cared 
for. 

5.  Ten  spayed  cows  will  give  the  year  round  as  much 
milk  as  double  the  number  of  cows  not  spayed,  thus  saving 
the  interest  on  the  outlay  for  ten  cows  together  with  the 
absence  of  risk  from  loss  of  some  of  the  principal  by  death 
of  one  or  more  from  sickness,  or  accident,  not  to  speak  of 
the  feed  of  ten  cows.  Between  the  feed  of  ten  cows  and 
their  manure,  the  farmer  can  best  estimate  the  difference 
in  value. 

6.  With  spayed  cows  there  is  no  risk  to  run  from  milk 
fever,  nor  trouble  with  cows  called  bullers. 

7.  To  fatten  a cow,  spay  her  instead  of  giving  her  the 
bull,  as  is  the  present  custom — by  which  feed  and  time  are 
consumed,  and  the  animal  is  not  made  very  fat  after  all^ 
for  she  has  to  provide  the  fattening  substance  to  the  calf 
in  the  womb,  which,  if  she  had  been  spayed,  would  have 
been  appropriated  to  herself ; nor  is  this  all,  for  the  calf 
in  the  belly  of  the  cow  is  at  once  discounted  by  the  butcher^ 
as  it  is  not  a salable  article  in  market. 

8.  Spayed  cows  cannot  abort  or  slink  their  calves. 

Having  thus  had  a bird’s  eye  view  of  the  advantages  to 

be  derived  from  spayed  cows,  let  us  look  in  the  same 
manner  at  the  disadvantages  of  spayed  ones. 

1.  The  expense  of  the  operation  and  attendant  risk  of 
the  animal  dying — although  this  is  not  great,  (about  one  in 
the  hundred.)  The  expense  of  the  operation  will  be  from 
three  to  five  dollars,  which  will  depend  upon  the  distance 
the  operator  has  to  travel,  and  how  many  animals  are  to  be 
operated  upon. 


STRANGULATION. 


307 


% Spayed  cows  are  apt  to  accumulate  fat  aud  flesh,  so 
that  they  will  become  dry  much  sooner  than  cows  not 
spayed.  Still  there  can  be  little  loss,  for  a fat  cow  is 
always  ready  for  sale.  These,  then,  are  the  objections  to 
the  spaying  of  cows,  if  objections  they  may  be  called.  We 
now  leave  the  subject  to  those  who  are  more  immediately 
interested. 

Spleenic  Apoplexy. — This  is  a new  disease,  consist- 
ing in  engorgement  of  the  spleen  with  blood,  and  the  subse- 
quent rupture  of  the  organ,  followed  by  death  in  from 
twelve  to  twenty-four  hours  from  the  time  of  attack. 

Cause . This  disease  is  clearly  traceable  to  the  new,  and 
what  is  wrongfully  called  improved  feeding  and  fattening 
of  cattle.  Food,  rich  in  nutritive  qualities,  and  deficient 
in  fluids,  is  the  great  cause  of  spleenic  apoplexy  in  cattle. 

Symptoms . Constitutional  disturbance  is  set  up  all  at 
once,  and  no  early  symptoms  manifested.  The  animal  is 
well  to  every  appearance  at  one  time  in  the  day  and  dead 
by  evening.  When  the  symptoms  are  seen,  they  are  as 
follows:  Colicky  pains,  twitching  of  the  muscles,  stagger- 
ing gait,  frothing  from  the  mouth,  and  the  urine  colored 
and  mixed  with  blood.  The  animal  falls  and  dies,  the 
immediate  cause  of  death  being  coma,  from  derangement 
of  the  brain. 

Treatment  Treat  the  case  by  way  of  prevention  with 
low  diet.  No  treatment,  however  well  directed,  is  of  any 
use  when  the  disease  has  once  manifested  itself.  Life  is 
prolonged  a few  hours  by  blood  letting,  but  no  cure  can 
be  effected. 

Spring  Eruption. — (See  Ringworm.) 

Stomach  Staggers. — (See  Hoven.) 

. Strangulation. — (See  Choking.) 


308 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


Sturdy, — (See  Hydatides.) 

Teats. — Teats  of  milch  cows  are  often  subject  to  dis 
eases  and  derangement. 

1st.  Milk  stones  sometimes  stop  the  flow  of  milk,  and 
are  felt  within  the  milk  channel,  when  the  teat  is  pressed 
between  the  fingers.  For  their  removal,  take  a silver 
probe  or  knitting  needle,  and,  if  possible,  force  the  obstruc- 
tion up  into  the  udder. 

2d.  Strictures  of  the  milk  channel  of  the  teat  cause  a 
small  stream  of  milk  to  flow,  and  impair  the  usefulness  of 
that  quarter  of  the  udder.  This  can  also  be  remedied  by 
using  a silver  probe  or  needle,  commencing,  however,  with 
a small  size,  and  gradually  using  thicker  or  larger  ones, 
till  the  channel  is  as  large  as  wanted.  This  operation  will 
have  to  be  carried  on  for  a week  or  two,  the  first  day  using 
the  small  probe  three  times  in  the  day,  and  following  the 
next  day  with  the  larger  size,  and  so  continuing  with  other 
sizes,  till  finally  cured. 

3d.  Warts  are  of  occasional  trouble  to  the  cow,  and  to 
those  who  milk  her.  Irritation,  and  sometimes  swelling 
is  induced,  which  cause  closure  in  the  channel  of  the  teat. 
Warts  are  to  be  removed  by  a pair  of  sharp  scissors. 


MILK  SYPHON. 


4th.  Sore  teats  are  cured  by  the  simple  ointment,  one 
ounce,  and  one  drachm  of  the  rust  of  copper,  commonly 
called  verdigris,  added  to  it.  The  milk  can  bedr^wn  from 
the  teat  by  means  of  a tube,  as  is  shown  by  the  above 
Illustration,  called  a milk  syphon 


TEXAN  FEVER. 


309 


Teeth,  Diseased. — Diseases  of  the  teeth  in  cattle  are 
not  so  common  as  in  horses.  However,  I have  seen  cases 
of  a diseased  tooth  in  cows,  causing  a bony  enlargement 
on  the  lower  jaw,  and  subsequently  a fistulous  opening, 
with  discharges  running  from  it.  When  disease  of  the 
roots  of  the  upper  teeth  takes  place,  it  is  accompanied 
with  a bad-smelling  discharge  from  the  nostril  on  the  side 
on  which  the  diseased  tooth  is. 

Texan  Fever. — This  is  a disease  accompanied  with 
sympathetic  fever,  and  is  not  confined  to  Texas  alone ; 
for  we  see  it  more  or  less  every  year  in  the  Eastern  and 
Middle  States,  showing  itself  at  the  close  of  the  summer 
months,  and  to  the  end  of  autumn.  Texan  fever  is  nothing 
more  than  the  Fardle  Bound  of  the  European  writers — 
impaction  of  the  manyplus  with  withered  and  dried  grass 
and  herbage  containing  no  moisture  whatever  : the  stomach 
refusing  to  digest  it.  Heat,  dryness  and  fever  of  the  sys- 
tem is  thus  set  up,  with  all  their  attendant  consequences. 

Much  has  been  said  and  written  about  the  nature  and 
cause  of  Texan  Fever  by  nearly  all  persons  who  have  had 
an  idea  upon  the  subject.  The  questionable  theories  pro- 
mulgated throughout  the  country  in  regard  to  the  disease 
by  Hon.  Horace  Capron,  Commissioner  of  Agriculture 
at  Washington,  compel  us  to  reiterate  the  fact  that  the 
affection  is  an  impaction  of  the  manyplus.  Further  than 
this,  the  bulletins  that  were  issued  from,  or  by  authority 
of,  the  Agricultural  Department,  in  1867,  concerning  the 
disease,  were  not  only  unscientific  and  unsound,  but  in 
themselves  contradictory,  having  no  good  effect  upon  those 
interested  in  the  consumption  of  beef,  and  a positive  injury 
to  the  cause  of  veterinary  science  in  this  country.  Instead 
jof  a sensible  view  being  taken  as  to  the  cause  of  the  disease, 


310 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


nothing  short  of  Fungi  would  suit  the  minds  of  the  Botan- 
ist  and  Microscopist.  Their  conclusions  called  to  my  mind 
the  story  of  Paddy’s  flea,  which,  when  he  put  his  finger 
upon  it,  was  not  there.  Texan  Fever  is  a misnomer,  and 
it  is  not  known  in  Texas  or  amongst  the  cattle  of  Texas, 
but  amongst  those  of  other  States.  It  is  even  supposed  by 
many  persons,  well  informed,  that  Texan  cattle  give  dis- 
ease to  other  cattle  that  subsequently  graze  on  pastures 
trodden  by  them.  How  ridiculous  and  unreasonable  is 
this  theory  when  viewed  in  the  light  of  science  and  common 
sense.  How  can  healthy  oxen,  and  from  a healthy  coun- 
try,  give  or  impart  a disease  they  never  had  ? — cattle  that 
never  were  amongst  others  having  anything  infectious  or 
contagious? — impossible!  Has  it  never  entered  into  the 
minds  of  Mr.  Capron  or  Gamgee,  that  the  droves  of  hungry 
cattle  on  their  way  to  market,  from  the  rich,  nutritious 
mesquit  grass  of  Texas,  feed  extensively  upon  the  dried 
tuft  or  Buffalo  and  Bermuda  grasses  of  the  States  through 
which  they  pass,  in  the  latter  months  of  summer,  and 
succeeding  a good  grass-growing  spring  ? Or,  if  so,  have 
they  ever  asked  themselves  whether  this  fact  has  anything 
to  do  with  the  cause  of  Texan  Fever?  This  is  not  a 
subject  for  the  microscopist,  but  simply  demands  of  us  that 
we  look  with  the  naked  eye  to  things  as  they  are — to  the 
consumption  by  hungry  cattle  of  whatever  of  green  or  fresh 
grass  there  is  to  be  found ; leaving  to  the  native  cattle  the 
dry,  innutritious,  indigestible  tufts,  spindles  and  grass! 
This  is  undoubtedly  the  real  cause  of  the  disease,  however 
much  some  persons  may  be  disposed  to  doubt  it.  The 
Hon.  John  Wentworth,  of  Illinois,  though  not  seeing  the 
cause  of  the  disease,  placed  his  cattle  in  a cordon,  while  they 
were  surrounded  by  Texan  cattle.  All  of  them  escaped 
the  disease.  On  the  other  hand,  cattle  grazing  on  the 


THROAT  DISEASES. 


311 


pasture  upon  which  the  Texan  cattle  had  been , became  sick. 
Thus  it  is  shown  that  our  view  of  the  cause  of  the  disease 
is  the  only  correct  one;-  for,  if  it  be  not  so,  Mr.  Went- 
worth's cattle,  from  their  proximity  to  those  from  Texas, 
would  have  taken  sick  also.  No  fence  or  enclosure,  when 
the  wind  blows  towards  it,  can  or  will  keep  out  atmos- 
pheric air  impregnated  with  an  infection. 

Post-mortem . The  heart,  liver,  lungs  and  spleen  are 
congested  ; the  gall  bladder  is  swollen  to  several  times  its 
natural  size,  and  filled  with  a dark,  yellowish-brown  fluid ; 
the  food  in  the  stomach  is  in  a hard,  dry  and  caked  con- 
dition, with  no  progress  made  towards  digestion ; the 
stomach  is  friable  and  easily  torn.  We  would  here  add 
that  though  the  spleen  be  enlarged,  heavy,  and  filled  with 
blood,  it  is  not  a sufficient  reason  for  the  Commissioner  of 
Agriculture  to  call  the  disease  “Spleenic  Fever;"  it  is  the 
effect  of  a cause,  and  not  the  disease  itself. 

Treatment . Give  large  doses  of  epsom  or  glauber  salts, 
dissolved  in  great  quantities  of  molasses  water.  If  no 
relief  follows  in  twenty-four  hours,  repeat  the  dose,  bear- 
ing in  mind  all  the  while  that  great  quantities  of  fluid  or 
cold  water  is  a means  to  overcome  the  dry  condition  of  the 
impacted  stomach.  Indeed,  the  cure  has  a good  deal  of  a 
mechanical  nature  about  it,  for  large  drenches  of  water 
with  the  salts,  do  not  only  assist  their  action,  but  in  many 
cases  wash  and  dissolve  the  dry  feed  into  a soft  mass  or 
pulp,  which  will  readily  pass  away,  and  the  poor  beast  be 
relieved  from  pain,  and  cured.  Suspect  this  disease  when 
occurring  after  a good  grass-growing  spring,  succeeded  by 
a dry,  scorching  summer,  converting  grass  into  spindles 
containing  no  moisture,  and  little  nutritive  properties. 

Throat  Diseases  — (See  Bronchitis.) 


312 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 


Thrush. — (See  Epizootic  Aphtha.) 

Tongue  of  the  Ox. — We  speak  of  the  tongue  of  the 
ox  not  for  the  purpose  of  referring  to  its  diseases,  for  that 
has  already  been  done  in  speaking  of  aphtha.  Our  design 
is  simply  to  explain  the  difference  in  appearance  between 
(the  tongue  of  the  horse  and  that  of  the  ox ; for  occasion- 
ally they  are  seen  side  by  side  in  provision  stores  and  other 
places,  and  all  sold  as  the  tongue  of  the  ox  or  cow.  The 
appearance  of  a salted  tongue  of  the  horse  is  much  shorter 
and  broader  at  its  tip,  and  is,  withal,  the  finest  looking. 
Those  who  are  not  aware  of  these  facts  are  most  likely  to 
prefer  and  purchase  the  horse  tongue  to  that  of  the  ox. 
The  ox  tongue  is  long,  and  narrow  at  its  point,  and  is  used 
much  the  same  as  a cat  handles  its  prehensile  paw.  The 
horse  cannot  do  this,  but  gathers  his  food  with  his  front 
teeth.  Avoid  the  good-looking,  broad  and  short  tongue, 
and  choose  the  long,  narrow  and  irregular  one;  then  you 
may  be  sure  of  the  tongue  of  the  ox. 

Tubercle  Disease. — (See  Consumption  and  Diarrhoea.) 

Tympanitis.— (See  Hoven.) 

Typhus  Contagiosus  Bourn— Contagious  Typhus 
of  Cattle— Rinderpest — Cattle  Plague— Steppe 
Disease — Loserdurre,  etc. — This  is  one  of  those  epi- 
zootic diseases  which  have,  at  distant  and  different  periods 
. of  the  world’s  history,  attacked  the  ox  tribe  of  Europe, 
}and  consists  in  inflammation  and  irritation  of  the  fibrous, 
serous  tissue,  or  white  membranes  of  the  nose,  windpipe 
and  chest,  and  instead  of  serum  or  fluid  being  poured  oufc 
as  a consequence,  as  is  the  case  in  epizootic  pleuro-pneu- 
monia,the  membranes  become  deteriorated,  portions  become 
detached,  and  some  partially  adhere,  but  all  decay,  and 
become  a dangerous  poison,  which  is  gradually  absorbed 


TYPHUS  CONTAGIOUS  BOUM. 


313 


into  the  general  circulation,  speedily  followed  by  fermenta* 
tion  of  the  blood  within  the  body,  resulting  in  boils,  or 
small  carbuncles  containing  pus,  which  soon  break  and 
discharge.  All  of  this  is  accompanied  by  sympathetic 
fever,  (typhus  so  called,)  gradual  and  progressive  in  its 
character,  till  the  blood  and  tissue  of  the  body  are  no 
longer  fit  for  the  purposes  of  life,  and  the  animal  dies  an 
exhausted  and  miserable  object,  in  from  a few  days  to  one, 
two  and  three  weeks  from  the  time  of  attack. 

Causes . Certain  conditions  of  the  air  and  earth,  as  heat 
and  moisture,  cold  and  dryness ; contagion.  These  may 
be  called  the  exciting  causes ; something  still  being  wanted 
in  the  system  of  the  animal  to  form  the  predisposing  cause 
— as  debility,  and  a low  standard  of  general  health.  In- 
deed, the  conditions  which  sometimes  exist  in,  and  form 
pleuro-pneumonia,  are  capable  of  producing  contagious 
typhus.  I am  borne  out  in  this  opinion  by  Jessen,  who 
among  the  discordant  opinions  and  theories  of  Europe,  has 
declared  the  disease  to  be  associated  with  pleuro-pneumonia. 
Dr.  Greenhow  also  says  that  contagious  typhus  existed 
side  by  side  with  pulmonary  disease  in  England,  in  the 
middle  of  the  last  century.  Why  theorize  then  any  fur- 
ther? for  it  is  so  plain  that  those  who  run  can  read,  that 
veterinary  surgeons,  politicians  and  notoriety  hunters  have, 
at  the  expense  of  the  suffering  farmers  of  Europe,  con- 
tinued to  perplex  and  puzzle  too  long.  The  same  has 
been  attempted  in  Pennsylvania,  and  other  States  of  the 
Union,  even  in  cases  of  simple  sporadic  pleuro-pneumonia 
in  milch  cows,  whereby,  with  a power  of  metamorphosis 
far  outstripping  that  of  Publius  Ovidius  Naso , the  one 
disease  has,  as  if  by  the  wand  of  the  magician,  been  con- 
verted at  once  into  that  of  another. 

Symptoms . We  are  told  that  the  disease  has  its  period 


314 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE, 


of  incubation,  varying  from  four  to  fourteen  days.  This 
is  simply  nonsense.  Where  is  the  repeated  incubation  in 
cows  when  affected  with  pleuro-pneumonia?  Nowhere, 
but  in  the  minds  of  men  who  know  nothing  of  pathology. 
Is  incubation  to  be  taken  for  blindness,  and  ignorance  for 
science  and  education  ? It  may  be  asserted,  with  equal 
truth  and  justice,  that  the  condemned  culprit,  or  rather 
suspended  animation , can  date  the  period  of  incubation 
from  the  time  of  condemnation,  however  long  that  may  be 
before  the  moment  he  is  launched  into  eternity.  The 
weeping  eye,  the  acrid  drop  from  the  inner  corner  of  the 
nostrils,  together  with  slight  rough  sounds  from  the  wind- 
pipe, will  tell  the  intelligent  and  scientific  observer  that 
something  is  wrong,  and  all  this  can  be  told  from  twelve 
to  twenty-four  hours  from  the  time  of  attack.  Where, 
then,  is  the  period  of  incubation  ? Echo  seems  to  answer, 
where?  The  husky  cough,  with  dullness  and  prostration, 
follow  the  weeping  eye  and  nostril.  The  back  is  arched, 
appetite  and  rumination  irregular,  the  rigor  and  the  chill 
tell  that  blood  poison  is  present,  and  suppuration  is  going 
on  as  a remedial  and  natural  measure,  to  get  rid  of  the 
foreign  or  poisonous  matter  in  the  blood.  The  breathing 
soon  becomes  labored,  the  heat  of  the  body  is  variable, 
while  the  skin  and  hair  look  unhealthy,  and  fever  gets 
high.  If  the  mouth  and  nose  be  examined,  eruptions  and 
sores  will  be  seen ; and  these  sometimes  extend  to  the  feet. 
All  the  foregoing  symptoms  are  now  speedily  followed  by 
discharges,  from  the  nose  and  eyes,  of  pus  streaked  with 
blood.  Salivation  and  diarrhoea  supervene,  together  with 
stupor,  and  all  the  phenomena  of  approaching  death.  In 
this  disease,  as  in  pleuro-pneumonia,  cows  heavy  with 
calf  or  otherwise  debilitated,  die  sooner,  and  do  not  bear 
up  so  well  as  animals  in  better  condition.  The  intelligent 


tfWBWB  CONTAGIOSU8  BOtJM. 


315 


and  careful  reader  cannot  fail  to  see  several  prominent  and 
important  symptoms  common  alike  to  this  disease  and 
epizootic  pleuro-pneumonia,  (which  see.) 

Treatment . The  correct  method  of  treatment  is  at  once 
apparent  from  the  nature,  symptoms  and  post-mortem, 
or  appearances  after  death.  All  taken  somatically  and 
considered,  amount  to  this,  that  the  animal  is  affected  with 
fermentation  of  the  blood,  consequent  upon  inflammation 
and  deterioration  of  the  fibrous,  serous  tissues  of  the  body, 
accompanied  with  fever  of  a typhus  type.  Then  the  first 
thing  to  be  done  is,  to  build  up  the  system  and  arrest 
fermentation  by  the  elimination  or  neutralization  of  the 
zumin,  leaven,  or  ferment.  For  this  purpose  then,  order 
the  following  powder : Powdered  carbonate  of  ammonia^ 
one  ounce  | powdered  sulphate  of  iron  or  copper,  three 
drachms;  powdered  gentian  root,  half  an  ounce ; powdered 
ginger  root,  half  an  ounce;  mix,  and  make  one  dose. 
Give  one  dose  of  this  powder  morning  and  night.  In  the 
middle  of  the  day  give  one  ounce  of  sulphite  of  soda  daily. 
The  animal  must  be  fed  well  and  in  a generous  manner, 
but  not  by  any  means  to  arrest  digestion  by  over-feeding. 
Such,  then,  is  about  the  plan  I would  recommend  for  the 
cure  of  contagious  typhus  in  cattle.  I would  add  how- 
ever, or  take  from,  just  as  the  indications  appeared.  Thus, 
I would  have  them  daily  inhale  for  an  hour  sulphurous 
acid  gas.  For  the  manner  of  using  it,  see  Horse  and  Cattle 
Medicines  in  this  book. 

The  treatment  here  offered  will  cure  a major  part  of  all 
affected.  The  number  will  depend  upon  the  condition  of 
the  animals,  whether  they  are  cows  and  with  calf,  or  are 
debilitated  animals,  etc. 

English  Treatment  Professor  Gamgee,  the  great  veteri- 
narian says  little  can  be  done  beyond  purging  the  animal. 


316 


DISEASES  OF  CATTLE, 


etc.,  and  adds  that  all  treatment  appears  futile.  Now  the 
word  “ appears,”  in  this  case,  implies  a doubt.  Scientific 
men  should  be  more  emphatic  and  particular  in  the  words 
used.  If  there  is  any  one  remedy  to  be  avoided  in  this 
disease  of  cattle,  it  is  purging  or  physicking.  Will  a dose 
of  physic  cure  blood  poison,  build  up  the  system,  and  arrest 
typhus?  The  person  who  says  so  is  certainly  not  fit  to 
give  an  opinion  on  this  particular  subject.  Out  of  many 
evils,  choose  that  which  is  the  least ; that  is,  restore  the 
digestive  functions  with  carminatives  and  tonics,  and  not 
physic;  remove  the  cause  of  the  derangement  and  the 
effects  will  cease — but  do  not  take  the  bull  by  the  horns, 
or  beard  the  lion  in  his  den,  A Mr.  Dobson  devotes 
nearly  ten  pages  to  the  subject,  and  winds  up  with  the 
following  words:  “ We  trust  we  have  said  enough  to  give 
our  readers  a fair  idea  of  the  nature  and  consequence  of  the 
Rinderpest  ” Mr.  Dobson  has  not,  as  he  seems  to  think, 
given  either  the  true  nature  or  pathology  of  the  disease; 
and  has  not  gone  so  far  as  Mr.  Gamgee,  for  he  has  not 
even  so  much  as  hinted  that  there  is  a dose  of  physic  in 
existence.  His  article,  however,  has  proved  one  thing, 
and  that  is,  that  a man  can  write  much  about  what  he 
really  does  not  understand.  The  treatment,  according  to 
Mr.  Moore,  the  veterinary  homoeopath ist,  is  nearer  the  right 
bind  than  any  English  author  I have  heard  of;  but  Mr. 
Moore,  to  be  successful,  will  have  to  throw  his  infinitesimals 
to  the  dogs,  and  increase  his  doses.  There  are  other 
authors  of  less  note,  but  all  follow  in  one  beaten  track, 
from  which  there  seems  to  be  no  variableness  nor  shadow 
of  turning.  The  minds  of  Englishmen  all  follow  in  one 
direct  line  of  march,  and  will  continue  to  do  so  with  a 
bewitchment  similar  to  that  which  shut  out  the  truth  from 
the  foolish  Galatians. 


PAGINAL  CATARRH. 


31? 


Prevention . As  has  already  been  stated,  it  is  a contagious 
disease,  and  to  prevent  its  spread,  isolation  or  separation 
will  have  to  be  adopted. 

Epizootic  influenza  in  the  horse,  and  pleuro-pneumonia 
in  cattle,  took  twenty-one  years  to  travel  from  Europe  to 
the  United  States.  Now,  should  contagious  typhus  in 
cattle  travel  at  the  same  rate,  we  may  expect  to  hear  of  it 
at  any  time.  This  disease  broke  out  in  England,  in  June,  \ 
1865,  and  in  one  year  it  destroyed  two  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand,  eight  hundred  and  seventy -five  (250,875)  head 
of  cattle.  About  thirty-three  thousand,  two  hundred  and 
thirty-five  (33,235)  recovered  ; all  the  others  died,  or  were 
killed  to  prevent  contagion,  and  spread  of  the  disease.  To 
enter  into  a history  of  this  disease  would  take  up  more  time 
and  space  than  can  be  afforded,  and  would  only  be  a re- 
hearsal of  what  is  already  recorded  in  regard  to  the 
visitation  upon  English  cattle  in  1865.  For  an  English 
history  of  this  disease  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  the  reader 
is  referred  to  a work  of  eight  to  nine  hundred  pages  by 
Professor  Gamgee,  published  in  London.  In  this  work 
much  printed  matter  is  discernible,  but  there  is  a great 
scarcity  of  information.  Parliamentary  reports,  an  Order 
from  Privy  Council,  letters,  editorials  and  suggestions 
that  had  been  contained  in  the  London  Times , together 
with  the  reports  and  actions  of  the  International  Veteri* 
nary  Congress,  held  on  the  Continent  of  Europe,  go  to 
make  up  this  large  book. 

Udder  Diseases. — (See  Garget.) 

Urine,  Bloody. — (See  Red  Water.) 

Vaginal  Catarrh.— A disease  in  old  cows  a few  weeks 
after  calving.  It  resembles,  and  is  treated  the  same  as 
Leucorrhoea , (which  see.) 


DISEASES  or  CUlTNUfc. 


Varicella  Boum.— (See  Chicken  Pox.) 

Vertigo. — (See  Stomach  Staggers  and  Hoven.) 

Warbles. — The  product  of  the  oestrus  bovus  or  ox  flys 
from  having  deposited  its  ova  or  egg  in  the  skin.  It  is  a 
disease  peculiar  to  the  summer  months,  and  is  character- 
ized by  tumors  varying  in  size  from  a grain  of  corn  to 
that  of  a hickory-nut. 

Treatment.  Squeeze  the  tumor  and  the  larva  is  forced  out 

Water  in  the  Chest. — (See  Pleuro-pneuraonia.) 

Whites. — (See  Leucorrhcea.) 

Worms. — (See  Hoose.) 

Womb. — (See  Falling  of  the  Womb.! 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP. 


Fob  the  fol- 
lowing Essay  on 
the  Diseases  of 
Sheep,  Dr.  Rob- 
ert McClure  was 
awarded  a medal 
and  diploma  by 
the  United  States 
Agricultural  So- 
ciety : 

The  diseases  of  sheep  which  are  laid  under  contribution 
are : First  Those  that  are  the  most  frequent  and  destruc- 
tive, therefore  of  the  greatest  interest  and  concern  to  the 
sheep  farmer.  Second . Those  in  which  treatment  and 
preventative  means  can  be  employed  with  profit  and  suc- 
cess. Third.  Those  the  pathology  of  which  has  been  in  a 
measure  or  entirely  misunderstood,  therefore  wrongly 
treated,  and  the  preventative  measures  neglected  or  mis- 
applied. 

These  diseases  will  embrace  a large  number  of  maladies 
that  have  been  treated  of  separately  in  the  work  by  the 
late  Wm,  Youatt  as  independent  affections,  when  literally 
a great  many  diseases  alluded  to  by  this  indefatigable 
writer  are  but  different  degrees  and  conditions  of  the  same 
morbid  phenomena. 


319 


320 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP. 


I would  here  say  it  is  a pleasure  to  think  that  some 
addition  has  been  made  of  late  to  the  stock  of  veterinary 
knowledge  as  regards  this  useful  animal,  and  I trust  that 
the  time  is  proximate  when  the  good  sense  of  American 
farmers  will  demand  that  a knowledge  of  the  diseases  and 
general  management  of  sheep  shall  form  a prominent 
feature  in  the  education  of  the  veterinary  surgeon. 

Braxy-Enterites. — (• Inflammation  of  the  Bowels.)— 
Inflammation  of  the  bowels  is  commonly  known  by  the 
unmeaning  name  of  “ Braxy.”  * It  is  a disease  of  more 
frequent  occurrence  among  this  class  of  domestic  animals 
than  any  other  I know  of,  chiefly  affecting  young  sheep  in 
their  first  year,  and  in  cold  and  stormy  weather,  and 
exposed  situations.  It  is  not  unfrequent  when  sheep  have 
been  feeding  on  turnips  in  the  winter  season,  to  find  in  the 
morning,  after  a cold,  wet  night,  as  many  as  a dozen,  out 
of  a few  score,  dead,  dying,  or  affected  by  this  disease. 

Symptoms.  They  will  be  observed  to  be  very  restless; 
lying  and  rising;  resting  on  one  side,  and  then  on  the 
other;  walking  up  and  down  as  if  looking  for  a place  to 
lie  down,  but  can  find  no  place  to  suit. 

Treatment.  Give  castor  oil,  two  ounces ; calomel,  five 
grains;  laudanum,  two  drachms ; molasses,  two  ounces; 
beat  up  with  an  egg,  and  as  much  warm  water  as  will  be 
sufficient  for  a small  drench,  to  be  poured  out  of  the  stroupe 
or  pipe  of  a common  tea  or  coffee  pot.  Repeat  this  in  half 
doses  every  six  hours. 

♦Sheep  affected  by  this  disease  are  generally  on  the  turnip  field, 
and  in  good  condition.  If  so,  and  the  animal  is  very  sick,  never  at- 
tempt to  cure;  as  in  most  cases  death  will  take  place  before  medical 
agents  (be  they  ever  so  well  directed)  can  .take  effect*  Therefore,  it 
will  be  the  better  plan  to  cut  the  neck,  letting  out  the  blood,  thereby 
saving  time  and  trouble,  and  preserving  the  mutton  in  good  order* 


HYDROCEPHALUS  HYDATIDEUS. 


321 


Prevention . In  stormy  weather,  and  when  they  have 
been  feeding  upon  turnips,  particularly  where  fenced  in, 
remove  them  to  pasture  a little  elevated,  and  as  sheltered 
as  possible  from  the  storm,  until  the  weather  improves, 
and  the  turnip  or  other  fields  become  drier ; place  common 
or  rock  salt  in  covered  troughs,  which  will  tend  to  keep 
their  bowels  open.  Salt  is  a good  laxative  for  cattle  and 
sheep. 

Diarrhoea. — Treatment.  Powdered  opium,  two  grains; 
powdered  gentian  and  powdered  ginger,  one  drachm  each; 
mix.  To  be  given  in  an  infusion  of  linseed,  and  repeated 
if  necessary. 

Hydrocephalus  Hydatideus,  Sturdy,  etc. — A 

singular  disease;  a very  prevalent  and  fatal  one,  if  left  to 
run  its  course;  so  much  so,  indeed,  that  in  France  alone, 
no  less  than  one  million  sheep  die  yearly,  or  are  destroyed 
by  this  pest  of  the  ovine  race.  The  symptoms  by  which 
this  disease  is  accompanied  are  as  follows:  In  the  com- 
mencement, the  animals  will  be  observed  to  stop  in  the 
midst  of  their  grazing,  and  then  start  away  in  a gallop 
over  the  field.  They  seem  at  times  to  be  utterly  uncon- 
scious of  where  they  are,  separating  themselves  from  the 
rest  of  the  herd.  By-and-by  they  become  dull,  and  have 
a peculiar  staggering  gait.  If  there  is  a brook  or  rivulet 
within  their  reach,  you  are  almost  sure  to  find  them 
standing  by  it,  apparently  becoming  giddy,  not  unfre- 
quently  tumbling  in,  and  thus  being  lost.  They  lose  flesh, 
the  countenance  becomes  haggard,  and  subsequently,  the 
animals  thus  affected  commence  a rotary  motion,  going 
round  and  round  in  the  same  direction,  with  the  head 
inclined  to  the  same  side  of  the  body.  Now  it  almost 
ceases  to  feed  or  ruminate,  as  it  cannot  restrain  the  rotary 
21 


322 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP. 


motions,  and  is  becoming  rapidly  blind.  Death  generally 
ensues  from  starvation. 

Veterinary  writers  and  agriculturists  have  differed  very 
materially  as  to  the  cause  of  hydatid,  some  attributing  it 
to  certain  poisonous  plants — but  these  have  never  been 
pointed  out ; others  considering  it  a species  of  serous  apo- 
plexy, and  others  still  contending  that  it  arises  from  local 
weakness  of  the  brain,  etc.,  etc.  Autopsical  examinations 
have,  however,  proved  it  to  arise  from  a different  cause, 
viz. : Ccenurias  cerebralis,  or  hydatid  in  the  brain,  found 
floating  in  a serous  fluid,  contained  within  a sac  or  bladder, 
thus  constituting  Sturdy,  Gid,  Turnsick,  etc.  It  attacks 
sheep  from  the  sixth  to  the  eighteenth  month. 

* Certainly  the  most  common  cause  consists  in  the  lamb 
or  young  sheep  picking  from  the  pastures  the  ova  or  larvae  * 
of  the  tcenia  solium , which  infests  the  shepherd’s  dog.  If 
Echinococcus,  polymorphus  or  vetrinorium , be  swallowed 
by  the  dog,  they  are  developed  into  tape-worm,  with  but 
few  serrations.  The  minute  ova  are  gathered  and  swal- 
lowed with  the  food  of  the  sheep  or  lamb,  and  are  taken 
up  from  the  surface  of  the  intestines.  They  find  their  way 
into  the  blood,  and  finding  a convenient  nidus  among  the 
loose  textures  of  the  brain,  are  there  deposited.  Nature 
sets  to  work  and  encloses  these  foreign  bodies  in  a mem- 
branous sac,  so  that  otherwise  they  may  not  produce  fatal 
consequences,  and  in  the  short  period  of  three  months  they 
are  found  to  have  reached  the  size  of  a filbert. 

Conversely,  if  these  hydatids  are  swallowed  by  the  dog, 
they  are  developed  into  tape-worms.  Hydatids  may  be 
prevented  in  sheep  by  curing  or  preventing  tape-worms  in 
other  animals,  especially  the  dog.  As  before  mentioned, 
hydatids  only  affect  young  sheep,  and  spring  from  the  ova 
* Findlay  Duo- 


HYDROCEPHALUS  HYDATIDEUS. 


323 


of  the  taenia.  Herds  managed  without  dogs  are  found  to 
be  quite  free  from  the  disease.  However,  dogs  may  be  used 
with  impunity  when  the  sheep  are  upwards  of  eighteen 
months  old. 

Treatment  (The  following  is  from  the  Practical 
Farmer,  by  the  present  writer.)  The  treatment  of  this 
infection,  until  lately,  has  been  varied,  barbarous,  and 
cruel;  one  practising  and  recommending  the  cutting  and 
pulling  out  the  ears,  and  another  of  hunting  the  poor  ani- 
mals with  dogs,  and,  if  possible,  running  them  over  some 
precipice,  frequently  maiming  or  killing  them.  A strong 
knitting-needle  forced  up  the  nostrils  has  long  been  used, 
with  occasional  success ; but  a small  case  of  instruments, 
consisting  of  four  pieces,  is  much  better  and  safer,  and, 
if  properly  used,  will  cure  from  seventy  to  eighty  sheep 
out  of  a hundred  thus  affected,  and  can  be  used  by  any 
intelligent  shepherd  or  farmer  with  perfect  safety.  In 
operating,  observe  carefully  the  side  to  which  the  sheep 
turns,  as  it  invariably  turns  to  the  side  of  the  skull  which 
is  affected,  and  which  must  be  first  operated  upon.  Secure 
and  tie  fast  all  the  four  feet,  and  place  the  animal  on  a 
table.  Let  your  assistant  sit  down  on  the  end  of  the  table. 
Clip  away  all  wool  from  the  brow,  sides,  and  crown  of  the 
head.  Ascertain,  bf  the  fingers,  if  the  skull  yields  on 
pressure  at  any  particular  spot  on  the  side  to  which  the 
sheep  turned:  if  so,  shave  the  wool  from  the  soft  part. 
Use  first  the  instrument  with  the  adjusting  screw,  its  use 
being  to  prepare  for  the  other,  it  being  made  a little  wider 
than  the  trocar,  with  canula,  so  that  the  silver  may  not  be 
broken  in  piercing  the  bone.  Care,  however,  must  be  taken 
to  stop  when  the  point  is  fairly  through  the  skull : this  is 
easily  ascertained.  The  guard  must  then  be  screwed  back. 
This  done,  take  it  out  and  insert  the  trocar  and  canula  in 


324 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP. 


the  same  hole,  until  past  the  split  in  the  silver  canula; 
then  withdraw  the  trocar,  leaving  the  canula  sticking  in 
the  head,  when  the  water  will  be  forced  from  the  hydatid, 
showing  that  it  has  been  pierced.  Put  the  point  of  the 
syringe  into  the  canula,  and  draw  out  repeatedly,  emptying 
each  time  until  no  more  water  will  come  out,  or  the  cyst, 
has  been  drawn  into  the  canula,  which  now  withdraw, 
taking  care  that  the  skin  of  the  hydatid  be  caught  hold  of 
by  the  forceps,  which  the  operator  should  have  ready  in 
his  hand.  Having  removed  the  hydatid,  leave  the  mouth 
of  the  wound  open,  only  placing  a piece  of  clean  rag  as  a 
pledget  over  it,  as  water  will  escape  for  a day  or  two. 
Put  on  the  angular  hood  to  keep  the  cloth  and  padding  in 
their  place,  and  secure  it  by  worsted  ties.  Care  must  be 
taken,  if  the  sheep  has  not  been  able  to  eat  for  some  days, 
that  it  get  a bottle  of  gruel  before  operating,  as  the  less 
disturbance  it  is  subjected  to  for  some  hours  after  the 
operation  the  better,  the  brain  taking  a little  time  to  adjust 
itself  to  the  cavity  that  has  been  made  by  the  removal  of 
the  hydatid.  Neither  must  the  sheep  be  put  on  too  rich 
pasture,  as  on  recovering  they  are  apt  to  take  too  much 
food,  which  may  cause  inflammation  in  the  head.  Mark 
well  the  side  that  has  been  operated  on,  as  it  very  fre- 
quently happens  that  there  are  more  hydatids  than  one. 
In  a week  or  two,  if  the  sheep  be  observed  turning  to  the 
opposite  side,  secure  it  a second  time,  and  proceed  as  before. 
There  are  occasionally  more  than  one  or  two  in  the  same 
subject,  and  at  the  same  time.  Indeed,  I have  known  as 
many  as  five,  and  not  one  of  them  less  in  size  than  the  yolk 
of  an  egg.  But  two  are  quite  common,  one  on  each  side 
of  the  brain,  nearly  under  the  seat  of  the  horn.  Occasion- 
ally there  is  one  behind  the  first  lobe  of  the  brain,  which 
is  also  easily  taken  out. 


PARONYCHIA  OVIUM. 


325 


XiOUpmg  111.  — Tabes  Dorsalis — Phrenitis.  In  every- 
day language  this  is  properly  called  inflammation  of  the 
brain.  Youatt,  in  his  work  on  sheep,  has  been  at  the 
trouble  to  write  out  no  less  than  six  different  diseases,  all 
of  which  might  have  been  treated  under  this  head,  being 
essentially  the  same  in  character,  cause,  and  effect.  It 
is  characterized  by  extreme  dullness,  followed  by  ex- 
citement and  madness.  In  horses,  these  symptoms  continue 
for  about  two  days ; but  in  cattle  and  sheep,  much  longer. 
The  seat  of  the  disease  is  the  pia  mater,  or  the  vascular 
internal  membrane  of  the  brain,  which  is  found  after  death 
to  be  rough  and  yellow,  with  extravased  lymph  and  serum 
at  the  base  of  the  brain. 

Treatment . Give  croton  oil , six  drops ; syrup  of  ginger , 
one  tablespoonful  ; in  a little  gruel,  so  thin  that  it  will  run 
from  the  tea-pot.  Apply  cold  water  or  ice  to  the  head, 
and  see  that  the  poor  animal  does  not  hurt  itself  against 
the  wall  or  fence. 

The  causes  of  this  disease  are  sometimes  the  result  of 
injury  to  the  head.  It  also  arises  from  other  than  external 
injuries,  the  principal  of  which  are  exposure  to  cold,  and 
a powerful  sun  in  an  exposed  situation.  But  the  most 
common  causes  are  the  eating  from  the  pasture  poisoning 
plant,  or  weeds,  as  the  atropa  belladonna,  (deadly  night- 
shade,) conium  maeulatum,  (common  hemlock,)  cicuta 
virosa,  (water  hemlock,)  delphinium  staphysagria,  (staves- 
acre,)  felis  foeomina,  (female  fern,) — all  of  which,  if  taken 
in  sufficient  quantity,  will  produce  disease  in  the  brain. 
I could  easily  swell  the  list  of  poisonous  plants,  but  it  is 
not  my  intention  to  include  in  this  work  information  of  so 
unimportant  a character. 

Paronychia  Ovium. — Foot-rot . This  disease  has 


326 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEK 


been  more  prevalent  within  the  last  thirty  years  than 
previous  to  that  time,  which  is  accounted  for  to  some 
extent  in  the  varieties  and  breeds  of  sheep  and  in  the 
increasing  number.  So  much  is  this  so,  that  farmers  can- 
not find  highland  pasture  sufficient  for  them,  and  they 
are  brought  down  and  put  on  moist  lowland  pasture,  where 
they  can  find  plenty  of  food  without  travelling  much ; 
hence,  the  growth  of  horn  is  more  than  the  wear,  or  the 
supply  more  than  the  demand.  Subsequently  the  horn 
becomes  over-grown  and  turns  upon  the  sole, and  bruising 
the  sensitive  structures,  earth  and  sand  soon  find  their  way 
into  the  cavities  produced,  causing  inflammation  of  the 
laminae,  lameness,  and  secretion  of  fetid  pus. 

Causes . As  before  stated,  it  results  from  an  increased 
supply  of  horn  which  turns*up  from  the  toe,  pressing  upon 
and  irritating  the  sensitive  structures  of  the  foot. 

This  affection  of  the  feet  is  almost  certain  to  follow  the 
removal  of  heavy  bred  sheep,  such  as  the  black-faced 
Cheviot  and  Southdown,  from  their  native  and  upland 
pastures  to  rich  meadow  and  arable  lands.  Their  native 
walks  being  rough  and  rugged — the  grass  not  so  plenty, 
which  insure  the  sheep  walking  over  a large  tract  of  land 
in  order  to  procure  their  food — hence  the  waste  and  supply 
of  hoof  is  balanced. 

Treatment  Whenever  the  sheep  is  observed  to  go  lame, 
\it  must  be  caught  and  the  feet  examined.  Remove  all 
jfilth  and  sand ; then  cut  off  every  loose  and  unsound 
portion  of  horn  with  a stout  pocket  knife,  and  apply  the 
following  to  the  sore  parts:  Oil  of  turpentine,  two  ounces; 
sulphuric  acid,  half  an  ounce;  olive  oil,  one  ounce;  mix. 
To  be  applied  with  a small  piece  of  sponge  or  cloth  on  the 
end  of  a stick  ; or  a goose  feather  will  answer  very  well. 
If  sores  occur  on  the  digital  space  (divisions)  or  elsewhere. 


PSORA. 


327 


’they  should  be  touched  with  nitric  acid  or  a little  of  the 
old  butter  of  antimony,  (terchloride  of  antimony,)  by  means 
of  a feather.  These  appliances  should  be  continued  twice 
weekly,  or  as  often  as  is  necessary,  until  a change  for  the’ 
better  takes  place. 

Prevention . To  prevent  this  disease,  the  growth  of  horn 
must  be  kept  down ; and  if  the  sheep  are  on  soft  land, 
they  must  be  examined  every  month,  and  the  superfluous 
horn  must  be  cut  off.  Some  shepherds  advocate  driving 
along  a hard  road  to  wear  the  hoofs ; I do  not  recommend 
such  a course,  as  it  does  a great  deal  of  harm.  The 
better  way  is  to  drive  them  into  a sheepfold  and  examine 
their  feet. 

Draining  and  liming  the  land  very  often  puts  a stop  to 
foot-rot ; the  drainage  to  harden  and  dry  the  land,  the 
liming  to  remove  the  soft,  mossy  herbage,  which  is  a great 
cause  of  the  disease  in  sheep.  It  is  not  contagious  in 
sheep;  but  in  cattle,  occurring  in  connection  with  murrain 
or  vesicular  epizootic,  it  is  deadly  contagious. 

Pneumonia. — Treatment  Nitre,  one  drachm  ; digitalis, 
•twenty  grains;  tartar  emetic,  twenty  grains;  mix.  To  be 
given  in  linseed  tea,  once  per  day,  in  inflammation  of  the 
lungs,  common  cold  accompanied  with  fever,  or  any  disease, 
that  is  necessary  to  arrest  the  inordinate  action  of  the  heart. 

Psora. — Scabies — Scab . When  a sheep  or  flock  of 
sheep  are  affected  with  scab,  which  is  easily  known  by 
their  continually  standing  by  the  fence  and  rubbing  posts, 
scratching,  and  tearing  the  wool  off  their  back  and  sides, 
they  will  scarcely  ever  be  seen  grazing  or  lying  down 
quietly  and  remasticating  their  food,  as  is  the  case  with 
sheep  in  perfect  health.  This  disease  in  sheep  is  the  same 
as  mange  in  horses,  dogs  and  cattle  ; and  it  is  the  result  of 


328 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP. 


the  attacks  of  minute  insects,  or  mites  (acari)  burrowing 
in  the  skin,  producing  great  irritation  and  itching,  and 
manifesting  itself  in  small  pimples,  with  dryness,  scurfiness 
and  baldness  of  the  skin.  This  disease  is  contagious; 
therefore,  to  prevent  the  spread  of  the  infection,  the  healthy 
must  be  separated  from  the  diseased  sheep.  Keeping  sheep 
clean,  and  occasionally  washing  in  the  summer  season,  in 
a great  measure  prevents  a suitable  nidus  for  the  acari,. 
and  diminishes  the  prevalence  of  scab.  Before  putting 
healthy  sheep  on  the  same  pasture,  it  will  be  necessary  to* 
wash  all  the  rubbing  posts  with  a solution  of  the  chloride* 
or  common  lime,  which  will  literally  burn  up  the  virus. 
To  make  the  impossibility  of  infection  doubly  sure,  (neat 
cattle  and  cows  are  as  liable  to  take  it  as  sheep,)  the  best 
is  to  take  a crop  of  hay  and  turn  it  over  for  a 
corn,  or  any  other  purpose. 

Treatment  The  object  to  be  attained  in  curing  this 
disease  is  the  destruction  of  the  acari , which  is  necessarily 
the  same  in  all  animals ; but  in  sheep  the  material  used 
must  be  in  a fluid  form,  so  as  to  penetrate  the  wool. 

The  following  is  both  an  excellent  cure  and  preventative 
of  scab  in  sheep  : R.  Acid  Arseniosi,  lbij  ; Sulph.  Ferri, 
lb.  ccv ; Aquce,  cong.  lxv.  Translation. — Powdered  arseni- 
ous  acid,  two  pounds;  sulphate  of  iron,  two  hundred  and 
five  pounds ; water,  sixty -five  gallons;  mix.  Boil  until 
the  fluid  is  reduced  to  one-third,  and  then  add  as  much 
water  as  has  been  lost  by  evaporation.  This  preparation 
is  the  celebrated  “Bain  de  Tessier,”  so  highly  prized  in- 
France.  The  following  will  answer  the  same  purpose* 
which  will  not  stain  the  wool,  as  it  contains  no  sulphate 
of  iron,  and  will,  no  doubt,  be  preferred  by  many  to  the 
preceding  one  on  that  account : Arsenious  acid,  two  pounds  ; 
sulphate  of  zinc,  ten  pounds  ; water,  sixty  gallons ; mix. 


crop  of 


plan 


PSORA, 


329 


Prepare  as  the  foregoing  one.  Each  of  these  valuable 
sheep-dipping  mixtures  is  sufficient  to  cure  and  dip  one 
hundred  sheep. 

The  way  sheep-dipping  mixtures  are  sometimes  used  is 
far  wrong,  as  was  the  case  in  the  celebrated  sheep-poisoning 
case  at  Burton,  England,  where  the  animals  were  driven, 
immediately  after  their  bath,  containing  twenty  ounces  of 
arsenic,  twenty  ounces  of  soda-ash,  and  two  ounces  of 
sulphur,  to  their  pasture,  with  their  wool  saturated  with  it, 
and  consequently  dripping  from  the  wool  on  the  grass  that 
the  sheep  were  just  eating. 

The  improved  plan  in  dipping  sheep  is : First.  The 
solution  or  the  mixture  is  to  be  put  in  a tub,  or  other 
vessel,  sufficiently  large  to  allow  the  sheep  (except  the 
head)  to  be  immersed  in  it,  without  the  mixture  running 
over  the  sides  of  the  tub  or  vessel.  Second . When  the 
sheep  is  taken  out,  it  must  be  placed  in  another  tub  or 
vessel,  and  the  liquid  pressed  from  jhe  wool,  and  returned 
again  into  the  dipping  vessel.  Third.  The  sheep  must 
be  kept  enclosed  in  a sheep-fold,  or  other  sufficiently  airy 
place,  where  there  is  no  food  of  any  kind  that  a sheep  will 
eat,  until  the  wool  is  perfectly  dry. 

Several  of  the  veterinary  professors  of  the  Edinburgh 
veterinary  colleges,  after  the  above  sheep-poisoning  case 
occurred,  instituted  a series  of  experiments  to  prove 
whether  arsenical  baths  were  dangerous,  and  if  sheep  could 
be  poisoned  by  immersion  therein.  The  following  is  the 
result  of  their  experience.  (“ Edinburgh  Veterinary  Re- 
view” for  April,  1859.) 

First.  That  the  immersion  of  sheep,  whether  sound , or 
suffering  from,  scab , with  extensive  eruptions  or  “foot-rot” 
with  free  exposure  of  the  vascular  structure  of  the  feet , 

in  arsenical  solutions,  varying  in  strength,  is  unattended 


330 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP. 


by  prejudicial  effects,  and  prove  salutary  to  the  diseased 
animals. 

Second . That  the  congregating  of  sheep  after  dipping, 
where  food  is  not  allowed  them,  is  unattended  with  danger; 
and  I can  distinctly  testify  to  the  absence  of  all  risk  from 
sheep  licking  each  other. 

Third . That  all  sheep  having  remained  damp  from 
twenty-four  to  thirty-six  hours  after  being  dipped,  cuta- 
neous absorption  of  arsenical  solution  might  have  been 
going  on  rapidly  during  the  prolonged  period  in  which  the 
sheep  continued  wet;  but  no  unfavorable  symptoms  ensued, 
— indeed  the  reverse. 

Fourth.  The  absence  of  the  slightest  change  in  health, 
or  of  the  manifestation  of  symptoms  which  usually  ensue 
on  the  administration  of  arsenic  to  the  lower  animals,  even 
in  medicinal  doses  by  the  mouth,  leads  us  to  infer  that  if  a 
minute  quantity  of  arsenic,  in  solution,  can  penetrate  the 
system  of  a sheep  by  absorption  by  the  skin,  it  is  quite 
insufficient  to  develop  the  physiological  action  of  the 
compound. 

Fifth.  A solution  of  arsenic  is  not  more  readily  ab- 
sorbed from  limited  abraded  surfaces  than  from  the  healthy 
skin,  owing  probably  to  the  arsenic  acting  as  an  astringent 
on  the  sores,  and  rendering  the  latter  as  impenetrable, 
probably , as  the  uninjured  skin.  This  remark  does  not 
apply  to  large  wounds. 

Sixth.  It  appears  impossible  to  poison  sheep  by  bathing 
them  in  arsenical  solutions,  provided  the  liquor  is  not 
introduced  directly  or  indirectly  into  the  stomach  by  the 
mouth.  By  the  direct  means  of  introduction  of  the  con- 
stituents of  a “ dripping  mixture”  in  the  stomach  of  a 
sheep,  is  meant  making  the  sheep  swallow  the  liquid  whilst 
being  bathed;  and  by  the  indirect  means  is  implied  the 


ROT. 


331 

penetration  of  arsenical  solution  into  the  stomach  by  food 
poisoned  by  the  liquid  dropping  from  the  bodies  of  the 
sheep,  the  wool  of  which  has  not  been  pressed,  or  from  a 
number  of  sheep  injudiciously  congregated  over  food  they 
subsequently  eat. 

Seventh . Arsenical  solutions,  whether  weaker  than  ordi- 
nary dipping  mixtures,  or  much  stronger , are  likewise 
incapable  of  being  absorbed  by  the  skin  of  sheep  or  man. 

Eighth.  Sheep  will  partake  of  grass  and  other  food 
which  has  been  smeared  or  soaked  with  an  arsenical  solu- 
tion, notwithstanding  the  presence  of  soft  soap  and  soda. 

Arsenical  baths  and  mixtures  are  not  only  used  for 
the  cure  and  prevention  of  scab,  but  are  the  most  highly, 
and,  I think,  justly  valued  preservatives  of  the  fleece  of 
sheep,  and  are  a protection  from  the  propagation  of  many 
parasites. 

Rot — Cachexia  Aquosa. — Chlorosis.  The  very  name 
of  this  disease  is  a terror  to  many  sheep  farmers  who  have 
suffered  and  lost  so  much  by  it.  It  is  so  destructive 
amongst  sheep, that  it  is  estimated  that  in  the  rainy  winters 
of  1829-30  two  million  sheep  died  or  were  destroyed  by 
this  disease  alone.  It  again  made  its  appearance  in  Great 
Britain  during  the  very  wet  years  1852-53.  The  symp- 
toms by  which  this  disease  can  be  detected  in  its  early 
stage  are  very  latent;  but  if  there  are  suspicions  of  this 
disease,  it  can  readily  be  detected  by  the  color  of  the 
mucous  membranes,  or  the  fauces  of  the  mouth ; the  ap- 
pendages of  the  eye  being  of  a pale  yellow;  the  animal 
costive,  and  the  urine  of  a high  color,  thus  indicating 
disease  of  the  liver.  As  the  disease  is  more  advanced 
there  is  little  difficulty  in  coming  to  a true  and  proper 
diagnosis  of  the  case,  as  all  the  muscular  fibres  assume  a 
uniform  yellow  brown  color,  and  the  wool  has  a matted 


332 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP. 


and  dry  appearance,  and  subsequently  the  muscles  waste, 
and  digestion  is  impaired,  and  at  length  the  animal  dies  in 
from  two  to  four  months.  Where  a flock  of  sheep  do  not 
thrive  and  acquire  fat  and  flesh  on  good  feed  and  pasture, 
something  must  be  wrong,  and  the  sooner  it  is  found  out 
the  better,  as  they  may  have  acquired  the  disease  before 
they  were  bought.  The  better  way  would  be  to  have  one 
of  the  worst  ones  brought  in  and  destroyed,  and  then  have 
a thorough  examination,  which  will  set  everything  to  rest, 
and  point  out  the  line  of  duty  which  is  open  to  be  pursued 
in  the  treatment  and  prevention  of  the  disease,  ere  it  be  too 
late  to  do  good. 

It  is  very  frequent  in  wet  seasons,  in  wet  and  undrained 
lands,  and  is  characterized  by  an  enlarged  and  softened 
condition  of  the  liver,  and  accumulation  of  the  common 
fluke  (distomum  hepatieum)  m the  biliary  ducts  and  gall 
bladder. 

Post-mortem  appearances  show  most  clearly  the  nature 
and  extent  of  the  disease  as  before  mentioned.  There  is 
found  a large  number  of  these  flukes  in  the  liver,  and  that 
organ  very  much  enlarged,  soft,  and  flabby;  the  bile  and 
all  the  serous  fluids  are  of  a yellow  color,  and,  on  account 
of  the  debilitating  nature  of  the  disease,  a large  quantity 
of  the  exudative  matter  is  found  in  the  belly  and  chest. 
There  is  one  appearance  that  will  never  deceive:  the  liver 
is  not  of  that  pale  and,  I would  say,  cooked  appearance 
which  is  usually  presented  after  ordinary  t€  Hepatitis ; 9t 
but  in  most  cases  is  all  covered  with  livid  spots  not  unlike 
the  mottled  appearance  of  the  lungs  of  cattle  that  have  died" 
of  epizootic  pleuro-pneumonia.  I n a word,  the  liver  is  the 
only  true  seat  of  this  disease. 

Cause . The  cause  of  this  disease,  until  lately,  was  often 
a surmise  and  supposition-  Then  the  question  arose,  why 


ROT. 


333 


it  has  been  a precept  with  careful  shepherds  not  to  let  the 
sheep  graze  on  dewy  grass,  or  wet  and  marshy  land? 
Why  the  dew  and  wet  land  was  considered  so  dangerous 
none  could  tell,  and  least  of  all  the  bucolic  guardian. 
Although  unable  to  give  a reason  why,  he  could  aver  and 
prove  that  it  was  so.  The  rational  conclusion  is,  that 
many  creatures  pass  the  early  portion  of  their  preda- 
tory existence  in  the  bodies  of  one  species  of  animal, 
and  their  maturity  in  another.  Their  eggs  are  depos- 
ited in  the  former,  but  are  not  developed  until  expelled 
and  cast  upon  the  earth  or  manure-heap  to  shift  for 
themselves. 

They  lie  on  the  smoking  dung-pile  or  such  places,  and 
far  away  from  the  sheep,  in  which  they  can  find  food  and 
develop  themselves.  The  rain  washes  them  into  the 
earth,  or  they  are  carried  to  the  fields  with  the  manure. 
The.humidity  serves  to  develop  them;  they  fix  themselves 
upon  the  moist  grass,  and  with  it  these  tiny  enotozoa 
are  carried  into  the  stomachs  of  the  sheep.  Once  there, 
their  work  is  soon  accomplished. 

Treatment. — The  successful  treatment  of  this  disease 
embraces  particularly  that  of  prevention.  As  before  men- 
tioned, it  is  chiefly  caused  by  wet  and  damp  pasture 
lands — hence  the  proposition  for  their  restoration  will  be, 
First , their  removal  to  a high  and  healthy  pasture,  giv- 
ing them  hay  and  nourishing  food,  such  as  a little  bruised 
oil  cake,  or  linseed  meal,  and  placing  covered  troughs  in 
the  field  containing  rock,  or  common  salt,  which  sheep  are 
very  fond  of  licking,  and  which  moreover  regulates  their 
bowels,  and  gives  them  an  appetite  for  food  and  water. 
Second , give  each  sheep  epsom  salts,  two  ounces;  oil  of 
turpentine,  one  ounce ; pulverized  ginger,  half  an  ounce. 
To  be  given  in  half  a pint  of  molasses  water,  to  be  followed 
up  with  tonics,  if  they  are  found  necessary.  The  following 


334 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP. 


will  answer  a good  purpose:  Sulphate  of  iron,  in  powder, 
ten  grains  ; gentian,  in  powder,  thirty  grains ; ginger,  in 
powder,  thirty  grains.  To  be  given  in  linseed-meal  gruel 
once  a day  for  a few  days.  It  is  the  experience  of  almost 
every  sheep  farmer,  and  sometimes  too  dearly  bought, 
that  to  place  sheep  on  wet  and  marshy  land,  even  for  a few 
days,  is  certain  to  generate  this  disease,  notwithstanding 
the  animals  may  have  been  in  perfect  health  prior  to  hi& 
placing  them  there.  Before  placing  sheep  on  pasturer 
where  there  is  access  to  any  bog  or  marsh,  it  will  amply 
repay  the  time  and  trouble  to  fence  it  in  ; or  have  sufficient 
sheep-drains  opened  through  it  six  months  before  any  sheep 
are  put  on  it. 

Sheep-drains  are  wide,  and  not  filled  up  with  tiles  or 
stones,  but  left  open.  The  shepherd  can  find  time  to  keep 
both  the  sheep  in  order,  and  the  drains  clean  of  rubbishy 
except  in  the  lambing  and  clipping  season. 

Sheep  Laurel,  Poisoning  by. — Kalmia.  A shrub,, 
the  leaves  and  young  twigs  of  which  sheep  and  lambs  are 
very  fond,  and  when  eaten  by  them  to  a considerable  quan- 
tity gives  rise  to  a disease  called  hoven  or  impaction  of  the 
rumen,  accompanied  by  a staggering  gait,  sleepiness,  and 
inability  to  walk. 

Treatment . To  be  successful  must  be  timely  as  well  as 
energetic,  with  a view  to  arousing  the  power  of  the  stomach,, 
and  for  this  purpose  two  drachm  doses  of  the  spirits  of 
ammonia  may  be  given  in  a tumbler  full  of  cold  water  once 
in  the  hour,  till  three  or  four  doses  are  given ; withholding 
the  medicine  when  the  animal  recovers,  though  one  dose- 
only  has  been  given. 

Small-pox. — Variola  Ovina.  Fortunately  this  disease 
has  as  yet  been  confined  to  Europe,  and  more  especially 


SMALL-POX. 


335 


the  continental  portion,  where  it  may  be  said  to  be  never 
absent.  In  France  and  Italy  it  occurs  frequently,  and 
causes  much  loss  and  destruction.  England  was  visited 
with  it  in  1847,  when  it  was  communicated  to  a flock  at 
Datchett,  and  another  at  Pinnar,  by  some  Merinoes  from 
Spain.  In  1862  it  again  occurred,  but  this  time  very 
suddenly,  and  in  a very  severe  form  among  the  flocks  of 
Wiltshire  ; for  which  re-appearance  neither  infection  nor 
traceable  contagion  could  be  assigned  as  the  cause.  The 
light  shed  upon  it  makes  it  appear  to  be  an  instance  of 
the  origination  of  a more  malignant  type  of  variola  ovina. 
Such  is,  in  fact,  assigned  to  this  disease  in  Africa,  it  being 
well  established  that  certain  injurious  atmospheric  influ- 
ences produce  skin  diseases  and  facilitate  the  appearance 
of  pustular  eruptions.  From  the  nature  of  the  disease  in 
its  being  produced  both  by  atmospheric  causes  and  conta- 
gion, it  soon  assumes  an  epizootic  form,  and  causes  more 
destruction  than  any  other  malady  affecting  this  useful 
animal.  Out  of  a flock  of  1720,  ninety-two  were  attacked 
in  a natural  way,  of  which  fifty  per  cent.  died.  Of  eight 
hundred  inoculated  cases,  only  thirty-six  per  cent.  died. 
The  mortality  from  this  disease  is  never  less  than  twenty- 
five  per  cent.,  and  not  unfrequently  whole  flocks  have 
been  swept  away,  death  taking  place  in  the  eany  stages 
of  the  eruption,  and  others  in  suppurative  and  ulcerative 
stages. 

Symptoms . These  may  be  mapped  out  as  follows  : The 
animal  is  seized  with  a shivering  fit,  succeeded  by  stupidity, 
which  remains  till  death  or  recovery  takes  place.  On  the 
second  or  third  day  pimples  are  seen  on  the  inside  of  the 
thighs  and  arm-pits,  accompanied  with  redness  of  the  eyes, 
complete  loss  of  appetite  and  other  symptoms  which  are 
common  to  other  diseases  of  the  same  animaL 


336 


DISEASES  OF  SHEEP. 


Prevention.  Two  plans  are  resorted  to  for  the  purpose 
of  preventing  the  spread  of  the  affection,  which  promise  a 
certainty  of  success.  The  first  and  best  plan  is,  isolation 
and  destruction.  This  plan  proved  a great  protection  to 
the  sheep  farmers  of  Wiltshire,  in  1862.  In  well  known 
epizootic  diseases,  where  individual  cases  occur  and  are 
pointed  out  and  well  recognized,  as  soon  as  the  fever  sets 
in,  and  before  the  eruptions  appear,  they  should  be  slaugh- 
tered at  once  and  buried.  The  loss  of  one  or  two  sheep  is 
nothing  to  the  consequences  of  the  spread  of  a disease  of 
this  kind.  By  doing  so  the  disease  has  been  known  to 
be  confined  to  a few  cases  in  a large  flock. 

Treatment.  In  treating  this  disease,  resort  has  been  had 
to  a plant  called  sarracenia  purpura , Indian  cup,  or  pitcher 
plant,  which  is  used  for  treating  this  disease  in  man  by 
the  Micmac  tribe  of  Indians  in  British  North  America. 
(See  Horse  and  Cattle  Medicines  in  this  book.)  Take 
from  one  to  two  ounces  of  the  root,  (dried  if  to  be  had,) 
and  slice  it  in  thin  pieces ; place  in  an  earthen  pot;  add 
a quart  of  cold  water,  and  allow  the  liquid  to  simmer 
gently  over  a slow,  steady  fire  from  two  to  three  hours,  so 
as  to  lose  one-fourth  of  the  quantity.  Give  of  this  tea  or 
decoction  three  wine-glassfuls  at  once,  and  the  same  quan- 
tity from  four  to  six  hours  after,  when  a cure  will  generally 
be  effected.  Weaker  and  smaller  doses  are  certain  preven- 
tives of  small-pox,  whether  in  men  or  animals.  The  public 
are  indebted  to  Dr.  Norris,  Physician  to  the  Halifax  (Nova 
Scotia)  Dispensary,  for  the  manner  of  preparing  this  highly 
important  article.  Sulphurous  acid  gas  will  be  found 
useful  in  small-pox.  For  manner  of  using,  see  Horse  and 
Cattle  Medicines  in  this  book. 


I 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 


It  was  re- 
marked by  one  of 
South  Carolina’s 
learned  sons, who 
has  long  and 
honorably  filled 
the  chair  of  The- 
rapeutics in  the 
Jefferson  Medical 
College  of  Phila- 
delphia, “ Give 
me,mercury, 
iodine,  quinine 
and  the  lancet, 
and  I will  com- 
bat with  disease.” 
medicine  chest,  Without  alto- 

gether endorsing  the  views  of  the  distinguished  professor, 
either  in  the  choice  or  numbers  of  medicines  he  thinks 
necessary,  or  sufficient  to  cure  disease,  I would  say,  give 
me  aconite,  iodine,  iron,  mineral  acid,  soda,  creosote,  and  a 
few  others,  and  I will  not  only  combat,  but  successfully 
cure  and  overcome  disease. 

Every  article  in  use  by  myself  in  the  treatment  of  dis- 
eases will  be  described  under  the  name  by  which  it  is  best 
22  337 


338 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 


known.  No  attempt  will  be  made  to  describe  adulterations 
in  the  drugs  spoken  of.  Many  useful  plants  containing 
high  curative  properties  are  to  be  found  all  over  this 
country,  which  will  be  well  worth  special  attention. 

Acids  . — These  are  derived  from  the  mineral,  vegetable 
and  animal  kingdoms,  and  are  of  a sour  taste — hence  the 
name  acid.  Some  acids  are  solid,  others  fluid,  and  all  are 
easily  dissolved  in  water.  Acids  are  mostly  poisonous, 
except  when  highly  diluted,  or  mixed  with  water. 

Acetic  Acid. — This  acid  is  eight  times  stronger  than 
ordinary  vinegar. 

Use.  Sometimes  used  in  sprains,  and  for  the  destruction 
of  the  poison  of  insects,  by  adding  one  ounce  of  camphor  to 
four  ounces  of  the  acid. 

Pyroligneous  Acid. — This  is  gotten  by  the  distilla- 
tion of  wood,  and  sometimes  sold  in  a diluted  form  as 
white  vinegar.  It  is  used  with  salt  by  horsemen  for  sore 
backs  and  shoulders. 

Muriatic  Acid. — This  is  commonly  called  the  spirit 
of  salt. 

Use.  A good  tonic  in  debilitating  diseases  in  horses  and 
cattle,  and  can  be  advantageously  employed  in  pleuro-pneu- 
monia  in  cattle,  for  it  relieves  the  quick  breathing,  and 
keeps  up  the  strength. 

Dose.  Forty  to  sixty  drops  given  largely  diluted,  or 
mixed  with  cold  water,  and  repeated  three  to  four  times  in 
the  day. 

Externally , it  is  used  for  sores  in  the  feet  of  horses,  by 
pouring  a few  drops  in  the  nail-hole  or  sore.  Ten  drops 
poured  into  the  fistulous  openings  of  poll-evil,  or  quittorin 
the  foot,  daily,  sometimes  cure  the  disease. 

Nitric  Acid,  or  Aqua  Fortis. — This,  given  properly. 


ACIDS, 


339 


and  largely  diluted,  is  an  excellent  tonic,  and  is  used  for 
the  same  purpose,  and  in  the  same  doses  as  the  preceding. 

Sulphuric  Acid. — Possibly  this  acid  is  preferable  to 
any  other  of  the  acids  for  internal  use,  in  weakness  and 
debility.  It  is  given  in  from  forty  Jo  sixty  drop  doses, 
also  largely  diluted  with  water.  Horses  and  cattle  will 
usually  drink  water,  when  acid  is  in  it.  In  all  kinds  of 
fevers,  sulphuric  acid  is  an  excellent  medicine  to  give.  In 
mixing  it,  the  acid  is  to  be  added  to  the  water,  not  the 
the  water  to  the  acid. 

Prussic  Acid. — A highly  dangerous  poison.  There 
*re  two  forms  of  this  acid  kept  in  the  drug  stores. 
Scheels’  contains  five  per  cent.,  and  that  of  colleges  about 
Iwo  per  cent. 

Use.  Given  in  locked-jaw  in  the  horse  with  considerable 
success. 


MIT  ~M,  OR  DROP  MEASURE.  GRADUATED  MEASURE. 

Dose.  Half  to  one  drachm  once  a day.  If  the  horse  be 
,oung,  half  a drachm  will  be  enough.  Two  drops  to  the 
2)unce  of  water  is  an  excellent  wash  to  the  skin  of  all 
animals,  in  mange  and  inveterate  itching.  Great  care, 
however,  must  be  exercised  in  its  use,  whether  internally 
or  externally.  It  is  sold  under  the  name  of  hydrocianie 
acid. 

Aconite. — A conitumNapellus — Wolfsbane — Monkshood . 


340 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 


An  active  poison,  and  one  of  the  garden  plants  of  parts 
of  Europe.  The  tincture  is  that  portion  which  is  used 
in  diseases  of  horses  and  cattle. 

Tincture  of  Aconite  Hoot. — One  of  the  most  power- 
ful, certain  and  successful  sedatives  which  can  be  used. 
It  has  done  away  with  bleeding,  blistering  and  physick- 
ing, which  were  formerly  thought  proper  agents  where- 
with to  combat  and  cure  disease.  It  is  not  only  sedative, 
but  it  is  a nauseant,  calmative,  anodyne,  stimulant,  dia- 
phoretic and  antiphlogistic.  It  controls  fever,  and  allays 
pain  and  inflammation ; and  is  the  only  medicine,  except- 
ing hellebore,  which  can'  excite  the  horse,  the  ox,  or  the 
elephant,  to  vomit.  Although  these  animals  cannot  vomit, 
it  is  the  one  to  cause  them  to  make  the  effort.  If,  accord- 
ing to  the  founder  of  homcepathy,  mercury  was  a divine 
metal,  no  less  surely  may  aconite  be  considered  a divine 
vegetable ; for  without  it,  or  something  as  good,  what  can 
be  so  successful  in  curing  lung  fever,  founder,  inflamma- 
tion of  any  part  of  the  body,  colic  from  eating  green 
food,  and  fever  accompanying  cattle  diseases  of  whatever 
kind  ? Nothing  controls  the  circulation  and  action  of  the 
heart  so  promptly  as  aconite.  The  nervous  centres  of  the 
body  are  no  less  ready  to  obey  its  action.  Hence,  its 
value  in  allaying  fever,  irritation,  excitement  and  pain, 
from  whatever  cause. 

How  to  use  it.  Aconite  should  never  be  carried  too  far, 
or  prostration  and  weakness  will  follow.  Never  give 
more  than  eight  doses,  when  twenty  drops  are  the  dose, 
nor  more  than  six  doses  when  twenty-five  drops  are  the 
dose.  Or,  in  other  words,  never,  in  any  disease,  give 
more  than  two  drachms,  or  one  hundred  and  twenty 
drops,  whether  the  dose  has  been  ten,  twenty  or  twen- 
ty-five drops.  In  pleuro-pneumonia  and  other  diseases, 
iron  and  the  mineral  acids  should  follow  aconite. 


AMMONIA. 


341 


Alcohol. — Spirits  of  wine  entirely  free  from  water,  and 
is  used  for  making  tinctures  of  the  various  plants.  It  is 
the  foundation  of  many  lotions  and  liniments.  Alcohol 
may  be  given  to  horses  having  a chill,  in  half  pint  doses, 
mixed  with  a little  warm  water,  not  too  hot. 

Aloes. — This  is  the  expressed  juice  of  several  plants 
of  same  name.  Aloes  are  of  several  varieties  : Barbadoes, 
Socotorine,  Cape,  and  Hepatic — all  of  which  differ  in 
color,  and  some  of  them  in  strength.  Barbadoes  and  the 
Socotorine  are  the  varieties  kept  in  the  drug  stores. 

Use . Aloes  are  used  as  a purgative,  or  cathartic,  for 
horses  only.  Cattle  do  not  respond  to  aloes,  nor  is  it  a 
proper  internal  medicine  for  those  animals. 

Dose . From  six  to  eight  drachms,  made  into  a bolus, or 
ball,  with  two  drachms  of  powdered  ginger,  and  molasses, 
to  cause  them  to  stick  together. 

Tincture  of  aloes  is  an  excellent  application  to  a healthy 
sore.  In  the  form  of  a compound  tincture,  which  is  com- 
posed of  aloes  and  myrrh,  it  is  preferred,  by  some  persons, 
to  the  simple  tincture. 

Alum. — A compound  salt,  containing  sulphuric  acid, 
potash,  and  alumina. 

Use . It  is  applied  to  sores,  to  arrest  bleeding,  and  in  the 
form  of  burnt  alum  is  used  to  touch  indolent  sores,  which 
are  not  disposed  to  heal  quickly. 

Ammonia. — Liquid  ammonia  is  commonly  called  spir- 
its of  hartshorn. 

Use.  A diffusible  stimulant,  and  is  given  in  cases  of 
flatulent  colic.  Formerly  it  was  in  much  repute  among 
farriers,  mixed  with  oil,  as  a liniment,  but  it  is  not  now 
considered  of  much  vaiue,  and  is  apt  to  blemish. 


342 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 


Dose . Two  drachms  to  half  an  ounce,  as  an  anti-spas* 
modic,  in  flatulent  colic. 

Carbonate  of  Ammonia. — A highly  valuable  medi- 
cine, when  given  in  weakness,  debility,  and  prostration 
from  influenza,  lung  fever,  bronchitis,  etc. 

Dose.  From  two  drachms,  to  half  an  ounce,  which  may 
be  repeated  three  times  in  the  day,  and  should  be  given, ' 
mixed  in  cold  gruel,  so  that  the  latent,  or  hidden  heat,  will 
not  be  developed,  as  it  would  be,  if  given  in  anything 
warm,  thereby  scalding  the  throat  while  drenching.  * 

Muriate  of  Ammonia. — this  possesses  the  same 
properties  as  the  above,  but  is  not  so  strong. 

Acetate  of  Ammonia. — Is  made  extemporaneously, 
by  dissolving  the  carbonate  in  strong  acetic  acid,  till 
effervescence  ceases;  then,  adding  water  to  it,  till  it  is  of 
the  strength  of  ordinary  vinegar. 

Use.  An  excellent  form  of  ammonia  when  given  in 
weakness  and  debility.  Indeed,  ammonia,  and  its  several 
preparations,  need  only  to  be  used,  to  convince  of  their 
utility,  in  supporting  the  vital  powers,  and  thereby  curing 
disease. 

Anaesthetics. — Medicines  which  induce  insensibility. 

Aniseed. — A warm  carminative,  and  used  in  conjunc- 
tion with  fenugreek,  and  cardamoms,  in  weed,  and  fevers 
in  milch  cows,  and  for  indigestion,  and  loss  of  appetite  in 
horses. 

Dose.  For  horses  and  cows,  one  to  two  ounces,  given 
three  times  in  the  day. 

Anodynes. — These  are  medicines  which  allay  pain. 
(See  Aconite,  Opium,  Morphia,  Chloroform,  and  Ether.) 

Antimony. — A metal.  Many  preparations  of  anti- 

mony are  kept  in  the  drug  stores. 


ANTIMONY. 


343 


BALANCE  WEIGHING  ONE  GRAIN  TO  A FEW  OUNCES. 


Tartarized  Antimony. — This  is  commonly  called 
Tartar  Emetic , and  was  formerly  relied  upon  in  the 
treatment  of  lung,  or  chest  diseases  in  horses,  and  cattle; 
but,  to  the  great  surprise  of  the  knowing  ones,  recent 
experiments  have  shown  that  tartar  emetic  has  no  sedative 
effect  whatever  upon  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  or  other  herbivo- 
rous animals.  Pounds  of  tartar  emetic  have  been  given 
to  horses,  cattle,  and  sheep,  without  any  effect,  excepting 
increasing  the  appetite  a little,  and  having  no  effect  upon 
either  the  respiration,  or  circulation,  whatever.  Therefore, 
tartar  emetic  we  will  leave  to  the  dogs  and  to  man. 

Tartar  emetic  ointment  is  sometimes  recommended,  to 
be  applied  to  the  region  of  the  kidneys,  where  the  Spanish 
fly  dare  not  be  used. 

Ter-Sulphuret  of  Antimony,  or  Brack  Antimony. 
— This  is  a favorite,  with  many  horsemen,  for  making  a 
horse  shine. 


344 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 


Ter-Chloride  of  Antimony. — This  is  a useful  medi* 
cine  for  diseases  of  the  feet  of  horses,  cattle,  and  sheep;  it 
owes  its  properties  to  hydrochloric  acid.  It  is  commonly 
called,  by  old  farriers,  butyreof  antimony.  In  foul  claw, 
in  cattle,  and  sores  in  the  feet  of  horses,  a piece  of  cotton 
should  be  moistened  with  it,  and  laid  upon  the  sore. 

Antiseptics. — Medicines  which  arrest  decay,  and 
putrefaction. 

Antispasmodics. — Medicines  capable  of  relieving 

spasms,  as  in  fcolic. 

Areca  Nut. — An  effective  cure  for  tape- worm  in  the 
dog. 

Dose . — About  two  grains  of  the  nut,  to  every  pound  of 
the  animal’s  weight,  and  given  in  the  form  of  a pill,  or 
suspended  in  milk. 

Arnica  Montana, — Leopard’s  bane. 

Tincture  of  Arnica. — A valuable  remedy  for 
sprains  and  bruises!  A lotion  is  made  as  follows : Tinc- 
ture of  arnica,  one  ounce;  water  two  ounces.  Cloths, 
kept  wet  with  it,  should  be  laid  on  the  part  which  is  sore. 

Arsenic. — A well  known  poison. 

Use.  A splendid  tonic,  improving  health,  condition 
and  wind  of  the  horse. 

Dose . When  given  once  a day,  five  grains  will  be  a 
safe  dose,  for  an  ordinary-sized  horse.  If  given  twice  a 
day,  two  and  a half  grains  will  be  enough. 

Arsenic  should  be  given  mixed  in  feed,  in  large  bulk, 
such  as  cut  feed,  so  as  tp  protect  the  stomach  as  much  as 
possible,  whilst  at  the  same  time  reaping  its  advantages. 
These  doses  should  be  continued  at  least  for  two  weeks, 
stopping  at  that  time  for  one  week,  and  commencing  again 


ASTRINGENTS. 


345 


as  before.  This  will  insure  safety,  with  the  benefits  of 
the  arsenic,  and  an  improved  condition  in  both  wind  and 
body.  In  Switzerland,  and  other  parts  of  the  world, 
arsenic  is  relied  upon  for  the  cure  of  heaves  in  the  horse. 

Fowler’s  Solution  op  Arsenic. — Made  as  ordered 
by  the  colleges,  contains  four  grains  of  arsenic  to  the 
ounce  of  the  solution,  or  fluid. 

Asafoctida. — This  is  a gum-resin,  having  a smell  like 
onions.  Asalcetida  is  a stimulant  and  vermifuge,  and  is 
given  to  horses  for  loss  of  appetite,  and  to  produce  a fine 
silken  coat  upon  them.  It  is  given  to  dogs,  to  expel 
worms.  Dose,  for  the  horse  and  the  cow,  two  drachms, 
and  for  dogs,  ten  to  twenty  grains. 

Tincture . /Where  the  stimulant  effect  is  wanted,  the 
tincture  is  a good  form,  and  is  given  in  about  the  same 
doses  as  the  gum,  for  all  animals. 

Asarabacca. — This  is  used  in  horses  where  matter  is 
lodged  in  the  nares  of  the  nose,  and  it  is  desirable  that 
it  should  be  brought  down ; and  also  in  sheep  and  calves, 
with  faliria  bronchi,  or  worms  in  the  air  passages.  For 
horses,  blow  a drachm  up  each  nostril,  out  of  a cone  of 
paper,  taking  care  that  the  person  does  not  inhale  it 
himself.  For  a flock  of  sheep,  or  a number  of  calves, 
confine  them  in  a close  shed,  with  sufficient  air,  and  throw* 
a considerable  quantity  among  them,  so  the  animals  will 
inhale  it.  Sneezing  and  snorting  take  place,  followed  by 
mucus,  and  small  worms,  from  the  nose.  This  action  is 
called  errhine. 

Astringents. — Medicines  which  are  capable  of  drying 
up  discharges,  whether  from  the  bowels,  or  from  a sore. 
The  principal  medicines  of  this  class  are  opium,  tannin, 
oak-bark  and  chalk. 


/ 


346 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 


Atropine. — The  active  principle  of  Belladonna. 

Belladonna* — Atropia  Belladonna . 

Belladonna  is  used  in  veterinary  practice  for  the  same 
purposes  as  opium,  but  is  to  be  preferred  to  opium  on 
account  of  its  having  no  binding  effect  on  the  bowels. 
The  extract  is  the  preparation  used,  and  is  prescribed  in 
all  animals,  for  colic,  rheumatism,  coughs,  sore  throat, 
bronchitis,  influenza  and  locked-jaw.  Doses,  half  a drachm 
to  forty  or  fifty  grains,  dissolved  in  half  an  ounce  of  the 
sweet  spirits  of  nitre,  and  repeated  three  times  a day,  in 
the  diseases  above  mentioned.  In  diseases  of  the  eye,  it  is 
considered  valuable,  as  it  has  the  power  of  contracting  the 
iris  of  the  eye,  thus  causing  enlargement  of  the  pupil,  and 
breaking  up  adhesions  between  the  iris  and  the  lens . It 
also  facilitates  operations  on  the  eye. 

Benzoin. — A gum-resin,  the  tincture  of  which  is 
known  as  the  old  Friar’s  Balsam ; and  is  an  excellent 
application  for  sores,  and  unhealthy  ulcers. 

Benzole. — This  is  a watery  carbon,  and  is  obtained 
from  coal  tar.  It  is  used  to  destroy  lice,  and  other  insects 
in  the  skin  of  all  our  domestic  animals. 

Bismuth,  Subnitrate  of. 

Use . For  dogs  when  affected  with  vomiting  and  purging. 

Bose . Five  to  fifteen  grains,  given  on  sugar;  may  be 
repeated. 

Bole  Armenia. — Formerly  in  great  repute  among  oldj 
horse  doctors,  for  many  diseases  of  all  the  animals,  and  it 
entered  into  almost  every  mixture.  It  is  useless. 

Borax. — Or  Biborate  of  Soda.  A good  application 
for  ringworm,  for  which  purpose  dissolve  half  an  ounce  of 
borax  in  eight  ounces  of  water. 


CALCIUM,  OB  QUICKLIME. 


347 


Bromide  of  Potassium. 

Use . For  arresting  the  growth  of  fibrous  tumors  so 
often  met  with  in  all  animals. 

Doses.  For  horses  and  cattle,  from  one  to  three  drachmsp 
and  for  dogs,  five  to  ten  grains,  repeated  three  times  in 
the  day,  for  a considerable  period. 

Buckthorn. —A  syrup  is  made  of  the  berries,  and 
kept  in  the  drug  stores,  and  is  recommended  as  a mild 
purgative  in  dogs  having  distemper. 

Calamine. — An  impure  carbonate  of  zinc.  Oxide  of 
zinc  should  be  used  or  substituted  for  it.  Used  in  the 
healing  of  wounds,  both  in  powder  and  ointment. 

Calcium,  or  Quicklime. 

Use.  Lime  is  used  in  indigestion  and  acidity  in  all 
animals ; in  tympanitis  in  the  horse,  in  hoven  in  cattle,  and 
in  the  form  of  lime-water.  Mixed  with  linseed  oil  in 
equal  quantities,  it  makes  the  celebrated  Carron  oil,  so 
called  from  its  constant  use  among  the  men  employed  in 
the  Carron  Iron  Works,  when  any  of  them  get  burnt. 
Lime-water  and  calomel  make  the  yellow-wash,  and  corro- 
sive sublimate,  and  lime-water,  make  the  black-wash,  so 
highly  recommended  in  unhealthy,  and  in  ill-conditioned 
ulcers  and  sores.  It  is  used  as  a disinfectant  in  stables 
and  barns. 

Dose . Quicklime  is  given  to  horses  and  cattle,  in  from 
one  to  two  drachms.  Lime-water  is  given  in  five  ounce 
doses  to  horses  and  cattle.  For  calves  with  diarrhoea, 
two  ounces  of  lime-water,  a drachm  of  powdered  gentian 
root,  and  from  three  to  five  drops  of  the  tincture  of 
aconite  root,  given  three  times  a day,  is  an  excellent 
remedyc 


348 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 


Calomel. — Chloride  of  Mercury . 

Calomel  should  be  rarely  used  in  horse  and  cattle  prac- 
tice, from  the  fact  that  animals  are  not  so  subject  to 
scrofulous  diseases,  and  liver  complaints,  as  man  is,  and  as 
these  are  the  diseases  chiefly  calling  for  calomel,  we  can  in 
veterinary  practice  do  without  it,  so  far  as  internal  use  is 
concerned.  For  external  application,  in  the  form  of  the 
black  and  ?/e//o?0-wash,  it  is  valuable.  Calomel  sprinkled 
on  unhealthy  ulcers  and  sores  is  valuable,  quickly  chang- 
ing their  appearance.  Calomel  is  sometimes  used  in  thrush 
of  the  foot  of  the  horse,  inserted  into  the  cleft  of  the  frog. 
In  cattle  with  foul  claw,  and  in  sheep  with  sore  feet,  it  can 
be  used  to  great  advantage.  A dog  can  take  as  much 
aloes  as  will  kill  a man,  but  a man  can  take  as  much 
calomel  as  will  kill  several  dogs. 


m 


WEDGEWOOD  MORTAR.  WEDGEWOOD  MORTAR. 


Camphor. — Use . Camphor  is  a slight  stimulant,  fol- 
lowed by  calmative  effect.  Hence,  it  is  recommended  in 
cases  of  irritation,  and  nervous  excitement,  and  enters  into 
all  mixtures  used  in  cases  of  chronic  cough.  Three  to  five 
grains  of  camphor,  and  extract  of  belladonna  five  grains, 
rubbed  down  in  a little  whisky  or  alcohol,  and  mixed  in 
three  ounces  of  water,  is  an  excellent  remedy  in  allaying 
irritation  in  dogs  having  distemper.  An  excellent  rubi- 
facient  can  be  made  with  camphor,  one  ounce ; acetic  acid, 


CARBOLIC  ACID, 


343 


Eo.  8,  foui*  ounces.  To  allay  irritation  in  a sore,  camphor 
and  sweet  oil  is  a good  application. 

Doses.  Camphor  is  given  to  horses  and  cattle,  in  from 
two  to  four  drachms,  repeating  the  dose  three  or  four  times 
a day. 

Cantharides.— (See  Spanish  Fly.) 

Capsicum.— (See  Pepper.) 

Carbolic  Acid. — This  is  the  product  of  coal  tar,  and 
was  formerly  known  to  the  scientific  world  as  pheniie  or 
phenic  acid,  but  is  now  generally  known  as  carbolic  acid. 
Its  smell  resembles  that  of  creosote,  which  is  carbolic  acid 
and  a fixed  oil,  and  is  very  offensive  to  most  persons.  Its 
form  is  that  of  an  acid  solution,  though  sometimes  sold  in 
crystals.  Its  great  importance  is  due  to  its  property  of 
coagulating  the  albumen  of  the  animal  tissue,  and  hence 
its  value  in  sores,  wounds,  and  ulcers.  It  may  be  applied 
with  safety  to  all  parts  of  the  body  or  legs,  and  is  invalua- 
ble for  destroying  lice,  wood  ticks,  and  all  forms  of  parasite 
life,  and  by  merely  washing  or  moistening  those  parts  of 
the  legs  and  bodies  of  horses,  cattle,  and  sheep,  and  choseu 
by  the  bot,  horse  or  other  flies  to  deposit  their  eggs,  their 
hatching  or  even  deposit  may  be  prevented. 

As  a disinfectant  in  stables  and  buildings  affected  with 
fevers  and  all  kinds  of  distempers,  it  was  found  extremely 
serviceable  in  England,  in  checking  the  ravages  of  the 
rinderpest  by  washing  the  floors  and  stalls;  and  adding  a 
tablespoonful  of  the  solution  of  the  acid  to  a bucketful  of 
water,  in  whitewashing  the  walls  and  ceilings. 

External  TJse.  For  so.Co  and  wounds,  when  unhealthy, 
a good  application  may  be  made  by  adding  one  drachm 
of  the  acid  to  one  pint  of  water.  This  will  destroy  all 


sso 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES, 


putrefaction,  and  induce  the  wound  to  taks  on  a healthy 
action. 

Cardamoms. — The  seeds  of  a plant. 

Use . Given  to  milch  cows  in  case  of  loss  of  appetite,  and 
fevers.  Generally  it  is  united  with  fenugreek,  ginger,  or 
gentian  root,  mixed  in  warm  ale,  or  molasses  water.  This 
mixture  will  cure  ephemeral  or  fevers  of  a day’s  duration, 
when  other  medicines  have  failed. 

Dose . One  to  two  ounces. 

Caraway. — The  seeds  of  a garden  plant,  and  used  for 
the  same  purposes  as  the  preceding. 

Carbonate  Of  Lime. — A chalk  which  is  sold  in  the 
drug  stores  under  the  name  of  ereta  prepqrata , or  prepared 
chalk. 

Doses.  For  horses  and  cattle,  one  to  two  ounces  is  the 
dose.  For  calves,  two  to  three  drachms,  given  in  wheat- 
flour  gruel,  with  a drachm  of  ginger,  or  caraway  seed,  for 
curing  diarrhoea. 

Cascarilla. — The  bark  of  a tree. 

Use.  A bitter  tonic,  and  resembles  in  some  particulars 
that  of  quinine. 

Doses.  For  horses  and  cattle,  one  to  two  ounces,  mixed 
in  gruel. 

Castor-Oil. — The  expressed  oil  of  the  seeds  of  the 

Ricinus  Communis. 

Use.  However  useful  castor-oil  may  be  as  a purgative 
in  the  human  family,  it  is  certainly  a dangerous  poison 
when  given  in  sufficient  quantities  to  induce  purging,  in 
either  the  horse,  cow  or  sheep.  It  produces  irritation,  and 
inflammation  of  the  coats  of  the  bowels,  without  relief  from 
purging. 


CHARCOAL. 


351 


For  the  dog,  castor  oil  may  be  a proper  and  useful 
purgative  j and  for  the  pig,  also.  Aloes,  and  linseed  oil, 
is  the  purgative  for  the  horse ; epsom,  or  glauber  salts, 
for  the  ox,  and  the  sheep.  Whatever  suits  man,  as  a purge, 
will  answer  for  the  dog  and  pig. 

Cassia. — False  CUnnamm.  Much  cheaper  than  cin- 
namon, and  may  be  given  to  horses  and  cattle  in  powder, 
mixed  in  gruel,  for  loss  of  appetite. 

Dose.  One  to  two  ounces,  for  horses,  or  cattle. 

Catechu.— An  extract  from  a species  of  acacia. 

Use.  An  astringent,  binding  the  bowels  in  diarrhoea, 
and  is  used  in  combination  with  chalk  and  opium. 

Dose . For  horses  and  cattle,  two  to  five  drachms.  For 
sheep  and  swine,  one  to  three  drachms.  For  the  dog,  ten 
to  twenty  grains. 

For  superpurgation  in  horses,  and  cows,  my  favorite 
combination  is  as  follows:  Catechu,  two  to  five  drachms; 
prepared  chalk,  one  to  two  ounces;  powdered  opium,  ten 
to  thirty  grains ; mix,  and  drench  with  wheat  flour  gruel. 

Chalk, — (See  Carbonate  of  Lime.) 

Chamomile. — The  flowers  of  anthemis  noblis. 

Use.  A very  mild  tonic,  possibly  too  much  so  for  the 
horse  or  cow.  We  have  better  ones,  although,  perhaps, 
not  so  well  known. 

Charcoal. — Occasionally  given  to  cows,  in  chronic 
diarrhoea. 

Dose.  Half  an  ounce  to  one  ounce,  given  suspended  in 
gruel,  of  any  kind.  Externally,  charcoal  is  very  valuable, 
when  applied  to  badly  smelling  wounds,  and  ulcers.  It 
immediately  corrects  the  foetor,  and  rapidly  disposes  them 


352 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES 


to  heal.  Charcoal  and  brewers’  yeast  are  good  cleansers 
of  putrid  sores,  and  ulcers,  and  are  worthy  of  more  exten- 
sive use. 

Chenopodium  Anthelminticum. — Wormseed.  An 
excellent  remedy  for  worms  in  dogs.  Drop  from  two  to 
five  drops  of  the  oil  in  a little  soup,  or  give  from  ten  to 
twenty  grains  of  the  bruised  seed,  for  four  successive 
nights,  and  then  follow  with  a dose  of  castor-oil. 

Cixlorine  Gas. — Chlorine  gas  is  prepared  by  pouring 
hydrochloric  acid  on  the  black  oxide  of  manganese,  also 
by  heating  sulphuric  acid  with  common  salt  and  the  man- 
ganese. 

Use.  This  gas  is  a disinfectant,  and  for  this  purpose 
it  is  made  and  used  as  follows:  Take  an  ounce  or  so 
(depending  upon  the  size  of  the  place  to  be  disinfected) 
of  black  oxide  of  manganese,  and  hydrochloric  acid  of 
sufficient  quantity,  carry  them  to  the  place  where  they  are 
to  be  used,  pour  the  one  into  the  other,  and  close  the  doors, 
having  first  removed  all  the  animals  out  of  the  place.  A 
spirit  lamp,  placed  uder  the  bottom  of  the  vessel  holding 
the  materials,  will  insure  a greater  volume  of  gas.  (See 
Disinfectants.) 

Chlorine,  when  sufficiently  and  properly  used,  is  con- 
sidered to  be  of  great  advantage  in  arresting  the  ravages 
of  glanders,  farcy,  and  other  distempers  in  the  horse,  of 
pleuro-pneumonia  and  contagious  typhus  in  cattle,  and 
small-pox  in  sheep.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  farmers  gen- 
erally will  provide  themselves  with  proper  apparatus  for 
this  purpose.  It  will  not  cost  above  three  dollars,  and 
consists  of  a small  lamp  with  a stand  so  formed  that  a 
small  glass  bottle,  commonly  called  a Florence  flask,  can 
sit  right  above  the  blaze  of  the  lamp,  while  from  its  wid* 


CHLOROFORM. 


353 


and  open  mouth  issues  the  disease-healing,  and  health- 
restoring gas. 

Chloric  Ether, — Chloroform,  dissolved  in  spirits  of 
wine. 

Chloride  of  Potassium. — Is  similar  to  chloride  of 
soda,  or  common  salt. 

Chloride  of  Lime. 

Use . As  a disinfectant,  from  its  antiseptic,  and  deo- 
dorizing effects,  and  is  an  excellent  stimulant  to  unhealthy 
ulcers.  Chloride  of  lime  has  been  highly  recommended  in 
tympanitis  in  the  horse,  and  hoven  in  cattle,  arising  from 
eating  wet  clover. 

Dose . From  two  to  four  drachms,  given  mixed  with 
cold  water. 

As  a disinfectant  it  may  be  sprinkled  on  the  stable  or 
barn  floor  every  morning;  but  a good  way  would  be  to 
suspend  it  in  a box  having  many  small  holes  in  it  and 
hung  from  the  roof  of  the  house.  If  the  house  be  large, 
two  or  more  boxes  may  be  used. 

Chloroform. — Ter  chloride  of  Formyle. 

Use . Chloroform  is  an  excellent  stimulant,  when  given 
to  horses  having  a chill,  or  shivering  fit,  from  congestion, 
or  from  cold,  and  is  equal  to  turpentine,  for  the  cure  of 
colic.  An  excellent  liniment  is  made,  by  adding  one  ounce 
of  chloroform  to  two  of  olive  oil. 

Dose . Chloroform  is  given  to  the  horse  and  cow,  in 
doses  from  one  to  two  drachms,  mixed  in  weak  whisky, 
and  repeated  every  two  or  three  hours,  or  till  the  colic  is 
relieved. 

Inhalation . The  inhalation  of  chloroform,  by  either 
horse,  or  ox,  is  attended  with  risk,  provided  the  animal  be 
not  secured,  or  tied,  so  that  it  cannot  get  loose ; because 
23 


354  HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 

some  horses  and  cattle  become  completely  wild,  when  the 
effects  of  the  inhalation  commence  to  act  upon  the  brain. 
On  the  other  hand,  some  horses  will  quietly  stand  up, 
others  as  quietly  will  lie  down  under  it. 

Two  to  four  ounces  are  sufficient  to  produce  anasthaesia, 
or  loss  of  sensibility.  The  usual  way  of  giving  chloroform 
by  inhalation  is  by  pouring  about  two  ounces  of  chloroform 
on  a soft  and  moist  sponge,  whilst  the  animal  is  tied  down, 
and  holding  the  sponge  to  one  nostril  only,  covering  the 
nose  loosely,  with  a large  towel,  to  save  the  fumes  of  the 
chloroform,  using  great  care  not  to  exclude  the  admission 
of  pure  air  with  the  fumes  of  the  chloroform. 

In  all  operations  lasting  any  length  of  time,  whether  in 
the  horse  or  the  cow,  humanity  and  fine  feeling  demand 
the  outlay  for  a little  chloroform.  It  is  not  necessary  to 
completely  destroy  all  feeling — -just  sufficient  to  blunt  the 
sensibility  of  the  nerve  centres. 

Cholagogues. — Medicines  which  increase  the  flow  of 
bile. 

Examples : Calomel,  podophyllin,  irridin,  leptandrin,  etc. 

Cinchona, — Peruvian , or  Jesuit  Baric.  There  are  sev- 
eral barks  of  cinchona,  used  in  medicine,  and  from  which 
the  sulphate  of  quinine  is  made.  Cinchona,  or  its  barks, 
are  not  used  in  horse  and  cattle  diseases. 

Quinine  is  the  only  preparation  used ; but  its  high  price 
is  against  its  general  use,  in  veterinary  practice.  Among 
valuable  horses,  it  is  frequently  used  to  hasten  recovery 
from  influenza,  lung  fever,  etc. 

Dose . Twenty  to  forty  grains,  repeated  from  three  to 
four  times  a day. 

Quinine  is  apt  to  be  adulterated  with  arsenic , as  proved 
to  be  the  case  with  many  samples  used  during  the  late  war, 


COLLODION. 


355 


Cochineal. — An  insect  used  as  a dye  for  coloring 
tinctures  and  other  medicines  for  the  purpose  of  deception. 
Druggists  color  water  with  it,  for  filling  the  show  bottles 
usually  found  in  their  store  windows. 

Cod  Liver  Oil. — In  all  animals,  cod  liver  oil  increases 
fat  and  flesh.  In  diseases  affecting  digestion  and  assimi- 
lation cod  liver  oil  can  be  of  no  use.  It  materially 
relieves  broken  wind  or  heaves  in  horses.  For  hastening, 
or  forcing  animals  intended  for  show,  cod  liver  oil  is  just 
what  is  wanted,  as  it  not  only  hastens  the  fattening  process, 
but  increases  the  quality  and  appearance  of  the  meat. 

Dose . For  swine,  two  ounces  daily.  For  small  pigs, 
one  ounce. 

Colchicum. — Meadow  Saffron . The  seeds  and  root  are 
the  parts  usually  employed  in  medicine,  sometimes  in 
powder ; but  the  best  is  in  the  form  of  tincture. 

Use.  Given  in  all  rheumatic  affections  of  the  joints,  and 
in  lumbago,  and  also  in  diseases  of  the  eye  of  the  horse, 
depending  on  rheumatism  of  that  organ. 

Dose.  Of  the  crom  or  seeds  in  powder  for  horses  and 
cattle,  the  dose  is  from  one  to  two  drachms,  given  in  the 
animal’s  feed  twice  in  the  day,  for  a week  or  two.  The 
wine  of  colchicum  will  answer  for  the  dog,  in  from  five  to 
fifteen  drop  doses,  twice  a day  in  a little  water. 

Collodion. — This  is  a solution  of  gun-cotton. 

Use.  Collodion  is  used  for  dressing  wounds  and  cuts, 
instead  of  sticking  plaster,  and  is  applied  in  the  following 
manner : Clip  the  hair  from  the  edges  of  the  wound,  take 
a camel’s  hair  pencil,  or  a soft  brush,  and  paint  the  surface 
and  edges  of  the  wound  well,  and  in  a few  minutes,  the 
ether,  which  holds  the  gun-cotton  in  solution,  evaporates, 
leaving  over  the  sore  a complete  covering,  resembling  the 


356 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 


gold-beater’s  skin,  thus  completely  shielding  the  sore  from 
the  action  of  the  air.  Hence,  its  value. 

Copper,  Sulphate  Of. — Blue  Vitriol.  This  is  one  of 
the  most  useful  articles  that  can  be  used  in  horse  and  cattle 
( diseases,  both  internally  and  externally.  Internally  used, 
sulphate  of  copper  is  a powerful  tonic  and  builder  up  of  | 
the  system,  and  is  recommended  in  all  diseases  character-! 
ized  by  a low  state  of  the  system.  Farcy,  glanders, 
purpura,  etc.,  in  the  horse,  have  in  several  cases  yielded 
to  its  effects.  Sulphate  of  copper  should  never  be  given 
alone,  but  should  be  combined  with  gentian  or  ginger. 
After  the  fever  has  passed  off  in  cases  of  pleuro-pneu- 
monia,  the  sulphate  of  copper  is  an  excellent  medicine  to 
support  the  vital  powers,  and  prevent  effusions  in  the 
chest,  which  is  the  cause  of  death,  in  most  cases,  from  this 
disease. 

Dose.  In  horses  and  cattle,  one  to  three  drachms  are  the 
proper  doses,  given  twice  in  the  day. 

The  external  use  of  the  sulphate  of  copper  is  often  called 
for  as  a caustic  in  wounds  and  sores  growing  proud  flesh, 
which  are  readily  controlled  by  it,  simply  by  touching 
the  parts  with  a piece  of  the  crystal  in  powder,  or  in 
solution. 

For  diseases  of  the  eye,  I think  it  has  no  superior.  For 
this  purpose,  use  three  grains  of  the  powdered  sulphate  to 
an  ounce  of  rain  water,  and  apply  with  a soft  feather,  or 
what  is  better,  a camel’s  hair  pencil. 

For  wounds  which  have  no  proud  flesh  in  them,  eight 
to  ten  grains  to  the  ounce  of  water  is  a good  and  cheap 
application. 

Copper,  Acetate  of. — This  is  used  only  for  sores  in 
the  form  of  an  ointment.  Take  of  the  acetate  or  verdigris 


DIGITALIS 


357 


one  drachm,  and  add  to  it  an  ounce  of  the  simple  oint- 
ment. I have  known  sores  to  heal  from  its  use,  which 
have  bid  defiance  to  almost  every  other  application. 

Coriander. — The  Seeds.  This  is  a useful  article,  and 
may  be  considered  an  excellent  medicine  for  young  calves 
having  weak  stomachs.  The  bruised  seeds  should  be 
given,  in  two  drachm  doses,  in  the  milk  which  is  given 
to  the  calf. 

Creosote. — This  is  a peculiar  smelling  fluid  derived 
from  tar.  Creosote  has  had  the  credit  of  curing  glanders 
in  man,  and  is  a good  remedy  in  pleuropneumonia  in 
cattle,  but  we  have  better  ones,  and  not  so  costly.  Cases 
of  arcy  and  glanders  in  the  horse  are  greatly  benefited  by 
its  use. 

Dose.  For  horses  and  cattle,  use  from  one  to  one  and 
a half  drachms,  made  into  a mass,  with  flour  and  molas- 
ses, and  the  whole  crumbled  down  into  some  gruel. 
Make  a drench,  to  be  poured  down  the  throat. 

As  an  external  remedy,  it  is  of  great  advantage  in 
mange,  sores,  ulcers,  caries  of  the  bones,  canker,  thrush 
in  the  horse’s  feet,  and  the  foot-rot  so  troublesome  in 
sheep.  Indeed,  the  more  the  virtues  of  creosote  are 
known  to  farmers,  raisers  and  breeders  of  stock,  the  more 
will  it  be  valued  and  the  greater  will  be  the  advan- 
tages derived  from  it.  (See  Prescriptions.) 

Croton  Oil. — A dangerous  medicine  when  improperly 
used,  but  a useful  one  nevertheless,  when  hasty  action  of 
the  bowels  is  wanted,  as  in  milk  fever  in  cows. 

Dose.  For  the  cow  ten  to  fifteen  drops,  given  along 
with  epsom  or  glauber  salts. 

Digitalis. — Digitalis  Purpura.  The  action  of  this 
powerful  medicine  has  been  much  sought  for  as  a sedative 


358 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINEa 


in  lung  diseases ; but  since  we  have  become  acquainted 
with  the  superior  qualities  of  aconite,  digitalis  is  not  now 
worth  keeping  in  the  veterinary  Materia  Medica.  More- 
over, digitalis  is  a dangerous  medicine,  from  the  fact  that 
it  accumulates  in  the  system,  for  a time,  and  all  at  once 
its  effect  is  manifested  in  the  weak  action  of  the  heart,  so 
that  in  many  cases,  the  heart  ceases  to  beat  altogether. 

Doses . For  horses  and  cattle,  twenty  grains  of  the 
powdered  leaves. 

Disinfectants. — I have,  in  two  portions  of  this  book, 
referred  to  the  importance  of  a better  acquaintance  on  the 
part  of  farmers  and  stock  raisers  with  this  subject. 

Volatile  Disinfectants  may  be  divided  as  follows : 

1.  Chlorine . 

2.  Nitrous  acid  fumes . 

3.  Sulphurous  acid . 

These  diffuse  themselves  through  the  air  of  stables  and 
barns,  and  neutralize  the  poisonous  gases  which  are  given 
off  from  the  excrement  of  animals,  whether  in  health  or 
disease. 

Fixed  Disinfectants. — These  are  such  as  can  be 
mixed  with  the  excreta  and  decaying  matter,  without 
destroying  them  for  manure. 

1.  Per  chloride  of  iron. 

2.  Permanganate  of  potash. 

3.  Gypsum — Sulphate  of  lime.  This  is  not  a great  one, 
but  it  is  useful. 

4.  Charcoal.  This,  in  fine  powder,  should  be  thrown 
into  damp  stables  and  barn-yards,  as  it  will  not  only  re- 
move unpleasant  smells,  but  will  make  good  manure. 
Refuse  tan  bark,  and  other  vegetable  substances,  made 
into  charcoal,  is  cheap,  and  of  great  utility  as  a disinfec- 
tant, and  adds  to  the  quantity  and  value  of  the  manure. 


ELM  BARK. 


359 


Fixed,  but  Noxious  Disinfectants. — These  are  dis- 
infectants which,  when  mixed  with  manure,  render  it 
valueless  as  such. 

1.  Chloride  of  Zinc.  (Burnet’s  Disinfectant  Fluid.) 

2.  Nitrate  of  Lead.  (Ledoyer’s  Disinfectant.) 

3.  Sulphate  of  Copper , and  Zinc  Solution.  (Larnaudea.; 

Chlorinated  Soda  Solution  may  be  mixed  with  manure, 

without  destroying  its  qualities  as  such. 

Chloride  of  Lime.  Solid,  or  in  powder,  does  not  destroy 
the  manuring  qualities  of  vegetal,  and  other  materials 
usually  converted  into  manures. 

Diuretics. — Medicines  which,  when  given  to  animals, 
increase  the  flow  of  urine.  They  are  used  in  the  cases  of 
swellings  and  dropsies  of  the  body  and  legs  of  horses. 

Elecampane. — Inula  Helenium.  The  root  of  this  plant 
is  highly  thought  of,  and  much  used,  by  horsemen,  in 
coughs  and  colds.  Some  make  a tea  of  it,  or  decoction, 
and  give  it  to  the  horse  to  drink.  It  is  certainly  a warm 
and  grateful  aromatic,  and  a good  expectorant.  The 
plant  should  be  gathered  when  the  seed  is  ripening. 

Elm  Bark. — Slippery.  This  bark,  when  scalded  with 
hot  water,  makes  a useful  poultice  for  irritable  wounds, 
ulcers,  and  sores.  A decoction  of  the  bark  will  answer 
every  purpose  for  which  flaxseed,  or  linseed  is  used,  or 
recommended,  as  in  diseases  of  the  kidneys,  and  bladder, 
produced  by  the  use  of  Spanish  fly,  and  from  over-dosing 
with  rosin  and  other  diuretics.  In  diarrhoea,  in  all  ani- 
mals, slippery  elm  tea,  or  decoction,  will  serve  a good 
purpose,  by  sheathing  the  covering  of  the  bowels,  which 
is  so  apt  to  become  irritated  and  inflamed  in  violent  su' 
perpurgation. 


360 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES, 


Emetics. — Medicines  which  produce  vomiting.  Horses, 
cattle,  and  sheep  cannot  vomit,  whilst  the  stomach  remains 
entire.  In  cases  of  rupture  of  that  viscus,  however,  vom- 
iting is  occasionally  seen.  Emetics  are  useful  in  diseases 
of  the  dog  and  swine.  Tartar  emetic,  or  sulphate  of  zinc, 
given  in  from  two  to  five  grain  doses,  will  cause  dogs  and 
swine  to  vomit. 

Epsom  Salts. — Sulphate  of  Magnesia . This  is  a 
valuable  medicine,  in  diseases  of  cattle  and  sheep.  No 
other  purgative  should  ever  be  thought  of,  or  given  to  either 
cattle  or  sheep.  Even  supposing  other  purgatives  to  be 
as  good,  none,  certainly,  can  be  so  cheap,  as  epsom  and 
glauber  salts,  or  the  sulphate  of  soda.  For  all  purgative 
purposes,  the  one  is  as  good  as  the  other.  Salts  should  be 
largely  diluted  with  water;  for  the  quantity  of  fluid  given 
with  them  facilitates  their  operation.  In  domestic  prac- 
tice, half  an  ounce  of  salts,  in  one  tumbler  full  of  water, 
will  operate  as  strongly  as  one  ounce,  in  half  the  quantity 
of  water. 

Doses.  For  ordinary-sized  cows,  one  to  two  pounds  is 
the  dose,  mixed  with  four  quarts  of  cold  water  ; one  ounce 
of  ginger  in  powder,  and  the  whole  sweetened  with  molas- 
ses, or  coarse  sugar.  For  average-sized  calves,  two  to 
four  ounces ; for  sheep,  four  to  six  ounces.  A few  drops 
of  commercial  sulphuric  acid — say  twenty  to  sixty  drops, 
will  greatly  remove  the  nauseous  taste. 

Ergot. — Diseased  Rye.  This  is  a curious,  *>s  well  as  a 
valuable  medicine. 

Use.  In  the  calving,  lambing,  and  foaling  season,  it  is 
sometimes  of  great  service,  but  should  be  carefully  handled ; 
as,  for  instances,  if  given  to  any  animal  about  to  deliver  her 
young,  and  when  the  mouth  of  the  womb  containing  the 


EUPHOKBIUM. 


361 


young  is  not  sufficiently  opened,  the  administration  of 
this  remedy  would  be  attended  with  extreme  danger,  as 
the  womb,  by  the  powerful  contraction  set  up,  caused  by 
the  ergot,  to  expel  its  contents,  would  likely  be  ruptured, 
or  torn,  followed  by  the  death  of  the  animal.  When  the 
animal  seems  to  have  exhausted  its  strength,  and  the 
passage  is  open,  and  the  young  is  coming  in  a natural  way, 
then  only  should  the  ergot  be  given.  If  there  should  be  a 
malformation  in  the  young,  or  in  the  pelvis  of  the  mother, 
it  would  be  equally  unwise  to  give  ergot. 

Doses.  For  a mare,  or  cow,  half  to  one  ounce  of  the 
powder  is  the  dose.  For  sheep,  swine,  and  large-sized 
bitches,  one  drachm  is  the  dose.  Small  bitches,  ten  to 
thirty  grains. 

Essential  Oils. — Volatile  Oils. — (See  Oils.) 

#Ether. — Sulphuric  Ether.  This  is  a valuable  article  of 
the  veterinary  materia  medica , and  is  used  in  diseases  of 
all  the  animals. 

Use . It  is  used  as  a stimulant,  and  is  given  in  weak- 
ness, fevers,  and  in  colic,  as  an  antispasmodic.  Ether  is 
scarcely  strong  enough  to  produce  anesthesia  in  horses  and 
cattle. 

Dose.  For  horses  and  cattle,  one  to  two  ounces  is  the 
dose  as  a stimulant,  and  antispasmodic.  Ether  should  be 
given  in  cold  water,  to  prevent  its  volatilization  on  its 
exposure  to  the  air.  Twice  its  own  volume  of  alcohol 
added  to  it  makes  the  spirit  of  sulphuric  ether. 

Euphrobium. — A resinous  juice , expressed  from  a 
cactus-like  vegetable  which  grows  in  Morocco. 

Use.  This  is  only  used  for  external  purposes,  and  is 
among  the  very  few  articles  in  veterinary  medicines  capable 
©f  blistering  the  thick  skin  of  the  ox. 


362 


aOKSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES*- 


Expectorants. — This  is  a class  of  useful  medicine^ 
which  cause  a separation  of  the  mucus  from  the  throat,  and 
air  passages,  thereby  relieving  cough  and  other  symptoms 
usually  attendant  upon  throat  diseases. 

Febrifuges. — Medicines  capable  of  relieving  fever. 

Fenugreek. — The  seed  of  this  annual  plant,  found 
growing  in  the  south  of  Europe,  is  a useful  cattle  medicine, 
given  in  one  ounce  doses,  for  loss  of  appetite,  ephemeral 
fevers,  etc.  It  is  usually,  however,  combined  with  ginger, 
gentian,  and  other  medicines  of  that  class. 

Fern. — The  Male — Aspidium  Felix  Mas. 

Use . Given  to  animals  affected  with  worms.  A good 
remedy. 

Doses.  For  the  horse,  one  pound  of  the  root  in  powder 
is  the  dose.  For  sheep,  three  to  five  ounces.  For  the  do^, 
with  tape  worm,  it  is  invaluable,  destroying  the  worm  in 
two  hours.  A purgative  should  be  given  next  day. 

Friar’s  Balsam. — This  is  the  compound  tincture  of 
benzoin,  and  is  an  excellent  article  when  applied  to  sores 
and  wounds,  as  the  fluid  soon  evaporates,  and  leaves  a 
resinous  covering  over  the  wound,  thus  shielding  it  from 
the  action  of  the  air.  (See  Benzoin.) 

Galbanum. — A dried  juice,  having  medicinal  properties 
similar  to  asafeetida. 

Galls. — Nut  Galls.  These  are  rough  excrescences  on 
oak  trees  resulting  from  holes  being  made  in  the  bark  by 
an  insect. 

Use.  A powerful  astringent,  binding  the  bowels  of  al! 
animals  affected  with  dysentery  and  diarrhoea.  Also  & 
good  application  to  the  greasy  heels  of  horses. 

Doses.  For  horses  and  cattle,  powdered  galls  are  give! 


GINGER 


363 


Sn  from  four  to  six  drachms.  For  sheep  and  swine,  thirty 
to  sixty  grains.  When  externally  applied  the  powdered 
nut  may  be  sprinkled  on  the  sore* 

Gallic  Acid. — (See  Tannin.) 

Gamboge. — This  is  a gum  resin  from  a tree  growing  in 
the  Island  of  Ceylon. 

Use . A useful  purgative  for  cattle.  (See  Epsom  Salts.) 

Doses . For  cattle,  six  to  eight  drachms  is  the  dose. 
For  sheep,  thirty  grains,  given  in  solution  j should  be 
given  with  other  medicines  of  the  same  class. 

Gentian  Root. — Gentiana  Lutea.  This  is  an  invalua- 
able  medicine  in  the  treatment  of  diseases  of  horses  and 
cattle,  where  the  appetite  is  to  be  restored  and  kept  up. 
In  debility,  weakness,  swellings  of  the  legs  and  body,  and 
where  the  stomach  is  out  of  order,  as  is  the  case  so  often  in 
fevers,  and  as  a sequel  to  debilitating  diseases,  gentian, 
combined  with  iron,  is  an  excellent  tonic,  and  cheap. 
Gentian,  combined  with  ammonia  and  pimenta  berries, 
will  make  a horse  eat  almost  whether  he  will  or  not. 

Doses.  For  horses  and  cattle,  half  to  one  ounce  is  the 
dose,  repeating  it  three  times  in  the  day.  For  sheep,  one 
drachm.  For  dogs,  five  to  ten  grains.  For  horses  and 
cattle,  it  is  best  given  mixed  in  gruel,  and  in  a drench  out 
of  a strong-necked  bottle.  Gentian  root  should  enter  into 
all  condition  powders. 

The  colleges  order  a tincture  to  be  made,  but  the  pow- 
der is  all  that  is  wanted  in  the  treatment  of  horse  and 
cattle  diseases. 

Ginger. — Zingiberis.  A well  known  root,  and  a use- 
ful article  to  have  in  the  house. 

Use.  Ginger  is  given  in  cases  of  gripes,  or  colic, 
whether  in  horses  or  cattle,  and  should  enter  every  dose 


364 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 


of  purgative  medicine  given  to  all  the  animals.  Ginger 
is  useful  in  loss  of  appetite  in  horses,  and  in  calves  is  an 
excellent  medicine  to  give  with  chalk,  and  other  things, 
in  scours,  or  diarrhoea. 

Doses . For  horses  and  cattle,  one  to  two  ounces  is  the 
dose;  for  sheep,  two  drachms;  for  calves!  of  three 
months  old,  one  drachm,  and  for  younger  ones  less.  The 
essence  of  ginger,  of  the  drug  shops,  is  well  adapted  to 
use,  as  the  active  principle  of  the  ginger  is  given  with- 
out so  much  inert  or  dead  matter. 

Glauber's  Salts. — Sulphate  of  Soda . A good  purga- 
tive for  cattle  and  sheep.  (See  Epsom  Salts.) 

Glycerine. — A fluid  which  scarcely  ever  dries  up,  and 
is  the  saccharine  principle  of  fats.  Bower's  glycerine  is 
the  best  in  the  American  market,  and  is  inodorous,  or 
without  smell,  which  is  the  best  indication  of  its  purity. 

Use . Many  sores  on  all  animals  readily  heal  by  the 
application  of  glycerine,  especially  scratches,  and  sores 
about  the  heels  of  horses.  Glycerine  will  be  found  in- 
valuable for  the  use  of  companies,  in  all  our  cities,  having 
horse  railroads,  where  the  authorities  allow  the  use  of 
salt  on  the  streets,  for  the  removal  of  snow.  The  slush  so 
formed  first  chills,  then  scalds  the  skin  of  the  heels,  so 
that  in  a short  time  the  skin  cracks,  and  nasty  sores  are 
the  result,  which  are  difficult  to  cure.  To  prevent  this 
condition  of  things,  and  to  protect  the  heels  of  horses 
from  the  injurious  effects  of  the  salt  and  slush,  the  ap- 
plication of  glycerine  should  be  made  to  the  heels  morn- 
ing and  mid-day,  whilst  the  salt,  slush  and  snow  are 
upon  the  streets. 

Guaiacum. — This  is  a resin. 

Tincture  of  Guaiacum. — A valuable  medicine  in 


HEMP. 


365 


cases  of  rheumatism  in  old  horses,  and  in  rheumatic  lame* 
ness  in  dogs. 

Dose . For  horses,  the  dose  of  the  tincture  will  be  half 
an  ounce  twice  in  the  day,  given  in  cut  feed,  or  in  a drench 
with  cold  water.  For  dogs,  ten  to  twenty  drops,  given  in 
a spoonful  of  cold  water  or  soup. 

Gum  Arabic. — Gum  Acacia.  This  is  an  importation 
from  Alexandria,  in  Egypt.  There  are  several  varieties 
of  gum. 

Gum  Senegal. — This  is  similar  to  the  above. 

Gum  Tragacanth, — This  is  another  variety  of  gum. 

Use . The  gums  are  demulcents,  emollient  and  soothing 
to  an  inflamed  part,  as  the  bowels  in  diarrhoea,  the  kidneys 
and  bladder,  when  diseased  and  irritated. 

Doses . For  horses  and  cattle,  from  one  to  two  ounces. 
For  calves  and  sheep,  four  drachms.  Gum  should  be 
given  dissolved  in  warm  water,  and  drenched  out  of  a 
bottle  or  ox  horn. 

Hartshorn. — This  is  an  impure  solution  of  ammonia. 
(See  Ammonia.) 

Hellebore. — Helleborus  Niger. 

Use.  Recommended  in  poll-evil,  wherein  a piece  of  the 
root  is  to  be  inserted  in  the  fistulous  opening.  No  depend- 
ence should  be  placed  in  it.  Better  agents  are  at  hand. 

Hemlock. — Conium  Maculaturh.  Formerly  recom- 
mended in  inflammation.  It  is  of  benefit  in  the  form  of 
a poultice  to  cancerous  sores. 

Hemp,  Indian. — Cannabis  Indica.  The  colleges 
order  a tincture  and  an  extract.  In  the  east  of  Europe, 
the  resin  of  the  plant  is  known  as  cliurrus , and  its  prepa- 
rations are  known  as  gunjoliy  bang  and  hachish.  Accord- 


366 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 


ing  to  the  accounts  which  have  reached  us,  in  regard  to 
the  use  of  this  article,  no  such  action  can  be  produced  upon 
man  from  any  preparation  of  the  hemp  in  use  in  America, 
as  is  represented  to  be  produced  amongst  the  subjects  of 
His  Majesty,  the  Sultan  of  Turkey.  The  genuine  prepa- 
rations of  Indian  Hemp  produce  in  man  great  excitement, 
high  spirits,  great  laughter, talkativeness,  pleasing  thoughts, 
and  a great  appetite  for  food  and  sexual  excitement,  fol- 
lowed by  sleep,  from  which  the  person  recovers  without 
any  unpleasant  effects.  Experiments  instituted  by  the 
writer  with  this  medicine  upon  horses,  do  not  warrant  its 
introduction  into  the  list  of  horse  and  cattle  medicines. 

Henbane. — Hyoscyamus  Niger . An  extract  and  a 
tincture  is  ordered  to  be  kept  in  the  drug  stores.  Hyos- 
cyamus is  indicated  in  all  cases  where  belladonna  is  used. 
It  has,  however,  little  effect  upon  animals  chewing  the 
cud.  To  horses,  it  is  occasionally  given  to  relieve  cough 
and  irritation  of  the  throat  or  windpipe. 

Dose . For  horses,  one  to  two  drachms  of  the  extract 
is  the  dose,  which  should  be  given,  rubbed  down  in  a little 
cold  water,  and  repeated  several  times  in  the  day.  Better 
drugs,  and  less  expensive  ones,  answer  a better  purpose. 
This  medicine  was  formerly  relied  upon  for  the  cure  of 
insane  persons,  but  is  now  almost  discarded  for  that 
purpose. 

Iodine. — A chemical  preparation  manufactured  from 
kelp  or  sea-weed  and  used  both  rightfully  and  wrongfully 
in  many  diseases.  However,  iodine  itself  is,  I think,  of 
little  value  as  a medicine;  but  when  united  chemically 
with  iron,  copper,  mercury,  lead,  arsenic  and  potassium,  it 
certainly  is  one  of  the  most  useful  and  indispensable  of 
medical  agents,  given  internally,  and  applied  externally. 


IODIDE  OF  POTASSIUM. 


36? 


Dose . Iodine  is  given  to  the  horse  and  the  ox  in  irom 
twenty  to  forty  grains;  for  dogs,  use  from  three  to  six 
grains.  An  ointment  of  iodine  is  made  as  follows:  Take 
one  part  of  iodine  to  eight  parts  of  lard.  This  is  a good 
ointment  to  apply  to  soft  swellings  on  the  body  of  the 
horse,  and  should  be  applied  by  rubbing  with  the  hand. 

Iodide  of  Potassium. — Hydriodate  of  Potash.  This 
is  a chemical  union  of  potash  with  iodine,  a costly  remedy 
for  horse  and  cattle  diseases,  and  in  most  cases  can  be  done 
very  well  without.  Its  action  is  that  of  an  absorbent,  and 
it  is,  therefore,  used  in  swelling  of  the  glands,  and  other 
parts  of  the  body.  To  get  its  full  benefit,  it  should  be 
given  in  syrup  or  molasses,  so  that  the  iodine  will  not  be 
lost,  leaving  the  water  only  behind. 

Dose . From  twenty  to  thirty  grains  for  horses  and 
cattle,  repeated  three  times  in  the  day.  For  the  dog,  five 
grains. 

(1.)  Iodide  of  Arsenic. — Highly  recommended  by 
some  persons  for  glanders,  farcy  and  purpura  in  the  horse. 

Dose . Five  grains  given  once  a day,  in  cut  or  mixed 
feed. 

(2.)  Iodide  of  Copper. — A valuable  remedy,  but 
costly.  It  should  be  used  only  for  valuable  horses,  in 
cases  of  debility  and  loss  of  condition,  mingled  with  cut  or 
mixed  feed. 

Dose.  From  one  to  two  drachms,  given  twice  or  three 
times  in  the  day. 

(3.)  Iodide  of  Iron. — This  is  even  more  valuable  than 
that  of  the  iodide  of  copper,  and  is  given  for  the  same 
purpose,  and  in  the  same  doses.  To  use  the  iodide  of  iron 
once,  will  insure  its  use  again.  Its  high  price  is  the  only 
drawback.  Iodide  of  iron  enters  into  the  powders  and 


368 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 


balls  which  are  given  to  the  English  race  horses,  whilst  in 
the  trainer’s  hands  ; — a high  recommendation. 

(4.)  Iodide  of  Sulphur. — A valuable  remedy  in 
mange,  and  other  skin  diseases,  which  may  be  given 
internally  a, so,  in  the  same  disease. 

Dose.  For  horses,  give  two  to  four  drachms  in  the 
animal’s  feed.  For  mangy  dogs,  give  ten  to  fifteen  grains 
once  a day.  Give  it  at  night,  as  warmth  assists  its  action 
very  much. 

(5.)  Iodide  of  Lead. — Too  weak  for  veterinary  prac* 
tice,  but  excellent  for  swellings  on  the  body  of  man.  It 
is  only  used  externally.  Iodide  of  lead  is  of  a beautiful 
yellow  color. 

(6.)  Iodide  of  Mercury. — Bin-Iodide  of  Mercury- 
Red  Iodide  of  Mercury,  etc.  This  preparation  of  iodine  is 
a medicine  that  the  educated  veterinary  surgeon  cannot  do 
without  in  the  practice  of  his  profession  ; for  there  is 
nothing  which  will  so  well  meet  his  wants.  Iodide  of 
mercury  is  not  used  internally,  in  any  disease,  as  calomel 
contains  the  same  internal  action  as  that  of  the  iodide. 

Use.  It  is  used  in  all  cases  of  induration  and  swelling 
of  the  glands  of  the  neck ; tumors,  whether  of  bone  or  soft 
tissue;  splints,  spavins,  ring-bones,  wind-galls,  shoulder- 
joint  lameness,  or  thoroughpin,  and  will  answer  well  for 
an  ordinary  blister,  for  whatever  purpose.  The  only 
objection  to  it,  as  a blister  over  an  extensive  surface,  is  its 
painful  operation. 

The  iodide  of  mercury  is  used  as  an  ointment  as  follows  : 
One  part  of  the  red  iodide  of  mercury  to  eight  parts  of 
hog’s  lard,  well  mixed  together.  This  ointment  is  to  be 
well  rubbed  into  the  parts  to  be  cured ; swelling  will 
follow  its  action,  but  will  subside  in  a few  days,  if  one 
application  be  enough — which  will  be  known,  if  the 


IBON* 


369 

enlargement  has  been  broken  or  has  disappeared.  If  not, 
apply  in  from  five  to  six  days  again,  scarcely  rubbing  so 
hard  as  at  the  first  application,  as  the  skin  is  more  easily 
acted  upon  at  this  time.  But  whether  one,  two,  or  half  a 
dozen  applications  be  necessary,  let  sufficient  time  elapse 
before  each  succeeding  application,  so  as  not  to  prevent  the 
hair  growing,  thereby  blemishing  the  part.  Apply  lard 
once  a day  between  each  application,  and  occasionally 
wash  the  parts  with  water,  not  too  warm,  and  lard  or  oil 
the  part  when  dry.  The  horse’s  head  should  be  tied  up, 
so  that  he  cannot  get  at  the  parts  with  his  mouth.  A few 
hours  will  be  long  enough.  Place  plenty  of  soft  bedding 
under  the  feet,  so  that,  by  stamping,  the  horse  will  not 
break  or  hurt  his  feet. 

Observe . When,  apparently,  the  tumor,  gland,  or  other 
enlargement,  does  not  disappear,  or  go  away  at  once, 
surprise  is  sometimes  expressed  to  see  it  totally  go  away, 
as  if  of  its  own  accord.  Thus  the  red  iodide  of  mercury 
exercises  a powerful  influence,  long  after  its  use  has  been 
dispensed  with.  Iodide  of  mercury,  occupies,  in  my  estima- 
tion, in  external  diseases,  as  prominent  a position  as  the 
preparations  of  aconite  do  in  internal  affections,  whether  in 
horses  or  cattle. 

Several  other  preparations  of  iodine  are  made  by  the 
manufacturing  chemists  ; such  as  the  iodide  of  gold,  and 
silver — which  are  of  no  use  in  horse  and  cattle  diseases. 

Ipecacuanha. — Cephaelis  Ipecacuanha.  In  veterinary 
practice,  ipecacuanha  is  only  used  for  dogs,  in  fifteen  to 
thirty  grains,  as  an  emetic,  when  first  attacked  with  dis- 
temper. 

Iron* — Ferrum . This  is  one  of  the  most  valuable 
medicines  we  have  to  recommend,  in  many  of  the  most 

24 


370 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES* 


important  diseases,  of  all  the  animals ; a fact  readily  seen, 
when  it  is  stated  that  iron  is  a constituent  of  the  blood  of 
all  warm-blooded  animals,  and  without  iron  being  in  proper 
quantity  in  the  blood  of  an  animal,  it  cannot  be  healthy— 
is  ancemic , or  impoverished  in  blood.  In  fact,  iron  is  an 
elementary  principle,  essential  to  health. 

Metallic  iron  is  rarely  used  in  veterinary  practice,  except 
it  be  in  the  form  of  iron  filings,  given  by  some  persons, 
in  cases  of  worms  in  horses.  The  sulphate  is  just  as  good 
for  this  purpose.  Iron  filings,  called  Ferrum  Redadum , 
are  much  used  in  the  weakly  and  sickly  female.  To  pre- 
vent the  filings  from  oxidizing,  or  rusting,  they  are  put 
into  a tube,  similar  to  a gun  barrel,  at  a strong  heat,  and 
are  then  plunged  into  cold  water,  which  give  them  a sky- 
blue  color;  the  finer  the  blue,  the  better  the  medicine. 
For  the  valuable  dog,  iron  filings,  in  this  form,  may  be 
given,  in  from  five  to  ten  grain  doses.  The  following 
preparations  of  iron  will  be  used  for  the  horse  and  ox: 

(1.)  Carbonate  of  Iron. — Ferri  Carbonas . This 
preparation  of  iron  is  only  used  in  veterinary  practice,  for 
the  dog,  on  account  of  its  mildness. 

(2.)  Sesquioxide  of  Iron. — Rust  of  Iron — Ferugo. 
This  form  of  iron  is  only  used  by  veterinary  surgeons,  in 
poisoning  from  arsenic,  as  an  antidote,  by  forming  in  the 
stomach  an  insoluble  arsenite  of  the  protoxide  of  iron. 

(3.)  Sulphate  of  Iron. — Ferri  Sulphas — Green 
Vitriol  Copperas.  This  is  one  of  the  best,  and  cheapest 
preparations  of  this  valuable  metal,  that  can  be  used  in 
diseases  of  horses  and  cattle. 

Use . In  medicinal  doses  the  sulphate  of  iron  is  tonic 
and  astringent;  therefore,  it  is  used  in  cases  of  weakness, 
want  of  condition,  looseness  of  the  bowels,  swellings  of  the 
legs,  body,  sheath,  breast,  etc.  It  is  improving,  adding 


IRON. 


371 


richness  to  the  blood,  and  giving  tonicity  and  health  to  the 
fibrous,  serous  tissue,  from  which  the  fluid  causing  the 
swelling  arises.  In  pleuro-pneumonia  in  cattle,  after  fever 
has  abated,  nothing  will  restore  and  prevent  effusions  of 
serum,  or  fluid,  in  the  chest,  like  sulphate  of  iron;  and 
effusions  in  the  chest  of  cows,  and  neat  cattle,  is  the  cause 
of  very  many  deaths.  The  effusions  form  connecting  links 
between  the  lungs  and  the  sides,  from  which  adhesions 
take  place  in  that  disease,  and  froth  which  the  animal  can 
never  be  restored  to  good  health,  although  it  may  live  for 
a year  or  two.  How  important,  then,  is  a medicine  offer- 
ing so  much  hope ! 

In  addition  to  the  disease  just  named,  sulphate  of  iron 
is  the  medicine  to  be  used  in  all  cases  where  the  powers  of 
life  are  low  and  depressed.  In  red  water  in  cattle,  bleed- 
ing internally  in  all  animals,  dysentery,  purpura,  scarlatina, 
and  in  debilitating  diseases  generally,  no  medicine  offers 
so  much  as  the  sulphate  of  iron. 

Observe.  Sulphate  of  iron  should  not  be  given  while 
inflammation  and  fever  lasts ; it  is  time  enough  to  give  it 
after  all  irritation  has  subsided.  It  should  always  be 
combined  with  a vegetable  tonic,  such  as  gentian,  or  gin- 
ger. Iron  changes  the  dung  to  a green  color,  as  if  the 
animal  was  at  pasture. 

Doses . For  horses  and  cattle,  the  dose  is  two  to  three 
drachms,  with  the  same  quantity  of  powdered  gentian,  two 
to  three  times  in  the  day,  to  be  given  mixed  in  a quantity 
of  cold  water.  Drench  out  of  a bottle,  if  the  animal  does 
not  eat  it  readily,  mixed  with  cut,  or  soft  feed. 

(4.)  Perchloride  of  Iron. — Whether  in  a fluid  or 
solid  state,  this  preparation  in  valuable  for  bleeding  wounds, 
to  stop  the  flow  of  blood — which  it  will  readily  do,  if 
properly  applied,  and  the  blood  vessel  that  is  wounded  is 


372 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 


not  too  large.  It  should  be  applied  with  a soft  brush,  or 
a pledget  of  soft  cloth  or  cotton  dipped  in  it  and  laid  over 
the  wound,  and  kept  bandaged.  Perchloride  of  iron 
should  be  kept  in  every  farm,  or  country  house,  for  this 
purpose.  It  should  be  kept  in  a glass-stoppered  bottle  to 
keep  it  pure. 

Jalap. — Convulvulus  Jalapce.  This  root  derives  its 
name  from  a town  in  Mexico,  called  Xalapa,  and  grows 
fully  six  thousand  feet  above  the  sea  level.  It  is,  in  veter- 
inary practice,  used  only  as  a purge  for  the  dog,  in  from 
twenty  to  sixty  grains. 

Juniper  Berries. — Juniperis  Communis — The  Fruit 
This  medicine  is  valuable  in  horse  and  cattle  diseases,  as  a 
stimulant  to  the  stomach  in  loss  of  appetite,  and  in  con- 
valescence from  debilitating  diseases. 

Dose . For  horses  and  cattle,  one  to  two  ounces  is  a 
dose.  Dogs,  twenty  to  forty  grains. 

Kino.— A juice  of  several  plants.  This  is  used  as  an 
astringent  in  diarrhoea  in  all  animals,  and  is  considered 
more  powerful  than  catechu,  (which  see.) 

KOUSSO. — The  flowers  of  this  plant  are  brought  from 
Abyssinia. 

Use . To  expel,  or  destroy  tape-worm  in  man,  and  the 
dog,  and  is  prepared  and  used  in  the  following  manner: 
Take  of  kousso  half  an  ounce,  of  warm  water  half  a pint, 
let  it  stand  till  cool,  and  give  it,  flowers  and  all ; and  give 
next  day  a dose  of  castor-oil. 

Laudanum.— (See  Opium.) 

Laxative. — A mild  purge. 

Lead. — Plumbum . Metallic  lead,  in  the  form  of  shot, 
is  used  by  our  horse  dealers,  to  relieve  temporarily  the 


LINSEED. 


373 


heaving,  or  symptoms  of  broken  wind,  or  heaves  in  horses. 
It  will  be  needless  for  me  to  say,  that  if  the  lead  is  not 
speedily  converted  into  an  insoluble  oxide,  the  animals 
so  treated  will  die  in  a month  or  two.  (See  Lead 
Poisoning.) 

(1.)  Oxide  of  Lead. — This  preparation  of  lead  is 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  common  sticking  plaster,  or 
Diachylon. 

(2.)  Iodide  of  Lead. — (See  Iodine.) 

(3.)  Acetate  of  Lead. — Sugar  of  Lead . Solution  of 
acetate  of  lead  is  known  by  the  name  of  Goulard’s  Extract 
of  Lead,  and  was  formerly,  and  is  still  by  some  persons 
recommended,  and  used  in  case  of  sprains,  and  as  a wash 
for  diseased  eyes.  Better  and  less  injurious  agents  are 
now  used  by  the  educated  veterinary  surgeon. 

Observe . Goulard’s  Extract,  or  lead-water,  should  never 
be  used  in  diseases  of  the  eye,  as  it  can  do  no  good  beyond 
what  cold  water  can  do,  but  it  dulls  the  eye,  by  making  it 
hazy  and  opaque.  It  will  be  well  to  remember  this,  and 
act  upon  it,  not  minding  what  old  and  antiquated  books 
and  individuals  may  say  or  think  in  regard  to  what  is  here 
recommended. 

Lime. — Oxide  of  Calcium . 

Lime,  Carbonate  of. — (See  Chalk.) 

Linseed. — Linum  Usitatissimum . Ground  flaxseed 
makes  the  best  poultice,  as  it  is  less  irritating  and  retains 
its  moisture  better  than  most  articles  in  use  for  that 
purpose.  . 

Cake  Meal. — That  portion  which  is  kept  after  the  oil 
has  been  expressed  from  the  seed,  is  a good  feed  for  horses 
and  cows,  given  occasionally,  and  makes  a good  and  much 
cheaper  poultice  than  the  more  costly  seed. 


374 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 


Linseed  Oil. — Oleum  Lini.  This  is  a good  and  safe 
purgative  for  the  horse,  and  should  be  given  by  farmers 
and  non-professional  persons  in  preference  to  any  other 
article.  The  English  veterinary  surgeons  use  linseed  oil 
for  colic  in  the  horse,  in  the  following  combination  : Lin- 
seed oil,  one  pint,  and  two  ounces  each  of  oil  of  turpentine 
and  laudanum.  In  cases  of  choking,  in  either  horses  or 
cattle,  a half  pint  of  linseed  oil  should  be  poured  down  the 
throat,  so  that  by  its  emollient  properties  the  substance 
may  pass  readily  down  the  gullet. 

Doses . For  horses,  one  to  two  pints  is  the  dose  used  for 
a purgative.  For  scalds  and  burns,  linseed  oil  is  mixed 
with  lime-water.  (See  Lime-water.) 

Liquorice  Root. — Glycyrrhiza  Radix.  This  was  for- 
merly in  use  for  making  balls  for  horses,  but  it  is  now 
superseded  by  molasses. 

Lobelia  Inflata. — Indian  Tobacco . This  medicine  is 
in  great  use  by  the  eclectic  physicians  in  the  United  States 
as  an  emetic,  which  fact,  I believe,  has  induced  Dr.  Dadd 
to  recommend  it  to  veterinary  surgeons  and  horsemen  of 
this  country.  Does  the  Doctor  not  yet  know  that  the 
horse,  the  ox  and  the  sheep,  cannot  vomit  ? Therefore,  it 
is  not  entitled  to  a position,  for  such  purpose,  in  the  veteri- 
nary Materia  Medica. 

Logwood. — Hcematoxylon  Campechianum.  This  is  a 
valuable  medicine,  not  well  known  and  consequently  not 
appreciated. 

Use . One  of  the  very  best  astringents  for  binding  the 
bowels  in  diarrhoea  and  dysentery,  in  all  animals,  and 
especially  when  accompanied  with  irritation  of  the  bowels. 
Logwood  is  cheap,  sold  in  chips,  and  is  prepared  and  given 
in  the  following  manner : 


MARIGOLD. 


375 


Logwood  chips,  two  ounces ; boiling  water,  one  pint. 
Allow  it  to  stand  till  cold,  then  strain  through  cloth,  or  a 
fine  sieve. 

Dose . For  horses  and  cows,  this  quantity  will  make 
one  dose.  For  calves  with  scours,  one  to  three  ounces  will 
be  the  dose,  which  repeat  if  the  case  demands  it.  A safe 
remedy,  and  cheap. 

Lunar  Caustic. — (See  Silver.) 

Lupuline. — The  Hop.  Makes  a good  poultice,  applied 
to  the  udders  of  cows,  when  lumpy  and  hard.  It  hastens 
the  suppurative  process. 

Lytta-Cantharides. — (See  Spanish  Fly.) 

Magnesia. — Oxide  of  Magnesium.  Used  sometimes  in 
young  foals  and  calves,  when  they  have  no  appetite.  A 
good  antidote  for  arsenical  poisoning. 

Dose.  For  these  animals,  two  drachms  to  six  is  the 
dose.  A little  ginger  should  be  added  to  it  to  prevent 
griping. 

(1.)  Carbonate  of  Magnesia. — Magnesia  Alba.  The 
action  of  this  is  similar  to  the  preceding. 

(2.)  Sulphate  of  Magnesia. — (See  Epsom  Salts.) 

Manganese. — A metal  used  as  a disinfectant,  in  com- 
bination with  some  one  of  the  mineral  acids.  For  the 
way  to  use  it,  see  Disinfectants. 

Marsh  Mallow. — The  Root  of  Althea  Officinalis. 
Used  in  the  form  of  an  ointment,  but  not  of  much  utility. 
It,  however,  still  holds  a place  in  horse  and  cattle  medi- 
cines. It  can  be  done  without.  , 

Marigold. — Calendula  Officinalis.  A garden  plant. 

Tincture  of  Marigold. — This  is  a good  application 


376 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 


to  sores,  ulcers,  and  abscesses,  and  is  applied  with  soft 
cloths,  saturated  or  moistened  with  it,  and  laid  over  the 
affected  part.  It  is  a new  remedy  in  burns  and  scalds. 

Mercury. — A liquid  metal  called  quicksilver . In  its 
/metallic  state  it  is  not  used  as  a medicine.  There,  how- 
i ever,  is  a prevalent  idea  in  the  minds  of  ignorant  persons 
that  doctors  and  veterinary  surgeons  give  this  substance 
to  force  a passage  through  the  bowels,  and  that  if  it  fails 
the  bowels  and  stomach  will  be  ruptured  or  torn.  If  the 
patient  should  die,  the  blame  is  not  unfrequently  laid  ou 
the  use  of  quicksilver  by  the  doctor,  when  this  substance 
was  never  thought  of  for  any  such  purpose.  Quicksilver 
has  no  action  whatever  on  the  animal  system,  either  in 
health  or  sickness. 

(1.)  Mercury  with  Chalk. — Gray  Powder.  Used 
in  diarrhoea  in  calves,  in  doses  from  ten  to  fifteen  grains, 
given  with  a little  ginger,  and  mixed  with  wheat-flour 
gruel. 

(2.)  Iodide  of  Mercury. — (See  Iodine.) 

(3.)  Bi-Chloride  of  Mercury. — Corrosive  Sublimate. 
A dangerous  poison,  and  should  never  be  given  to  any 
animal.  It  is,  however,  used  in  solution,  in  some  skin 
diseases,  as  in  ring-worm  and  mange.  When  so  used,  only 
a small  portion  of  the  body  should  be  washed  with  it  in 
one  day.  For  this  purpose,  take  four  grains  of  the  sub- 
limate to  two  ounces  of  rain  water.  For  a dog,  two  grains 
to  the  ounce,  in  water,  will  be  strong  enough. 

(4.)  Nitrate  of  Mercury. — Ointment.  This  is  the 
citron  or  golden  ointment,  and  is  a good  remedy  in  ring- 
worm. Unfortunately,  however,  it  spoils  with  long 
keeping,  and  not  being  made  extemporaneously,  it  is  often 
rancid  and  of  little  value. 


MUSTARD  SEED. 


377 


(5.)  Oxide  of  Mercury. — Red  Precipitate.  Used  in 
the  treatment  of  unhealthy  ulcers  and  sores,  in  the  form 
of  powder  and  ointment.  It  is  the  principle  in  the  yellow- 
wash  already  spoken  of  in  connection  with  the  subject  of 
lime,  (which  see.) 

(6.)  Sulphate  of  Mercury. — Turbith  Mineral.  A 
medicine  of  no  use,  which  should  be  expunged  from  the 
books  on  horse  and  cattle  diseases. 

(7.)  Sub-Chloride  of  Mercury. — Calomel.  A medi- 
cine I never  use,  and  will  not  recommend  for  internal 
administration.  In  the  form  of  the  black-wash,  and 
sprinkled  upon  sores,  it  is  a good  remedy.  Calomel  is 
recommended  for  thrush  in  the  feet  of  horses,  and  is  in- 
serted in  the  cleft  of  the  frog. 

Mercurial  Ointment. — This  is  sold  in  the  drug  stores. 

The  ointment  of  mercury  is  chiefly  used  in  skin  diseases, 
as  mange  in  horses  and  dogs.  But  a better  remedy  will 
be  found  in  sulphur,  and  its  preparations,  which  are  not 
only  more  safe,  but  more  certain  of  curing  the  case. 

Mezeron. — Daphne  Mezerum.  A plant  from  the  bark 
of  which  an  extract  is  made  and  from  the  extract  an  oint- 
ment composed  of  one  drachm  to  four  parts  of  lard,  which 
is  used  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  up  the  irritation  of 
blisters. 

Morphia. — (See  OpiumT) 

Muriatic  Acid. — (See  Acids.) 

Mustard  Seed. — Sinapis  Nigra.  Used  as  an  irritant 
on  parts  of  the  body,  where  the  Spanish  fly  would  be 
improper  and  dangerous.  On  the  belly,  and  over  the 
loins  are  the  usual  places  where  mustard  is  applied.  In 
lumbago,  and  sprains  of  the  back  and  loins,  and  in  pain  in 


378 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 


the  bowels,  mustard  is  useful.  The  mode  of  application 
of  mustard  is  as  follows  : If  the  hair  of  the  part  be  long* 
cut  it  off,  then  foment  the  part  with  warm  water,  and 
immediately  rub  into  the  parts  a handful  of  the  best  flour 
of  mustard.  This  is  more  effectual  than  laying  a paste  or 
poultice  without  rubbing. 

Volatile  Oil  of  mustard  makes  a good  counter-irritant, 
when  a few  drops  are  rubbed  into  the  skin.  Vinegar 
added  to  mustard  does  not,  as  it  is  thought,  produce  a 
better  effect.  Warm  water  answers  every  purpose. 

Myrrh. — A gum  resin,  used  in  the  form  of  a tincture 
and  a compound  tincture,  for  sores,  and  a good  application 
in  sore  mouth,  from  the  bit,  or  other  cause. 

Narcotics  are  medicines  which  act  upon  the  brain* 
and  thereby  allay  pain.  Examples:  Opium  and  its  prep- 
arations, aconite  and  chloroform. 

Neat’s-Foot  Oil. — Used  for  skin  diseases,  and  for 
allaying  the  irritation  of  blisters  and  keeping  the  skin 
from  cracking. 

Nervines. — Medicines  relieving  pain,  without  pro* 

ducing  narcotism. 

Nitric  Acid. — (See  Acids.) 

Nitre. — Saltpetre . This  medicine  has  long  been  used  as 
a diuretic,  and  as  a febrifuge  in  low  fevers.  Cheaper  and 
better  medicines  are  daily  in  use  for  this  purpose.  Nitre 
is  not  a cheap  medicine,  nor  yet  is  it  an  indispensable  one. 
The  days  are  past  when  emetic , tartar , nitre,  and  digitalis 
were  the  remedies  used  in  cases  of  inflammation,  irritation 
and  fever.  This  formula  has  in  its  day  deceived  many 
a man  and  has  been  the  means  whereby  many  thousands 
of  valuable  animals  have  been  lost.  Wherever  nitre 


NUX  VOMICA* 


379 


is  indicated,  I use  the  sulphite  of  soda,  and  have  no  cause 
to  regret  the  change.  A bundle  of  fresh  cut  grass  given 
to  a horse,  will  have  a better,  and  more  soothing  effect 
than  nitre.  Instead  of  being  given  in  any  disease,  nitre 
should  be  left  to  fulfil  its  destiny  in  the  making  of  gun- 
powder to  liberate  the  toiling  millions  of  other  lands  from 
the  hands  of  the  despot  and  the  oppressor. 

Nux  Vomica. — Strychnos  Nux  Vomica.  An  active 
poison  in  large  doses,  but  a valuable  agent  in  the  cure  of 
diseases  in  all  animals.  The  powdered  nut  is  uncertain  in 
its  effects,  therefore  the  tincture  and  the  alkaloid  should 
should  only  be  used. 

Use.  A nervine,  and  used  when  the  nerves  are  depressed 
and  weak;  just  as  aconite  is  used  when  the  nerves  are 
strong  and  excited.  The  one  medicine  is  used  in  depres- 
sion, and  the  other  in  diseases  with  exalted  symptoms. 
Paralysis  or  palsy  is  the  loss  of  power  in  the  motor  nerves 
of  the  part  affected.  Therefore,  nux  vomica  is  used  in 
twitching  of  the  muscles  of  all  animals;  and  in  glass 
eye  in  the  horse,  depending  upon  the  want  of  nervous 
energy  in  the  optic,  or  nerve  of  vision. 

Tincture. — Dose . For  horses  and  cattle,  the  dose  is 
from  ten  to  twenty  drops,  repeated  three  to  four  times  in 
the  day. 

Strychnine.  Dose.  To  horses  and  cattle,  give  one 
grain,  once  a day,  gradually  increasing  the  dose  till  three 
grains  are  given  in  the  day.  To  get  the  full  benefit  from 
it,  it  will  have  to  be  given  for  a week  or  two,  if  the  beast 
has  not  got  well  by  that  time.  In  the  use  of  strychnine, 
care  and  good  judgment  must  be  exercised,  for  it  must  be 
remembered  that  however  useful  a drug  or  medicine  may 
be,  its  abuse  is  readily  accomplished.  Strychnine  should 


380 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES# 


be  administered  in  feed,  if  the  animal  will  eat  it;  if  not, 
give  it  in  gruel  in  the  form  of  a drench.  Twelve  grains 
is  the  dose  required  to  kill  a full-grown  horse. 

Arsenite  of  Strychnia  is  recommended  by  the  French 
veterinary  surgeons,  in  nasal  discharges,  but  with  what 
effect  is  not  stated.  If  it  does  not  cure,  as  I suppose  it 
does  not,  it  only  serves  to  show  to  my  mind  how  utterly 
ignorant  veterinary  surgeons  are  in  regard  to  the  true  pa- 
thology of  these  discharges,  supposed  to  be  glanders. 
Mr.  Gamgee,  on  the  International  Veterinary  Congress, 
held  at  Hamburg,  says,  “ When  the  subject  of  glanders  was 
mentioned,  no  one  responded.”  Why?  certainly  not  that 
they  knew  all  about  it.  No,  the  contrary  is  the  case,  for 
they  knew  nothing  at  all  about  its  nature,  and  hence  we 
have  the  French  using  a drug  the  least  of  all  likely  to 
change,  arrest,  or  cure  the  disease.  Prussian  blue  is  said 
to  contain  ten  per  cent,  of  strychnia;  some  packages  con- 
tain as  high  as  sixty  grains. 

Oak  Bark. — Quercus  Cortex . This  is  a good  astringent 
for  outward  use,  or  for  sores  which  discharge  or  run 
matter.  The  bark  is  boiled : half  an  ounce  to  a pint  of 
water.  This  decoction  is  an  excellent  remedy  for  drying 
up  the  moisture  of  greasy  heels,  so  troublesome  in  horses. 
In  diarrhoea  in  calves,  given  in  four  drachm  doses,  much 
good  will  result. 

Oils. — There  are  two  varieties  of  oils  used  in  medicine 
— fixed  and  volatile. 

Fixed  Oils. — Castor,  olive,  linseed,  croton  and  neat’s- 
foot  oil.  The  uses  of  these  oils  will  be  found  treated  of 
under  their  respective  heads. 

Opium, — Papaver  Somnifjrum.  The  dried  juice  of  the 
white  poppy,  and  if  one  of  t^e  most  remarkable  substances 


OPIUM, 


m 


in  nature.  There  areseveral  varieties  of  opium  ; Turkish, 
Egyptian,  East  Indian,  Persian,  and  European  opium. 
The  medical  preparations  of  opium  areseveral: 

Morphia , or  morphine,  is~ttfe  most  important  preparation 
of  opium,  and  sold  in  the  drug  stores  in  the  form  of  white 
crystals,  as  also  in  that  of  a liquid — liquor  morphia  acetas, 
and  liquor  morphia  sulphas.  Either  of  these  preparations 
of  opium  are  much  better  medicines  than  the  crude  opium 
itself.  Each  fluid  ounce  contains  one  grain  of  the  mor- 
phine, or  the  true  principle  of  the  opium,  and  one  grain  of 
morphine  is  equal  to  three  grains  of  opium,  or  to  forty- 
five  drops  of  the  tincture  of  opium,  commonly  called 
laudanum. 

Use . Opium  is  a narcotic,  or  reliever  of  pain,  and  is 
especially  recommended  in  milk  fever  in  cows. 

Dose.  The  dose  of  the  acetate,  sulphate,  or  muriate  in 
crystals,  for  the  horse,  is  from  twenty  to  forty  grains.  For 
the  cow  with  milk  fever,  from  forty  to  eighty  grains.  To 
a medical  man,  such  large  doses  may  seem  enormous,  for 
in  man  the  dose  is  from  half  to  one  grain. 

Horses  will  scarcely  show  the  least  effects  from  the 
administration  of  from  two  to  four  drachms  of  the  pow- 
dered opium.  On  cattle,  opium  has  even  much  less  power 
than  on  horses.  Cows  can  take  one  ounce,  and  sheep  half 
a drachm  of  powdered  opium,  without  suffering.  The 
doses  of  crude,  or  powdered  opium  for  horses,  are  from 
one  to  two  drachms,  and  for  cattle,  two  to  four  drachms. 
In  veterinary  practice,  opium  is  not  now  so  much  used,  as 
aconite  answers  almost  every  purpose  for  which  opium  was 
given,  and  without  in  any  way  binding  the  bowels.  But 
in  case  of  milk  fever,  opium,  or  its  alkaloid  morphia,  is 
well  worthy  of  a trial,  and  if  taken  in  time,  will  scarcely 
disappoint  any  onb. 


382 


HOUSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINE* 


Tincture  of  Opium. — Laudanum. — Every  fifteen 
drops  of  the  tincture  contain  one  grain  of  opium.  Lau- 
danum is  the  most  costly  of  all  the  preparations  of  opium  j 
and  not  only  that,  the  large  quantity  of  alcohol,  or  spirits 
of  wine  it  contains,  is  a decided  objection  to  its  use  in 
many  diseases.  Crude  opium  rubbed  down  with  a little 
water  will  be  far  better  when  it  is  to  be  used  at  once,  or 
not  kept  for  any  time.  Laudanum  is  used  in  lotions  and 
liniments  for  the  relief  of  pain,  and  it  enters  into  eye  washes, 
for  the  same  purpose. 

Wine  of  opium  contains  spices.  Not  much  used. 

Codia,  narcotine,  narceine,  paramorphia,  papaverine, 
meconine  and  meconic  acid,  are  the  various  constituents 
of  opium,  but  they  are  not  used  in  medicine,  either  in 
domestic  or  veterinary. 

Battley’s  sedative  drops, so  well  and  familiarly  known 
throughout  the  world,  wherever  the  English  language  is 
spoken,  though  a secret,  are  known  to  contain  opium, 
water  and  a little  spirit,  and  are  one-third  stronger  than 
laudanum. 

Fariera  Brava. — A root  which  is  to  be  sliced,  and 
have  one  pint  of  water  added  to  one  ounce  of  the  root 
Boil,  and  strain  when  cold.  This  is  a good  tonic  for 
horses.  Mix  with  the  feed,  half  a pint  to  the  dose. 

Peach  Leaves. — One  ounce  infused  in  the  same  way 
as  tea,  with  one  pint  of  water,  is  an  excellent  application 
for  the  skin  of  animals  having  the  itch  and  skin  diseases. 

Peppermint. — Mentha  Piperita.  The  essence  of  this 
garden  plant  is  sometimes  given  to  horses  having  colic, 
and  given  in  doses  of  twenty  drops.  Dogs  can  have  three 
drops  for  a dose,  in  the  same  disease. 


PHOSPHORUS. 


383 


Pepper. — A plant,  and  fruit,  of  the  genus  Piper. 

(1.)  Black  Pepper. — Piper  Nigrum . Occasionally 
given  to  horses  affected  with  colic. 

(2)  Jamaica  Pepper. — Pimento — Allspice . This  is  a 
>!  valuable  medicine  for  horses  and  cattle  affected  with  fever, 
loss  of  appetite  and  indigestion. 

Poses.  From  three  to  five  drachms,  and  given  in  com- 
bination with  ammonia. 

(3.)  Capsicum. — Cayenne  Pepper . This  is  also  used  for 
the  same  purpose  as  the  above,  and  given  in  from  twenty 
to  thirty  grain  doses. 

Pepsin. — The  active  principle  of  the  gastric  juice  of 
animals.  Its  cost  prevents  its  use  in  calves  having  diar- 
rhoea, when  the  discharges  are  like  milk.  A good  substi- 
tute for  pepsin  is  rennet,  which  farmers  should  have  about 
tiiem,  not  only  for  cheese-making  purposes,  but  for  use  in 
looseness,  or  scours  in  calves.  It  assists  the  stomach  to 
digest  the  milk,  which,  in  diarrhoea,  lays  upon  the  stomach, 
without  being  digested  or  changed.  Hence,  the  white 
diarrhoea,  so  often  seen  in  calves. 

Petroleum. — Pock-oil . This  substance  was  formerly 
highly  recommended  in  chest  diseases,  but  it  has  been  suc- 
ceeded by  more  certain  and  successful  drugs  for  this 
purpose.  However,  it  is  still  occasionally  used  as  an 
external  application  for  sores,  and  for  the  destruction  of 
lice,  etc.,  in  the  skin.  It  is  apt  to  leave  a blemish  by 
causing  the  hair  to  fall  off,  and  in  some  cases,  in  which  I 
have  seen  it  used  too  extensively,  the  hair  did  not  come 
again.  The  better  way  to  use  coal-oil  is  to  mix  equal 
parts  with  some  other  oil  having  no  acrid  principle. 

Phosphorus. — An  elementary  substance  resembling 
wax.  There  is,  however,  another  resembling  brick  dust* 


384 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 


when  in  a mass.  The  preparations  of  phosphorus  are 
numerous:  Hypophosphate  of  ammonia,  hypophosphate 
of  iron,  and  the  phosphate  of  lime,  or  bone,  or  earth, 
phosphate  of  soda,  and  of  quinine.  Phosphoric  acid, 
diluted,  is  the  one  which  should  be  used  in  veterinary 
practice. 

Phosphoric  Acid. — Is  used  in  diseases  of  the  bones  of 
young  colts. 

Doses . For  young  colts,  the  dose  will  vary  from  ten 
to  sixty  drops,  given  diluted  in  cold  water. 

Pitch. — Burgundy  Pitch.  The  concrete  juice  of  the 
abies  excelsa.  This  is  used  in  the  composition  of  the 
plaster,  formerly  used  over  the  loins,  in  weakness,  sprains, 
lumbago,  etc.,  in  the  horse.  Not  now  recommended. 

Pomegranate  Punica.  — Granatum.  The  bark  cf 
the  root  of  this  tree  is  used  for  the  destruction  of  tape* 
worm,  in  all  animals.  Take  of  the  bark,  one  ounce} 
water,  one  pint ; and  boil  down  one-half.  The  dose  for 
the  dog  will  be  a small  wineglassful. 

Poppies. — (See  Opium.) 

Potash. — Oxide  of  Potassium.  Preparations  of  pot- 
ash are  many 

(1.)  Caustic  Potash. — -Used,  as  its  name  indicates,  as 
a caustic,  and  is  a favorite  one  of  mine.  Many  persons 
object  to  it,  on  account  of  its  extreme  fluidity,  which  I 
consider  to  be  its  most  valuable  property;  as,  if  it  did  not 
readily  assume  a fluid  form,  its  caustic  properties  would 
not  be  so  good.  Indeed,  according  to  its  fluidity,  when 
applied  to  a part,  so  is  its  caustic  property.  For  the  quick 
reduction  of  proud  flesh,  it  has  no  superior. 

(2.)  Carbonate  of  Potash. — This  is  sometimes  used 


RHUBARB. 


385 


as  an  antacid,  but  is  not  much  used  in  horse  and  cattle 
diseases. 

(3.)  Sulphuret  of  Potash.— Hepar  Sulph. — Liver  oj 
Sulphur.  This  is  a valuable  remedy  when  applied  to  mange 
,in  all  animals.  Dissolve  an  ounce  in  a pint  of  water,  first 
having  rubbed  the  mangy  part  with  fine  sand,  to  expose 
the  insect  to  the  action  of  the  sulphuret. 

(4.)  Sulphate  of  Potash. — (See  Glauber’s  Salts.) 

(5.)  Iodide  of  Potash. — (See  Iodine.) 

(6.)  Nitrate  of  Potash. — (See  Saltpetre.) — The  ace- 
tate, and  tartrate  of  potash,  are  not  used  in  veterinary 
practice. 

(7.)  Chlorate  of  Potash. — Used  for  the  same  pur- 
poses as  the  nitrate,  and  in  the  same  doses.  The  same 
may  be  said  of  the  permanganate. 

Prussic  Acid. — (See  Acid.) 

Pumpkin  Seeds, — An  excellent  remedy  for  destroy- 
ing tape-worm. 

Purgatives. — Medicines  which  empty  the  bowels. 

Pyroxylic  Spirit. — Wood  Naphtha.  Used  to  relieve 
chronic  cough,  and  is  given  in  half-ounce  doses  in  gruel. 

Quinine. — (See  Cinchona.) 

Rennet. — (See  Pepsin.) 

Rhubarb. — Rheum  Palmatum . Rhubarb  is  a tonic 
and  purgative  in  dogs  and  other  carnivorous  animals,  but 
in  horses  and  cattle  it  has  scarcely  any  effect  whatever, 
further  than  improving  the  appetite.  Better,  and  much 
more  efficient  and  cheaper  drugs  are  used  in  horse  and 
cattle  diseases.  I know  of  a gentleman  farmer,  who  uses 
the  spiced  rhubarb  in  young  calves,  in  cases  of  looseness 
25 


386 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 


of  the  bowels,  and  in  diarrhoea.  The  dose  of  the  spiced 
rhubarb  is  from  one  to  two  teaspoonfuls,  repeating  it  two 
to  three  times  a day. 

Ricinus  Communis. — (See  Castor-oil.) 

Rochelle  Salts. — (A  Tartrate  of  Potash  and  Soda.) 

Saffron. — Crocus  Sativus. — (See  Colchicum.) 

Sagapenum. — This  is  a gum,  and  is  used  for  the  same 
purposes  as  asafoetida. 

Sal  Ammoniac. — Chloride  of  Ammonia.  (See  Am- 
monia.) 

Salt. — Table  Salt  Chloride  of  Sodium,  a valuable 
condiment,  when  given  with  the  food  of  animals.  Salt  is 
a laxative  in  horses,  cattle  and  sheep,  and  is  considered 
a preventive  of  sheep  rot. 

Sal  Volatile. — This  is  the  compound  spirit  of  am* 

monia.  (See  Ammonia.) 

Sassafras* — Laurus  Sassafras.  This  is  a favorite 
remedy  with  farmers  for  their  horses,  and  is  given  to  them 
in  the  spring  of  the  year,  to  strengthen  and  improve  the 
appetite.  Sassafras  may  be  given  to  horses,  either  in  the 
form  of  a powder,  or  as  a decoction  or  tea,  and  mixed 
with  the  food. 

Sarracenia  Purpura. — Indian  Cap  or  Pitcher  Plant. 
This  plant  is  found  growing  along  the  coast  of  Labrador, 
and  the  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  wet  and  marshy 
land. 

Use . This  plant  has  recently  proved  to  be  one  of  the 
most  useful  in  the  whole  list  of  medicines,  and  from  all 
accounts,  it  is,  and  will  still  be  a blessing  to  thousands 
who  may  become  affected  with  small-pox.  For  small-pox 


SENEGA,  POLYGALA  SENEGA, 


387 


in  cattle  and  sheep,  it  is  not  only  a sure  remedy,  but  also, 
as  good  a preventive  for  the  disease.  The  form  and 
manner  of  using  this  medicine,  is  in  that  of  a tea.  The 
time,  however,  will  soon  be,  when  the  chemist  will  provide 
us  with  an  extract,  or  an  alkaloid  of  this  plant,  which 
will  enable  us  to  give  the  essence  of  the  plant  without  any 
inert  matter.  Take  from  one  to  two  ounces  of  the  dried 
root,  and  slice  in  thin  pieces,  place  in  an  earthen  pot,  or 
other  vessel,  and  add  a quart  of  cold  water,  and  allow  the 
liquid  to  simmer  gently  over  a slow  fire,  for  two  to  three 
hours,  so  as  to  lose  one-fourth  of  the  quantity. 

Dose.  Give  to  cattle,  half  a pint;  and  to  sheep,  two 
wineglassfuls ; repeating  the  dose  in  six  hours,  when  a 
cure  will  generally  be  effected. 

Savin. — Juniperus  Sabina . The  oil  of  juniper  is  used 
in  veterinary  practice,  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  worms 
in  all  animals. 

Doses . For  horses  and  cattle,  the  dose  is  from  three  to 
four  drachms,  and  for  the  dog,  three  to  five  drops.  An 
ointment  of  the  dried  savin  tops  is  used  for  the  purpose  of 
keeping  up  the  action  of  blisters.  Take  one  part  of  the 
fresh  tops,  to  sixteen  parts  of  lard. 

Sedatives. — Medicines  which  allay  inordinate  action 
of  the  heart. 

Senega  Poly  gala  Senega. — Snakeroot.  This,  like 
others  of  our  native  herbs,  is  often  used  by  country  folks 
in  the  spring  of  the  year.  They  give  a decoction,  or  tea 
.of  the  snakeroot  to  their  horses.  It  is  an  excellent  remedy 
in  coughs,  bronchitis,  cold,  etc.  Take  one  ounce,  boil  in 
a pint  and  a half  of  water,  and  strain  through  a sieve  or 
Strainer. 


388 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES 


Dose.  For  a horse,  half  a pint,  mixed  in  his  feed,  night 
and  morning. 

Sialagogues. — Medicines  which  increase  the  secretion 
of  saliva,  such  as  aconite  in  large  doses,  and  second  crop 
clover,  after  it  has  been  exposed  to  cold  nights  or  a little 
frost. 

Silver,  Nitrate  of. — Lunar  Caustic.  Used  as  a 
caustic  to  unhealthy  sores  and  ulcers;  and  a solution, 
three  to  four  grains  to  an  ounce  of  rain  or  distilled  water, 
is  used  to  the  eye  in  purulent  ophthalmia.  The  nitrate  of 
silver  is  too  costly  for  general  use.  The  sulphate  of  copper, 
or  blue  stone,  will,  for  most  purposes,  answer  as  well,  and 
is  very  cheap. 


CAUSTIC  HOLDER. 


Soap. — A combination  of  fatty  acid  with  an  alkali. 

Soap  Liniment. — Opodeldoc . A very  useful  applica- 
tion for  sprains,  bruises,  and  for  stiff  joints. 

Soda. — A mineral  alkali. 

(1.)  Carbonate  of  Soda. — Useful  as  an  antacid,  in 
doses  of  from  two  to  four  drachms. 

(2.)  Sulphate  of  Soda. — (See  Glauber’s  Salts.) 

(3.)  Sulphite  of  Soda. — This  is  made  by  passing  a 
stream  of  sulphurous  acid  through  a concentrated  solution 
of  carbonate  of  soda.  It  is  a valuable  article  in  the  treat- 
ment of  diseases  of  horses  and  cattle.  The  sulphite  of  soda 
possesses  the  power  of  neutralizing  the  action  of  zumins. 


8PANISH  FJjY, 


389 


ferments,  or  leavens,  when  introduced  into  the  circulation. 
Professor  Polli,  of  Milan,  has  clearly  demonstrated  that 
this  substance  is  capable  of  purifying  the  blood  of  noxious 
matters,  and  further,  he  has  by  his  experiments  upon  dogs 
proved  that  glanders  can  be  cured  by  it ; for  he  says,  that 
forty-five  grains  of  the  virus  of  glanders  taken  from  the 
nares  of  the  nose  of  a glaudered  horse,  and  injected  into 
the  circulation  of  a dog,  after  the  disease  had  shown  itself 
in  the  dog,  was  readily  cured  by  the  administration  of  the 
sulphite  of  soda.  Upwards  of  seventy  cases  have  thus 
been  experimented  upon  by  this  distinguished  professor — 
all  going  to  show  the  value  of  soda,  as  a purifier  of  the 
blood,  by  its  alterative  effects. 

Sulphite  of  soda  is  a remedy  in  all  cases  of  eruptions  on 
the  skin,  in  farcy,  glanders  and  purpura  in  the  horse,  and  in 
pleuro-pneumonia  and  rinderpest,  etc.,  in  cattle.  Wherever 
pus  is  thrown  out  as  a product  of  disease,  the  sulphite  of 
soda  should  be  given.  Dogs  with  distemper  should  have 
it  to  keep  the  circulation  pure  of  pus.  The  blood  of  the 
dog  becomes  contaminated  in  this  way,  and  hence,  the  good 
dog  falls  a victim  to  this,  scourge  of  fine  bred  animals. 

Dose.  For  horses  and  cattle,  the  dose  is  from  half  an 
ounce,  to  one  ounce,  given  twice  in  the  day.  For  dogs, 
twenty  grains  given  in  camphor  water.  In  farcy  and 
glanders  or  other  diseases,  accompanied  with  debility,  the 
soda  should  be  combined  with  gentian  and  other  tonics. 

Sparifih.  Fly. — Lytta  Cantharides.  An  insect  ground 
into  powder,  and  mixed  with  lard  or  oil,  making  what  is 
familiarly  known  as  a blister.  The  Spanish  fly  is,  besides 
its  blistering  qualities,  a very  valuable  internal  medicine, 
a powerful  tonic  and  alterative,  and  has  been  used  with 
success,  in  th^  hands  of  Mr.  Vines,  of  London,  England, 


390 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES, 


in  the  cure  of  farcy  and  glanders  in  the  horse.  In  the  same 
diseases,  and  where  the  lungs  were  free  from  tubercles,  I 
have  cured  them  with  the  Spanish  fly,  gentian,  copper,  and 
the  sulphite  of  soda. 

Dose . Spanish  fly  is  given  to  the  horse  in  five  grain 
doses  once  a day  only,  and  mixed  in  cut  or  soft  feed. 
Horses  are  more  easily  affected  by  the  Spanish  fly  than 
mares.  Blisters  of  Spanish  fly  are  made  as  follows : Pow- 
dered Spanish  fly,  one  drachm;  hog’s  lard,  six  drachms; 
mix,  and  apply,  by  rubbing  with  the  hand  into  the  part 
to  be  blistered ; wash  off  the  part  the  next  day,  oil  or  lard 
it  for  a week,  and  the  swelling  will  leave  when  the  irritation 
has  gone  out  of  the  part. 

The  tincture  of  Spanish  fly  was  formerly  used  as  the 
basis  of  the  old  sweating  blister.  An  excellent  application 
for  the  removal  of  a splint,  or  soft  tumors  about  the  legs 
of  horses,  is  made  as  follows : Tincture  of  Spanish  fly,  one 
ounce;  oil  of  croton,  twenty  drops;  well  rubbed  into  the 
part,  it  acts  like  magic;  that  is,  if  the  tumor  can  be 
removed  at  all  by  any  means. 

Specifics. — Medicines  which  cure  disease,  but  the 
manner  of  action  is  unknown. 

Spermaceti.— This  is  a solid  crystalline  fat,  found  in 
the  large  head  of  the  sperm  whale.  There  is  a plan, 
however,  by  which  it  is  said  that  spermaceti  can  be  made 
out  of  the  muscles  of  a dead  cow  or  horse,  by  enclosing  the 
flesh  in  a box  perforated  with  holes,  and  sinking  it  in  a 
running  stream  of  water  for  a month  or  more,  when  the 
flesh  will  be  converted  into  a mass  of  tough,  solid  matter. 
After  which,  it  is  treated  with  nitrous  acid,  poured  over 
it  to  remove  the  offensive  smell,  and  to  separate  the  fat. 
Another  plan  is,  to  pour  nitrous  acid  over  the  flesh  without 


SPONGE, 


391 


immersion  in  the  brook,  and  which  is  said  to  convert  the 
flesh  in  the  short  period  of  three  days  into  a yellow  colored 
spermaceti.  Another  plan  is  mentioned  by  Lord  Bacon, 
in  his  work  Sylva  Sylvarium,  in  which  he  says  that  the 
flesh  of  an  animal  may  be  changed  into  a fatty  substance, 
by  cutting  it  into  pieces,  putting  it  into  a glass  vessel, 
covering  with  parchment,  and  allowing  it  to  stand  for  six 
or  seven  hours  in  boiling  water.  Experiments  of  this  kind  , 
might  result  in  profit  to  those  who  would  undertake  them. 1 
The  use  of  spermaceti  in  horse  and  cattle  diseases,  is  for 
the  making  of  ointments  and  salves,  especially  in  hot 
weather,  when  lard  cannot  be  conveniently  carried  with- 
out the  risk,  not  only  of  losing  a portion  of  the  ointment, 
but  of  soiling  the  clothing,  or  other  articles  coming  in 
contact  with  it. 

Spirits  of  Nitrous  Ether. — Sweet  spirits  of  nitre  is 
well  known  to  most  persons  as  a good  household  remedy 
for  fevers,  etc.  In  the  treatment  of  diseases  of  horses  and 
cattle,  sweet  spirits  of  nitre  is  used  as  a stimulant  and 
antispasmodic.  It  is  also  used  in  the  case  of  a horse  hav- 
ing a chill,  and  in  colic.  For  colic,  it  was  formerly  given 
in  combination  with  laudanum. 

Dose . For  horses  and  cattle,  the  dose  of  sweet  spirits 
nitre  will  be  from  one  to  two  ounces,  given  in  cold  water 
to  prevent  loss. 

Spirits  of  Wine.— Alcohol.  This  is  used  for  making 
tinctures  for  medicinal  purposes,  from  the  various  plants 
in  use.  It  is  also  a good  stimulant;  much  better  than  the 
bad  whisky  which  is  so  often  poured  down  the  throats  of 
horses  affected  with  colic. 

Sponge.  — A valuable  article  for  the  cleansing  of  wounds 

and  sores. 


392 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 


Starch — A good  remedy  in  diarrhoea  in  all  animals, 
when  combined  with  a few  grains  of  opium,  and  a little 
ground  ginger,  or  a few  drops  of  the  tincture,  commonly 
called  the  essence. 

Styptics. — Substances  having  the  quality  of  stopping 
bleeding  from  wounds.  Examples : Perchloride  of  iron, 
cobwebs,  the  hot  iron,  and  the  bandage. 

Sudorifics. — Medicines  which  produce  sweating. 

Sugar  of  Milk. — Much  used  by  homoeopathists,  both 
domestic  and  veterinary,  in  the  form  of  powder,  but  oftener 
in  the  form  of  globules  or  small  pellets.  Not  recom- 
mended for  the  treatment  of  any  disease.  Molasses  is  the 
best  form  in  which  to  give  sugar  to  animals,  and  it  is  use- 
ful in  cases  of  sick  cows,  mixed  in  a drench. 

Sugar  of  Lead. — (See  Acetate  of  Lead.) 

Sulphuric  Acid.— (See  Acids.) 

Sulphur. — Brimstone. — Sulphur  is  kept  in  the  drug 

stores  in  three  forms,  flowers  of  sulphur,  milk  of  sulphur, 
and  sulphur  vivum . 

Use . Sulphur  is  chiefly  used  for  skin  diseases,  in  the 
form  of  an  ointment.  It  is  believed  by  many  persons  to 
be  a great  preventive  of  diseases  and  distempers  in  all 
animals,  and  is  one  of  the  ingredients  of  an  incongruous 
mass  extolled  and  recommended  by  the  Hon.  Isaac  Newton, 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  as  a preventive  of  cattle 
diseases.  Whatever  may  be  the  medicinal  virtue  possessed 
by  sulphur,  it  certainly  has  no  prophylactic  effects  mixed 
with  tar,  etc.  The  simple  ointment  of  sulphur  is  made  as 
follows  : One  part  of  the  flowers,  or  sulphur  vivum,  mixed 
with  four  parts  of  lard.  In  winter,  when  lard  is  hard. 


SULPHUROUS  ACID  GAS. 


393 


oil  should  be  used  instead,  thus  forming  a liniment  of  sul- 
phur more  easy  of  application. 

Doses.  Sulphur,  as  a laxative  for  horses  and  cattle, 
should  be  given  in  doses  from  one  to  three  ounces,  and 
administered  in  gruel,  in  the  form  of  a drench.  For  dogs, 
the  dose  is  one  to  two  drachms.  It  is  not  recommended 
as  an  internal  medicine. 

Sulphurous  Acid  Gas. — This  is  one  of  the  most 
powerful  disinfectants  we  have.  The  great  objection  to 
its  general  use  for  this  purpose  is,  its  poisonous  character 
when  breathed  or  inhaled  to  any  extent.  But  from  recent 
experiments  instituted  by  Dr.  James  Dewor,  of  Kirkcaldy, 
Scotland,  for  testing  the  efficacy  of  sulphurous  acid  gas  as  a 
disinfectant,  results  are  shown  which  lead  to  the  conviction 
that  diseases  such  as  cholera  in  man,  and  rinderpest  and 
pleuro-pneumonia  in  cattle,  may  not  only  be  prevented,  but 
much  modified  by  this,  hitherto  considered,  poisonous  gas. 
The  method  of  generating  sulphurous  acid  gas  is  very 
simple  and  inexpensive.  It  is  only  necessary  to  have  a 
small  chaffern  of  redhot  cinders  from  a coal  fire,  a small 
crucible  on  the  hot  cinders,  and  a piece  of  sulphur-stick 
about  as  large  as  a man’s  thumb  placed  into  it.  This  will 
fumigate  a large  cattle  shed,  or  stable,  in  twenty  minutes. 
Contrary  to  expectation,  the  animals  seem  to  enjoy  it,  and 
it  acts  at  the  same  time  as  a tonic  on  man  and  beast.  The 
shed  or  other  house  must  be  well  ventilated,  by  having 
the  windows  a little  open  before,  during,  and  after  the  ( 
fumigation.  Sanitary  rules  must  be  enforced  in  regard  to 
cleanliness,  removal  of  dung-heaps,  etc.  During  the 
prevalence  of  such  epizootics  as  are  above  named,  the 
fumigation  may  be  made,  according  to  the  foregoing  direc- 
tions, four  to  five  times  in  the  day.  It  is  further  said, 


394 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 


that  the  treatment  has  not  only  cured  some  cases  of  the 
above-named  diseases ; but  that  mange,  ring-worm  and  lice 
have  also  vanished  before  it,  and  that  greasy  heels  in 
horses  have  also  been  cured  by  it,  while  severe  cases  of 
tubercles  of  the  lungs,  glanders,  and  farcy  have  also  been 
relieved  by  the  inhalation  of  this  gas.  This  is  well  worthy 
a fair  trial,  and  if  it  but  accomplish  half  what  is  claimed 
for  it,  a great  and  cheap  fumigation  and  disinfectant  is 
within  the  reach  of  any  one.  But,  bear  in  mind,  that  it  is 
a poisonous  gas,  and  to  prevent  a deleterious  effect,  have 
free  ventilation  through  the  whole  place. 

Sulphate  of  Zinc. — White  Vitriol . This  is  a valuable 
article  for  healing  wounds  and  sores.  It  is  not  adminis- 
tered internally  to  any  animal,  except  as  an  emetic  to  dogs. 
As  an  external  wash  for  sores,  one  part  of  zinc  to  twenty 
of  rain-water  will  answer  for  most  purposes.  For  eye- 
wash, three  to  four  grains  to  the  ounce  of  water.  This  is 
one  of  the  best  applications  which  can  be  applied  to  the 
eye  in  cases  of  purulent  ophthalmia. 

Tannate  of  Glycerine. — An  excellent  application, 
for  the  eyes,  in  purulent  ophthalmia,  and  for  moist  sores, 
wherever  situated  upon  the  body. 

Tannin. — This  is  the  acid  of  barks,  and  is  valuable, 
mixed  with  water,  in  running  ulcers  and  sores,  and  in 
diarrhoea,  in  all  animals.  The  powder  sprinkled  upon 
bleeding  sores,  will  in  many  cases  stop  them.  One  drachm 
to  a pint  of  cold  water  makes  a good  eye-wash,  and  in 
many  cases  dries  up  the  scum,  and  removes  it  altogether. 
It  is  certainly  a cheap  and  useful  remedy,  and  can  do  no 
harm  to  the  eye. 

Doses . For  horses  and  cattle,  in  diarrhoea,  the  dose  of 
tannic  acid  is  from  half  to  one  drachm,  given  in  gruel  as  a 


TOBACCO. 


395 


drench.  For  calves  with  the  same  disease,  give  from  ten 
to  twenty  grains  as  a dose,  mixed  with  wheat-flour  gruel. 
Snuffed  up  the  nostrils  by  man,  in  bleeding  from  the  nose, 
it  will  in  most  cases  arrest  it  at  once. 

Tannin  of  Krameria. — This  is  used  for  the  same 
purpose  as  the  preceding,  but  it  is  a better  styptic,  or 
arrester  of  bleeding  from  the  skin  or  other  sores. 

Tar. — Pix  Liquida.  Tar  is  not  now  used  internally  to 
the  extent  it  formerly  was.  To  cattle  it  is  still  given  in  a 
disease  of  the  throat  called  dyers . For  this  purpose  egg- 
shells are  filled  with  good  Barbadoes  tar,  and  suspended 
on  the  end  of  a split  stick,  and  gently  pushed  down  the 
throat  of  the  ox.  As  an  external  application,  tar  is  still 
used  on  sores  about  cattle,  to  keep  the  flies  off;  and  it  is 
used  to  make  stopping  for  horses’  feet,  singly,  and  mixed 
with  clay.  It  is  kept  in  every  horse-shoeing  shop  for 
putting  on  the  soles,  usually  with  cotton,  and  having 
leather  nailed  on  with  the  shoe. 

Oil  of  Tar. — This  is  an  excellent  application  when 
mixed  with  equal  parts  with  sweet,  or  some  fish  oil,  to  pro- 
mote the  growth  of  horn  on  the  foot  of  the  horse.  To 
give  it  a dark  color  to  suit  the  foot,  lamp-black  may  be 
stirred  in,  in  sufficient  quantity  to  make  a black  hoof  oint- 
ment, which  will  be  found  an  excellent  formula  for  this 
purpose. 

Tartar  Emetic. — (See  Antimony.) 

Tobacco. — Nicotiana  Tabacum.  Tobacco  is  used  as  a 
medicine,  principally  in  skin  diseases,  and  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  lice  and  other  insects  in  the  wool  of  sheep.  Tobac- 
co smoke  is  a favorite  remedy  with  some  veterinarians, 
for  the  removal  and  killing  of  worms,  and  in  constipation, 
and  colic.  For  these  purposes,  better  and  safer  agents 


396 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES 


are  in  every-day  use.  Tobacco  in  all,  or  any  of  its  forms, 
is  dangerous,  being  followed  by  great  sickness,  nausea  and 
prostration,  from  which  many  animals  are  ultimately 

destroyed. 

Tragacanth. — (See  Gum.) 

Turpentine. — Terebinthce.  The  various  varieties  of 
turpentine  in  market. 

(1.)  Common  Turpentine. — The  produce  of  the  pinus 
palustris  of  North  Carolina,  and  other  States,  and  also  of 
Norway,  and  ttie  north  of  Europe.  The  pinus  sylvestris 
or  Scotch  fir,  yields  considerable  turpentine. 

(2.)  Venice  Turpentine. — This  is  procured  from  the 
Larix  Europea . 

(3.)  Canada  Balsam. — Procured  from  Abies  Balsamce , 
and  is  considered  to  be  the  purest  of  all  the  turpentines; 
hence  it  is  called,  sometimes,  the  balsam  of  Gilead. 

(4.)  Frankincense. — A product  of  Norway,  and  the 
north  of  Europe.  This  variety  enters  into  the  composition 
of  what  is  known  as  Burgundy  pitch,  and  is  used  in  vet- 
erinary practice  for  making  adhesive  plasters  for  the  loins 
of  horses  having  been  sprained,  or  having  lumbago. 

(5.)  Oil  of  Turpentine. — This  is  commonly  called 
the  spirits  of  turpentine,  and  is  used  very  largely  in  horse 
and  cattle  diseases,  both  for  internal  administration  and 
external  application. 

Uses . Oil  of  turpentine  is  a powerful  stimulant,  diuretic, 
and  antispasmodic,  and  is,  therefore,  used  in  colic  in  the 
horse,  in  puerperal  apoplexy  in  cows,  and  in  general 
debility  in  all  animals.  As  an  external  embrocation,  it  is 
very  efficient  when  combined  with  an  equal  portion  of 
sweet  oil,  but  very  dangerous  when  applied  to  the  skin  of 
the  horse  alone.  The  horse  will  become  restless,  and,  in 
some  cases,  utterly  unmanageable. 


VALERIAN. 


397 


Doses.  The  doses  of  oil  of  turpentine  for  horses  and 
cows  are  from  one  to  two  ounces,  always  mixed  with  its 
own  bulk  of  oil,  especially  for  horses.  For  dogs  affected 
with  tape-worm,  half  to  one  drachm  is  the  dose,  mixed 
*,with  the  yolk  of  an  egg. 

(6.)  Rosin,  or  Resin. — The  residue  left  from  the  dis- 
tillation of  turpentine,  which  is  chiefly  used  by  horsemen 
to  cause  the  horse  to  urinate  more  freely.  Much  mischief 
is  often  done  to  horses  by  the  administration  of  rosin.  In- 
deed, most  diseases  of  the  kidneys  and  of  the  loins  can  be 
traced  to  over-dosing  with  this  substance.  The  oftener 
rosin  is  given  to  the  horse,  the  more  he  appears  in  the  eyes 
of  the  driver  to  stand  in  need  of  his  favorite  dose.  The 
kidneys  become  over- worked,  the  desire  to  urinate  is  more 
frequent,  less  urine  is  voided  each  time,  and  the  poor  man 
does  not  see  the  mischief  he  has  already  done,  but  hastens 
to  give  the  horse  more  to  remedy  the  urinary  defect  he  has 
thus  been  instrumental  in  producing.  It  will  be  well  to  re- 
member that  powerful  diuretics,  like  powerful  purgatives, 
tend  only  to  weaken  and  debilitate.  If  there  be  a urinary 
defect,  find  out  the  cause,  and,  if  possible,  have  it  removed, 
and  the  effect  will  cease,  “ sublata  causa , tollitur  effectus ” 
but  do  not  attempt  to  do  so  by  force,  and  against  all  science 
and  common  sense.  Other  preparations  of  turpentine  have 
already  been  noticed.  (See  Tar.) 

Urse  TJrsi. — The  leaves  of  the  whortleberry.  They 
were  once  in  repute  in  diseases  of  the  horse,  but  are  now 
fallen,  and  others  have  taken  their  place.  They  were 
used  chiefly  in  diseases  of  the  bladder  and  kidney. 

Valerian. — Valeriana  Officinalis.  However  useful 
valerian  may  be  in  nervous  irritation  in  man,  it  is  not  so 
useful  in  veterinary  patients.  Camphor,  and  the  gum 


398 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 


resins,  or  asafoetida,  answer  our  purpose  better  than 
valerian. 

Valerianate  Of  Soda. — This  has  been  found  useful  in 
chorea,  or  twitching  of  the  muscles  iu  the  dog,  in  doses  of 
from  one  to  two  grains. 

(1.)  Valerianate  of  Iron.— A good  tonic  for  the  dog. 

(2.)  Valerianate  of  Quinine. — An  excellent  remedy 
for  agues  in  man. 

Veratrum. — White  Hellebore . If  we  had  not  so  useful 
a sedative  medicine  as  we  have  in  aconite,  I would  cer- 
tainly recommend  the  tincture  of  white  hellebore-root,  in 
all  diseases  for  which  aconite  is  recommended.  On  account 
of  its  being  more  dangerous  than  aconite,  in  case  of  over- 
dose, I will  not  say  much  more  about  it,  as  wherever 
white  hellebore  is  found  in  the  country  stores,  aconite  will 
be  there  also.  Hence,  there  can  be  no  good  reason  for 
recommending  it  when  aconite  can  be  procured. 

Veratria. — The  alkaloid  of  white  hellebore,  and  is  one 
of  the  most  destructive  of  the  deadly  poisons.  Nothing 
could  be  more  so  than  this  preparation  of  hellebore;  and 
what  is  more,  at  present,  no  test  is  known  whereby  to 
detect  its  presence  within  the  stomach  or  system. 

Wax. — This  substance  is  used  for  giving  hardness  and 
consistency  to  ointments,  and  is  a favorite  with  me  in  the 
form  of  shoemaker’s  wax,  for  the  purpose  of  filling  up* 
cracks  and  holes  in  the  feet  of  horses,  to  keep  out  sand  and 
dirt.  To  be  applied  as  follows : Make  the  wax  in  the 
form  of  a stick,  so  that  it  can  be  held  by  one  end,  while 
you  hold  a hot  iron  to  the  other,  and  hold  it  over  the  hole 
or  crack,  so  that  the  warm  wax  will  drop  into  it.  When 
the  part  is  full,  wet  the  finger,  and  by  this  means  the  wax 


ZINC. 


399 


can  be  smoothed,  so  that  ordinary  observers  can  scarcely 
observe  a deficiency  in  the  foot.  The  hole  or  crack  must 
be  perfectly  dry,  and  free  from  moisture,  or  else  the  wax 
will  not  stick  very  long.  When  dry,  and  the  wax  is  put 
properly  in,  it  will  last  for  a month,  or  till  the  next  shoeing 
time. 

Willow  Bark. — A much  neglected,  valuable  and  cheap 
medicine.  This  bark  has  within  it  a crystalline  substance 
called  salicine , which  is  an  excellent  substitute  for  the 
expensive  quinine.  Farmers  and  others  will  do  well  to 
gather  it  in  sufficient  quantity,  and  have  it  dried;  and  in 
the  spring  of  the  year,  or  when  any  of  the  horses  are  weak, 
or  out  of  sorts,  take  of  the  willow  bark  one  pound,  and 
boil  in  four  quarts  of  water,  till  two  quarts  are  left;  then 
strain  for  use,  and  give  a tumblerful,  mixed  in  cut  feed, 
once  or  twice  in  the  day.  This  will  be  found  much  better 
than  the  black  snakeroot  already  spoken  of  under  its 
proper  head. 

Yeast. — Brewer’s  yeast  is  one  of  the  best  applications 
for  an  unhealthy  sore  or  ulcer,  as  it  immediately  changes 
its  look  and  smell.  A mixture  of  yeast  and  charcoal  is  a 
domestic  remedy  not  to  be  overlooked  in  the  treatment  of 
sores,  especially  in  the  summertime.  The  yeast  and  the 
charcoal  are  to  be  mixed  in  the  form  of  a poultice,  an^ 
used  as  such,  occasionally  changing  it  so  that  full  benefit 
may  be  given  to  the  sore  by  its  use.  After  the  sore  is 
cleansed  and  corrected,  it  may  be  then  healed  as  a simple, 
healthy  sore,  by  other  remedies  amply  described  through 
the  book. 

Zinc, — There  are  several  preparations  of  zinc,  which  ar# 
used  in  the  treatment  of  horse  and  cattle  diseases,  bift 
vJiiefly  in  the  form  of  external  applications. 


400 


HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES. 


(1.)  Oxide  of  Zinc. — This  is  a white  powder,  like 
wheat- flour,  and  is  useful  when  applied  as  a powder  in 
greasy  heels  and  other  sores  which  discharge  a sanious 
fluid  from  them.  Oxide  of  zinc  is  often  used  in  the  form 
of  an  ointment  mixed  with  lard.  An  excellent  ointment 
is  also  made  by  soap  shaved  down,  moistened  with  a little 
water,  and  having  oxide  of  zinc  added  to  it.  This  is  a 
good  form  for  greasy  heels  and  scratches  on  horses  that 
have  to  work  every  day.  It  keeps  down  irritation  and 
fever,  prevents  swelling  of  the  legs,  and  is  easily  washed 
off*  on  the  horse  coming  into  the  stable  for  the  night. 

(2.)  Carbonate  of  Zinc. — This  is  used  under  the  old 
name  of  calamine , either  in  the  form  of  a powder  or  an 
ointment.  The  ointment  is  made  by  adding  four  parts  of 
lard  to  one  of  calamine.  It  is  good  for  healing  sores. 

(3.)  Sulphate  of  Zinc. — This  preparation  of  zinc  has 
already  been  described  under  the  head  of  sulphate  of  zinc, 
(which  see.) 

(4.)  Chloride  of  Zinc. — Butter  of  Zinc . This,  as 
well  as  tne  other  forms  of  zinc,  is  not  used  as  an  internal 
medicine,  except  the  sulphafe,  which  is  occasionally  given 
to  the  dog  as  an  emetic. 

Chloride  of  zinc  is  a powerful  disinfectant  and  deodor- 
izer, and  is  used  in  the  healing  of  wounds  and  sores. 
The  solution  is  the  usual  form  of  using  it.  Two  grains  of 
the  chloride  of  zinc  to  an  ounce  of  rain-water,  makes  a 
eye-wash.  For  ordinary  sores,  four  to  five  grains  of 
the  zinc  to  one  ounce  of  rain-water,  is  a good  application. 
One  characteristic  of  the  preparations  of  zinc  when  applied 

acre*  X.  no  proud  flesh  can  or  will  arise  during  their 
use.  chloride  of  zinc  is  used  by  some  veterinarians 

as  a caustic,  but  for  this  purpose  better  caustics,  and  cheaper 
ones,  will  be  found  elsewhere  described. 


CERATES. 


401 


(5.)  Acetate  of  Zinc.  This  is  made  by  dissolving 
oxide  or  carbonate  of  zinc  in  acetic  acid.  The  chief  use 
of  the  acetate  of  zinc  is  for  the  healing  of  wounds.  In 
European  stables  it  is  employed  for  the  purpose  of  wetting 
bandages  applied  to  old  hunters  and  other  horses,  whose 
legs  cannot  be  otherwise  kept  fine  and  free  from  swelling. 
The  bandages  usually  employed  in  such  cases  are  made  of 
wash-leather,  which  is  so  extensively  used  for  drying 
carriages  after  being  washed,  and  is  called  chamois  leather. 

Zingiberis. — (See  Ginger.) 

Zyloidine. — This  is  a white  substance,  which  is  in- 
soluble, and  is  obtained  from  starch,  concentrated  nitric 
acid,  and  cold  water. 


PRESCRIPTIONS  AND  PREPARATIONS. 

Cerates. — Used  for  dressing  sores  and  ulcers. 

(1.)  Simple  Cerate. — Take  yellow  or  white  wax, 
three  ounces ; olive  oil,  two  ounces ; melt  them  on  a slow 
fire. 

(2.)  Turner’s  Cerate. — Take  of  simple  cerate,  five 
ounces;  prepared  calamine,  one  ounce ; mix,  and  stir  till 
cold. 

(3.)  Cerate  of  Zinc. — Take  simple  cerate,  six  ounces; 
melt,  and  add  oxide  of  zinc,  one  ounce,  and  stir  till  cold. 

(4.)  Resin  Cerate. — Yellow  Basilicon . Take  yellow 
rosin  and  yellow  wax,  of  each  half  a pound,  then  add  eight 
ounces  of  olive  oil  or  lard,  melt  together  over  a slow  fire, 
and  strain  through  flannel  cloth  while  hot.  This  is  an  old, 
but  excellent  application  for  sores,  scalds,  burns,  etc. 


402 


PRESCRIPTIONS  AND  PREPARATIONS. 


Clysters. — For  colic  of  all  kinds,  take  warm  water  of 
about  blood  heat,  one  stable  bucket  full ; four  ounces  of 
common  table  salt,  soap  sufficient  to  make  a good  lather 
or  froth  ; of  this,  three  to  four  quarts  may  be  injected  in 
the  rectum,  every  half  hour  till  the  animal  is  well.  For 
the  expulsion  of  the  fundament  bots,  injections  of  flaxseed 
oil  are  an  excellent  and  safe  method.  Tobacco  smoke 
injections  are  sometimes  used  for  their  removal,  as  well  as 
in  cases  of  constipation.  To  give  injections  of  tobacco 
smoke,  an  instrument  having  both  force  and  suction  is 
necessary.  Tobacco  smoke  is  not  recommended  for  either 
of  these  affections  by  the  author. 

Drenches. — Used  in  cases  of  colic:  Take  sulphuric 
ether,  half  an  ounce  ; laudanum,  two  ounces;  flaxseed  oil, 
one  pint ; mix.  Or,  take  spirits  of  turpentine, one  ounce; 
tincture  of  aconite  root,  twenty-five  drops  ; aloes,  one  ounce 
in  solution  ; mix.  Or,  take  warm  ale,  two  pints  ; ground 
ginger,  half  an  ounce;  tincture  of  aconite  root,  twenty 
drops ; mix.  Used  in  flatulent  colic,  accompanied  with 
swelling  of  the  belly  : Take  laudanum,  two  ounces  ; aloes 
in  solution,  one  ounce;  chloride  of  lime,  half  an  ounce  ; 
mix.  Or,  take  tincture  of  aconite  root,  twenty  drops ; aloes 
in  solution,  one  ounce  ; sulphite  of  soda,  one  ounce  ; mix. 
Or,  take  spirits  of  hartshorn,  three  drachms ; aloes  in  solu- 
tion, one  ounce;  water,  one  pint;  mix. 

Eye  Lotions  and  Washes.— Astringent  Eye 
Lotion. — Take  sulphate  of  zinc,  five  grains;  rain-water, 
one  ounce ; mix. 

Lotion  for  Purulent  Discharges  from  the  Eye. 
— Take  sulphate  of  copper,  three  grains;  laudanum,  ten 
drops;  rain-water,  one  ounce ; mix. 

For  the  Same.  Nitrate  of  silver,  four  grains;  rain- 


LINIMENTS  OR  EMBROCATIONS. 


403 


water,  one  ounce ; mix,  and  apply  with  a camel’s  hair 
pencil  once  in  the  day. 

Soothing  Eye-wash. — Take  extract  of  belladonna, 
half  a drachm;  rain-water  or  distilled  water,  six  ounces; 
dissolve  and  strain.  This  is  to  be  used  warm,  as  a fomen- 
tation to  the  eye. 

Mild  Astringent  Eye-water. — Alum,  four  grains; 
rain-water,  one  ounce;  mix. 

Sedative  Eye-wash. — Take  sulphate  of  atropine, 
three  grains;  rain  or  distilled  water,  one  ounce;  mix, 
and  strain.  The  reader  of  this  book  will  remember  that 
belladonna,  or  atropine,  when  applied  to  the  eye,  will  cause 
the  pupil  of  the  eye  to  dilate. 

Eye  Salves. — Nitrate  of  Silver  Ointment. — 
Take  nitrate  of  silver,  twelve  grains;  dissolve  in  as  many 
drops  of  water;  simple  cerate,  one  ounce;  mix. 

Precipitate  Ointment. — Take  red  precipitate  of 
mercury,  three  grains;  pure  lard,  two  drachms  ; mix,  and 
use  when  the  eyelids  are  red  and  oozing. 

Freezing  Mixtures. — Take  sal  ammoniac,  five  parts ; 
nitre,  five  parts ; cold  water,  sixteen  parts ; mix.  Or,  take 
sal  ammoniac,  and  nitre,  of  each  five  parts  ; Glauber’s  salts, 
eight  parts  ; cold  water,  sixteen  parts ; mix.  The  article 
to  be  cooled  should  be  placed  in  a tin  vessel,  which  should 
be  put  in  the  mixture  just  as  a butter  kettle  would  be 
placed  in  ice  water.  By  throwing  a handful  of  sal  ammo* 
niac,  or  coarse  salt  or  nitre,  upon  ice  or  snow,  a low  degree 
of  cold  will  be  produced,  sufficient  for  all  purposes. 
Freezing  mixtures  are  of  much  benefit  applied  to  sprains, 
when  ice  cannot  be  had. 


Liniments  or  Embrocations. — These  are  for  exter- 


404 


PRESCRIPTIONS  AND  PREPARATIONS 


nal  applications,  and  are  used  in  the  cure  of  sprains,  bruise^ 
chronic  swellings,  etc. 

Liniment  of  Camphor. — Take  camphor,  one  ounce  ; 
olive  or  sweet  oil,  three  ounces;  mix. 

Liniment  of  Ammonia. — Take  solution  of  ammonia, 
two  ounces ; sweet  oil,  six  ounes , mix. 

Liniment  of  Aconite. — Take  tincture  of  aconite  root, 
two  ounces ; olive  or  sweet  oil,  four  ounces ; creosote,  one 
ounce;  mix.  This  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  embroca- 
tions which  can  be  applied  to  a painful  bruise,  or  sprain 
of  whatever  kind.  It  allays  and  removes  inflammation, 
irritation  and  pain. 

Liniment  of  Lead. — Take  soap,  (castile,)  five  ounces; 
camphor,  one  drachm  ; Goulard’s  extract  of  lead,  half  an 
ounce ; boiling  water,  one  pint.  Cut  the  soap  into  thin 
pieces,  and  the  camphor  in  fine  powder,  and  stir  them  into 
the  Goulard’s  extract,  then  pour  in  the  boiling  water. 

Soap  Liniment. — Opodeldoc.  Take  castile,  or  even 
white  soap,  three  ounces  ; oil  of  rosemary,  two  drachms ; 
oil  of  thyme,  one  drachm ; camphor,  one  ounce ; spirits  of 
wine,  one  pint.  The  camphor  is  to  be  in  fine  powder, 
and  the  soap  in  fine  shavings.  The  camphor,  oils  and 
soap  are  to  be  dissolved  in  the  spirits  of  wine.  Place  the 
vessels  holding  these  articles  by  the  fire  till  the  soap  is 
dissolved.  It  should  be  kept  in  wide-mouthed  bottles,  of 
from  four  to  six  ounces’  capacity. 

Observe. — The  oils  of  rosemary  and  thyme,  entering  into 
the  mixture,  are  not  so  much  for  their  medical  virtues  as 
for  the, fine  smell.  In  horse  and  cattle  practice,  these 
oils  can  be  dispensed  with  ; or,  add  the  same  quantity  of 
olive  oil. 

Soap  Liniment. — Common.  This  may  be  used  instead 
of  the  opodeldoc.  Take  soap  in  shavings,  four  ounces: 


OINTMENTS. 


405 


camphor, in  powder,  one  ounce;  spirits  of  wine, one  pint; 
laudanum,  half  an  ounce ; and  dissolve.  This  is  a cheap 
and  useful  liniment  for  sprains  and  bruises. 

Turpentine  Liniment. — Take  spirits,  or  oil  of  tur- 
pentine, two  ounces;  olive  oil,  two  ounces;  mix. 

Lime  Liniment. — Take  equal  parts  of  lime-water  and 
linseed  oil,  and  shake  them  well  together  till  a white,  thick, 
creamy,  or  saponaceous  compound  is  made.  This  is  used 
in  cases  of  burns  and  scalds,  whether  in  man  or  beast. 
Spread  some  of  the  liniment  on  a soft  cotton  cloth,  lay  it 
on  the  burned  part,  and  when  dry  renew  again. 

Carbolic  Acid  Liniment. — Carbolic  acid,  one  drachm; 
odve  oil,  eight  ounces ; mix.  Or,  water  alone  may  be 
used  for  ordinary  sores  instead  of  the  oil ; but  for  scratches, 
the  same  quantity  of  glycerine  will  answer  a better 
purpose. 

Creosote  Liniment. — Take  creosote,  one  ounce ; oil  of 
turpentine,  one  ounce ; olive  oil,  two  ounces ; mix.  This 
is  a favorite  liniment  for  sprains,  bruises,  and  sores,  and 
gives  relief  from  pain  when  rubbed  upon  the  sprained 
hock-joint  and  stiff  joints  generally. 

Ointments. — Blistering  Ointment.— Take  of  Span- 
ish fly,  in  powder,  one  drachm  ; hog’s  lard,  six  drachms; 
mix.  This  is  the  ordinary  blistering  ointment.  The  old 
formula  is,  one  of  Spanish  fly  to  four  of  lard.  The  weaker 
ointment  answers  the  better  purpose. 

Red  Iodide  Ointment. — Take  of  bin-iodide  of  mer- 
cury, one  drachm  ; hog’s  lard,  one  ounce  ; mix.  This  is 
the  most  useful  ointment  the  veterinary  surgeon  can 
employ,  or  possess,  for  the  cure  of  splints,  ring-bones, 
spavins,  indurated  or  hardened  tumors,  and  the  reduction 
of  enlargements  of  the  glands  of  the  neck.  Iodide  ointment 


406 


PRESCRIPTIONS  AND  PREPARATIONS. 


should  only  be  used  once  in  five  days,  or  till  the  effects  of 
the  previous  application  have  subsided  a good  deal.  This 
precaution  is  necessary  to  prevent  a blemish  being  made  by 
the  hair  falling  off  and  not  growing  again,  which  should 
always  be  avoided. 

Green  Ointment. — Take  of  simple  cerate  or  ointment, 
one  ounce;  add  one  drachm  of  verdigris  (diacetate  of 
copper),  and  mix.  This  ointment  will  heal  sores  when 
other  applications  have  failed. 

Sulphur  Ointment. — Take  of  iodide  of  sulphur,  one 
drachm  ; hog’s  lard,  one  ounce;  mix.  Used  in  mange  and 
skin  diseases. 

Zinc  Ointment. — Take  carbonate  of  zinc,  one  drachm ; 
hog’s  lard,  one  ounce  ; mix.  A good  healing  ointment. 

Liver  of  Sulphur  Ointment. — Take  of  liver  of  sul- 
phur, one  drachm  ; hog’s  lard,  one  ounce;  mix.  Used  in 
mange  and  other  skin  diseases.  A more  cleanly  and  easily 
managed  form,  performing  all  its  actions,  is  one  part  of  the 
liver  of  sulphur  to  eight  parts  of  water. 

French  Hoof  Ointment. — Take  of  olive  oil,  wax, 
lard,  honey  and  white  turpentine,  equal  parts;  dissolve,  or 
digest  over  a slow  fire.  For  black  hoofs,  a little  ivory- 
black  stirred  in  while  hot,  will  give  it  sufficient  color.  For 
blue  feet,  add  sufficient  Prussian  blue  or  indigo,  along  with 
the  ivory-black  till  a blue  tint  is  given  to  the  ointment. 

Common  Hoof  Ointment. — The  hoof  ointment  sold 
for  such,  is  composed  of  Venice  turpentine-wax,  and  suet 
in  quantities  sufficient  to  give  consistence  or  thickness  to 
the  mass.  Oil  of  tar  and  oil  of  olives,  or  some  of  the 
fish  oils,  equal  parts,  and  sufficient  lamp  or  ivory-black 
stirred  in  to  give  thickness  to  the  whole,  is  probably 
the  best  ointment  which  can  be  used  for  the  hoof  of  the 
horse. 


PLASTERS. 


407 


Plasters. — Plasters  are  not  often  called  for  in  horse 
and  cattle  diseases,  but  some  cases  arise  which  require  a 
plaster  over  the  back  or  loins,  such  as  chronic  sprains, 
lumbago,  etc.  Take  Burgundy  pitch,  four  parts;  wax, 
one  part ; camphor,  half  drachm ; Spanish  fly,  half  a 
drachm ; melt  over  a slow  fire,  spread  on  soft  leather,  and 
lay  over  the  loins  while  warm.  This  will  be  sufficient  for 
all  purposes  where  a plaster  is  indicated.  Plasters  should 
be  worn  six  weeks,  so  that  the  horse  will  reap  some  benefit 
from  them. 

Poultices.— Carrot  Poultice.— Take  of  washed 
carrots,  boil  till  soft,  strain  off  the  water,  and  bruise  the 
carrots  into  a fine  pulp  or  mass ; spread  upon  strong  cloth. 
Used  for  sores  of  an  unhealthy  kind. 

Linseed  Meal  Poultice. — Take  of  boiling  water  one 
quart,  stir  in  sufficient  linseed  meal  with  a wooden  stick 
or  spoon,  and  beat  it  well  so  as  to  have  no  lumps.  To  be 
spread  on  strong  cloth  or  canvas,  and  applied. 

Yeast  and  Charcoal  Poultice. — Take  yeast,  one 
t^int,  and  powdered  charcoal  sufficient  to  give  consistence 
to  the  whole  when  well  stirred  in.  This  is  a valuable 
poultice,  and  is  not  as  well  known  as  it  ought  to  be. 
Used  in  sores  discharging  a stinking  matter,  which  it  soon 
arrests. 

Spirits. — Proof  Spirits. — Take  rectified  spirits  of 
wine,  three  parts  by  measure;  water,  two  parts  by  meas- 
ure; mix.  This  is  the  proper  strength  for  making 
tinctures.  Keep  the  rectified  spirits  by  itself  till  wanted, 
the  water  can  be  added  when  needed. 

Spirits  of  Camphor. — Take  of  camphor,  two  and  a 
half  ounces;  rectified  spirits,  one  pint;  dissolve.  Used 
for  sprains,  bruises  and  sores. 


408 


PRESCRIPTIONS  AND  PREPARATIONS. 


Tinctures, — Tincture  of  Arnica. — Take  arnica 
flowers,  four  ounces;  alcohol  one  quart;  macerate,  or 
steep  for  one  week,  and  strain. 

Tincture  of  Aconite  Root. — Take  of  the  dried  and 
bruised  root,  four  ounces ; alcohol,  half  a pint;  macerate 
for  two  weeks,  and  strain.  This  medicine  no  farmer  can 
very  well  do  without.  Those  who  do  without  it,  do  not 
know  its  actual  value.  Twenty  drops  of  the  tincture  of 
aconite  root,  under  certain  circumstances,  is  as  valuable  as 
the  animal  which  may  stand  in  need  of  its  great  curative 
virtues.  Measured  by  its  power  in  curing  disease,  its 
weight  in  gold  is  not  its  value. 

Compound  Tincture  of  Benzoin. — Commonly  called 
Friar’s  Balsam.  Take  of  gum  benzoin,  one  and  a half 
ounces;  storax,  one  ounce ; balsam  of  tolu,  half  an  ounce; 
aloes,  in  powder,  two  drachms;  alcohol,  one  pint ; macerate 
for  one  week,  and  strain  or  filter.  Used  for  healing  sores. 

Tincture  of  Aloes  and  Myrrh. — Take  aloes,  in 
powder,  one  ounce;  saffron,  half  an  ounce;  tincture  of 
myrrh,  half  a pint;  macerate  for  two  weeks,  and  strain. 
Used  for  healing  sores  and  wounds. 

Tincture  of  Iodine. — Take  of  iodine,  half  an  ounce ; 
iodide  of  potassium,  one  ounce;  alcohol,  one  pint;  macerate 
for  a day  or  so,  and  it  is  fit  for  use.  Used  as  an  injection 
for  abcesses  and  empty  cavities.  It  is  also  used  by  some 
for  enlargements,  in  the  same  way  as  it  is  used  for  erysipe- 
las in  man,  by  painting  the  affected  part. 

Waters. — Lime-water. — Take  a lump  of  lime  or 
limestone,  of  about  a pound  weight,  lay  it  on  a soup  plate 
and  wet  it  with  water,  which  will  soon  convert  the  hard 
stone  into  a fine  powder.  Then  put  it  into  a stone  jar 
holding  a gallon  or  upwards,  fill  in  one  gallon  of  water. 


MEDICINES. 


409 


and  cork  it  closely.  It  is  now  ready  for  use  when  wanted. 
The  same  lime  may  be  used  repeatedly,  by  pouring  fresh 
water,  as  the  other  is  taken  out.  This  water  is  what  the 
lime  liniment  is  partly  composed  of. 

Tar-water. — (Bishop  Berkeley's  Receipt)  Pour  a 
gallon  ol  com  water  on  a quart  of  liquid  tar ; stir,  mix 
and  work  them  together  thoroughly,  with  a wooden  ladle, 
or  flat  stick,  for  five  or  six  minutes.  Then  let  the  vessel 
stand,  closely  covered,  for  three  days  and  nights.  Care* 
fully  skim  the  surface,  without  moving  the  vessel,  pour 
off  the  clear  solution,  and  keep  it  in  bottles  well  corked 
for  use.  This  is  a useful  medicine  for  man  and  horse  in 
chest  diseases,  and  it  would  be  well  worthy  of  a trial  in 
chronic  cough  in  the  horse. 


MEDICINES  TO  BE  KEPT  ON  HAND. 

The  following  medicines  should  be  kept  in  every  farm- 
house, where  there  are  horses  and  cows.  If  ihe  farmer 
should  not  think  it  of  sufficient  importance,  he  should  at 
least  ascertain  what  is  kept  in  the  village,  or  country  store, 
so  that  he  may  know  exactly  where  to  get  what  he  may  at 
any  moment  stand  in  need  of,  for  his  horse  or  cow,  in  case 
of  accident  or  sickness.  Medicines  should  be  kept  in 
bottles ; some  in  wide,  and  others  in  narrow-mouthed  ones. 
A plain  label  snould  be  affixed  to  every  bottle,  and  on 
those  known  to  be  poisonous,  a dark-colored  label  should 
be  used,  and  marked  Poison.  This  will  often  prevent 
mistakes  and  accident. 


410 


USEFUL  MEDICINES, 


Tincture  of  Aconite  Root. — One  ounce. 
Red  Iodide  of  Mercury. — One  drachm. 
Tincture  of  Nux  Vomica. — One  ounce. 
Spirits  of  Turpentine.-^-Two  ounces. 

Epsom  Salts. — Two  pounds. 

Simple  Cerate,  or  Ointment. — Two  ounces. 
Linseed  Oil. — One  quart. 

Aloes. — One  ounce. 

Carbonate  of  Ammonia. — One  pound. 
Gentian  Root. — Half  a pound. 

Sulphur. — Half  a pound. 

Olive  Oil. — Half  a pint. 

Chalk. — Two  pounds. 

Powdered  Opium. — One  ounce. 

Ginger. — One  pound. 

Fenugreek. — One  pound. 

Sulphate  of  Iron. — Half  a pound. 

Caustic  Potash. — Six  sticks. 

Glycerine. — Half  a pound. 

Lime-water. 

Tannin. — One  ounce. 

Catechu. — One  ounce. 

Sulphuric  Ether. — Two  ounces. 

Blue  Stone. — Two  ounces. 

Oxide  of  Zinc. — Four  ounces. 

Sulphuric  Acid. — One  pound. 

Spirits  of  Salt. — One  pound. 

Sulphite  of  Soda. — One  pound. 

Spanish  Fly. — Half  an  ounce. 

Carbolic  Acid,  (in  crystals.) — One  ounce. 
Creosote. — Half  an  ounce. 

Alcohol. — One  pint. 

Cotton,  or  Tow. — One  pound, 


MEDICINES* 


411 


L ^TJDANUM. — Two  ounces. 

N iTrate  of  Silver. — Two  sticks. 

Chloride  of  Lime. — A few  pounds. 
Powdered  Charcoal.— A few  pounds. 

Black  Oxide  of  Manganese. — Three  ounces. 
Roll  Sulphur. — Half  a pound. 

Liver  of  Sulphur. — Three  ounces. 


TABLE  OF  DOSES  ACCORDING  TO  AGE. 

If  the  dose  is  for  a full  grown  animal,  of  whatever  kind, 
let  it  be  one  ounce. 

A colt  of  one  year  will  require  one-third  of  an  ounce. 

A two  year  old  will  require  one-half  of  an  ounce. 

A three  year  old  will  require  three-fourths  of  an  ounce. 

The  same  proportion  may  be  observed  in  cattle,  from 
one  year  old  and  upwards.  But  a calf,  a week  or  two  old, 
will  require  another  division  of  dose,  still  following  the 
same  rule.  The  dose  for  a one  year  old  is  one-third  of  the 
dose  of  an  adult,  or  full  grown  ox.  Then  a dose  for  a 
calf  of  four  weeks  will  be  one-twelfth  of  that  given  to  a 
one  year  old,  and  a two  months*  old  calf  or  colt,  will 
require  one-sixth  of  that  of  a one  year  old  animal.  For  a 
one  week  old  animal,  the  dose  will  be  one-fourth  of  that 
of  the  animal  aged  four  weeks.  The  rule  and  the  dose  are 
merely  approximate,  but  it  is  the  best  and  only  plan 
we  can  offer,  as  a rule  or  guide  for  a posological  table. 
Some  persons  have  advocated  a decrease  in  the  dose  for  old 
animals.  This  I cannot  favor,  as  but  few  horses  live  to  be 
so  old  that  a full  dose  of  medicine  would  be  an  injury  to 


412 


MEDICINES. 


them.  The  great  trouble  with  aged  horses,  is  not  from  a 
failure  of  the  constitution  and  the  general  system,  but  from 
defects  in  the  teeth,  whereby  in  winter,  th  y are  nearly 
starved,  because  of  inability  to  masticate  what  they  eat. 
If  their  food  could  be  prepared,  as  is  done  for  old  men,  their 
lives  and  usefulness  would  be  prolonged;  then  it  would 
be  time  enough  to  think  of  diminishing  the  dose  for  old 
horses. 


ARTICLES  NECESSARY  FOR  MEASURING, 
WEIGHING,  ETC. 

One  pair  of  scales  and  weights  capable  of  weighing  from 
one  grain  to  one  ounce. 

Two  glass  measures,  one  measuring  from  five  drops  to 
sixty — the  other  from  one  drachm  to  six  ounces. 

One  Wedge  wood  mortar,  with  pestle  to  match. 

One  tile  for  making  ointment  upon. 

Two  spatulas,  or  round-edged  knives,  for  mixing  and 
dividing  powders,  and  mixing  ointments. 

A few  small  bottles  with  corks,  to  hold  from  one  to 
eight  ounces. 

A few  labels  for  pasting  on  the  bottles,  with  directions 
for  the  use  of  the  medicines. 

A few  labels  with  the  word  u poison.” 

A few  sponges. 

One  ox’s  horn  cut  sloping  at  the  wide  end  for  drenching 
horses  or  cattle,  which  is  better  than  a bottle.  A bottle 
made  of  block  tin,  in  the  shape  of  a champagne  bottle,  is 
& good  article  for  drenching  with. 


DISEASES  OF  POULTRY. 


Asthma. — This  common  disease  appears  to  be  caused 
by  in  obstruction  of  the  air  cells,  from  an  undue  accu- 
mviation  of  phlegm. 

Symptoms. — The  fowl  labors  for  breath,  in  conse- 
quence of  not  being  able  to  take  in  the  usual  quantity 
of  air  at  an  inspiration.  The  capacity  of  the  lufigs  is 
thereby  diminished,  the  lining  membrane  of  the  wind- 
pipe becomes  thickened,  and  its  minute  branches  are 
more  or  less  affected.  Another  variety  of  asthma  is 
induced  by  fright,  or  undue  excitement.  It  is  some- 
times produced  by  chasing  the  fowls  to  catch  them,  by 
seizing  them  suddenly,  or  by  their  fighting  with  each 
other.  In  these  cases,  a blood  vessel  is  often  ruptured, 
and  sometimes  one  or  more  of  the  air  cells.  The  symp~ 
toms  are,  short  breathing,  opening  of  the  beak  often, 
and  for  quite  a time ; heaving  and  panting  of  the  chest ; 
and,  in  case  of  a rupture  of  a bloodvessel,  a drop  of 
blood  appearing  on  the  beak. 

Treatment. — Confirmed  asthma  is  difficult  to  cure. 
For  the  disease  in  its  incipient  state,  the  fowl  should  be 
kept  warm,  and  treated  with  repeated  dorses  of  hippo- 
powder  and  sulphur,  mixed  with  butter,  with  the  addi- 
tion of  a small  quantity  of  Cayenne  pepper. 

Gostiveness. — The  existence  of  this  disorder  will 
become  apparent  by  observing  the  unsuccessful  attempts 
%f  the  fowl  to  relieve  itself.  It  frequently  results  from 
continued  feeding  on  dry  diet,  without  access  to  green 

f413) 


414 


DISEASES  OF  POULTRY. 


vegetables.  Indeed  without  the  use  of  these,  or  some 
substitute — such  as  mashed  potatoes — costiveness  is 
certain  to  ensue.  The  want  of  a sufficient  supply  of 
good  water  will  also  occasion  the  disease,  on  account  of 
that  peculiar  structure  of  the  fowl,  which  renders  them 
unable  to  void  their  urine,  except  in  connection  with 
the  faces  of  solid  food,  and  through  the  same  channel 

Treatment. — Soaked  bread,  with  warm  skimmed-milk 
is  a mild  remedial  agent,  and  will  usually  suffice 
Boiled  carrots  or  cabbage  are  more  efficient.  A meal 
of  earth-worms  is  sometimes  advisable;  and  hot  pota- 
toes, mixed  with  bacon-fat,  are  said  to  be  excellent- 
Castor-oil  and  burned  butter  will  remove  the  most 
obstinate  cases ; though  a clyster  (injection)  of  oil,  in 
addition,  may  sometimes  be  required  to  effect  a cure. 

Diarrhoea. — Symptoms. — Lassitude  and  emaciation  : 
and,  in  very  severe  cases,  the  voiding  of  calcareous 
matter,  white  streaked  with  yellow.  This  resembles 
the  yolk  of  a stale  egg,  and  clings  to  the  feathers  near 
the  vent.  It  becomes  acrid,  from  the  presence  of 
ammonia,  and  causes  inflammation,  which  speedily 
extends  throughout  the  intestines. 

Treatment. — If  the  disease  is  brought  on  by  a diet  of 
green  or  soft  food,  the  food  must  be  changed,  and  water 
sparingly  given ; if  it  arises  from  undue  acidity,  chalk 
mixed  with  meal  is  advantageous,  but  rice-flour  boluses 
are  most  reliable.  Alum-water  of  moderate  strength  is 
also  beneficial.  In  cases  of  bloody  flux,  boiled  rice  and 
milk,  given  warm,  with  a little  magnesia  or  chalk,  may 
be  successfully  used. 

Fever. — The  most  decided  species  of  fever  to  which 
fowls  are  subject  occurs  at  the  period  of  hatching,  i 


INDIGESTION. 


415 


state  of  fever  may  also  be  observed  when  they  are  about 
to  lay.  Fighting  also  frequently  occasions  fever,  which 
sometimes  proves  fatal. 

Symptoms. — An  increased  circulation  of  the  blood; 
excessive  heat,  and  restlessness. 

Treatment. — Light  food  and  change  of  air ; and  if 
necessary,  aperient  medicine,  such  as  castor  oil,  with  a 
little  burned  butter. 

Indigestion. — Symptoms. — Heaviness,  moping,  keep- 
ing away  from  the  nest,  and  want  of  appetite. 

Treatment. — Lessen  the  quantity  of  food,  and  oblige 
the  fowl  to  exercise  in  an  open  walk.  Give  some  pow- 
dered Cayenne  and  gentian,  mixed  with  the  usual  food. 
Iron-rust,  mixed  with  soft  food,  or  diffused  in  water,  is 
an  excellent  tonic,  and  is  indicated  when  there  is 
atrophy,  or  diminution  of  the  flesh.  It  may  be  com- 
bined with  oats  or  grain.  Milk-warm  ale  has  a good 
effect,  when  added  to  the  diet  of  diseased  fowls. 

Lice. — Treatment. — Whitewash  frequently  all  the 
parts  adjacent  to  the  roosting-pole,  take  the  poles  down 
and  run  them  slowly  through  a fire  made  of  wood 
shavings,  dry  weeds,  or  other  light  waste  combustibles. 
Flour  of  sulphur,  placed  in  a vessel,  and  set  on  fire  in 
a close  poultry-house,  will  penetrate  every  crevice  and 
effectually  exterminate  the  vermin.  When  a hen 
eomes  off  with  her  brood,  the  old  nest  should  be  cleaned 
out,  and  a new  one  placed ; and  dry  tobacco-leaves, 
rubbed  to  a powder  between  the  hands,  and  mixed  with 
the  hay  of  the  nest,  will  add  much  to  the  health  of  the 
poultry. 

Flour  of  sulphur  may  also  be  mixed  with  Indian- 
meal  and  water,  and  fed  in  the  proportion  of  one  pound 


416 


DISEASES  OF  POULTRY. 


of  sulphur  to  two  dozen  fowls,  in  two  parcels,  two  days 
apart.  Almost  any  kind  of  grease,  or  unctuous  matter, 
is  also  certain  death  to  the  vermin  of  domestic  poultry. 
In  the  case  of  very  young  chickens,  it  should  only  be 
used  on  a warm,  sunny  day,  when  they  should  be  put 
into  a coop  with  their  mother,  the  coop  darkened  for 
an  hour  or  two,  and  everything  made  quiet,  that  they 
may  secure  a good  rest  and  nap  after  the  fatigue  occa- 
sioned by  greasing  them.  They  should  be  handled 
with  great  care,  and  greased  thoroughly ; the  hen,  also. 
After  resting,  they  may  be  permitted  to  come  out  and 
bask  in  the  sun ; and  in  a few  days  they  will  look 
sprightly  enough. 

To  guard  against  vermin,  however,  it  should  not  be 
forgotten  that  cleanliness  is  of  vital  importance;  and 
there  must  always  be  plenty  of  slacked  lime,  dry  ashes, 
and  sand,  easy  of  access  to  the  fowls,  in  which  they  can 
roll  and  dust  themselves. 

Loss  of  Feathers. — This  disease,  common  to  con- 
fined fowls, should  not  be  confounded  with  the  natural 
process  of  moulting.  In  this  diseased  state,  no  new 
feathers  come  to  replace  the  old,  but  the  fowl  is  left 
bald  and  naked  ; a sort  of  roughness  also  appears  on 
the  skin;  there  is  a falling  off  in  appetite, as  well  as 
moping  and  inactivity. 

Treatment. — As  this  affection  is,  in  all  probability, 
constitutional  rather  than  local,  external  remedies  may 
not  always  prove  sufficient.  Stimulants,  however,  ap- 
plied externally,  will  serve  to  assist  the  operation  of 
whatever  medicine  may  be  given.  Sulphur  may  be 
thus  applied,  mixed  with  lard.  Sulphur  and  Cayenne, 
in  the  proportion  of  one  quarter  each,  mixed  with  fresb 


PIP. 


417 


butter,  is  good  to  be  given  internally,  and  will  act  as  a 
powerful  alterative.  The  diet  should  be  changed  ; and 
cleanliness  and  fresh  air  are  indispensable. 

In  diseased  moulting,  where  the  feathers  stare  and  fall 
off  till  the  naked  skin  appears,  sugar  should  be  added 
to  the  water  which  the  fowls  drink,  and  corn  and  hemp- 
seed  be  given.  The  fowls  should  be  kept  warm,  and 
occasionally  be  treated  to  doses  of  Cayenne  pepper. 

Pip  . — This  disorder,  known  also  as  the  gapes,  is  by 
the  best  authorities  said  to  be  occasioned  by  the  presence 
of  worms  in  the  windpipe. 

Symptoms. — A thickened  state  of  the  membrane  of 
the  tongue,  particularly  toward  the  tip;  the  breathing 
is  impeded,  and  the  beak  is  frequently  held  open,  as  if 
the  creature  were  gasping  for  breath  ; the  beak  becomes 
yellow  at  its  base ; and  the  feathers  on  the  head  appear 
ruffled  and  disordered;  the  tongue  is  very  dry;  the 
appetite  is  not  always  impaired,  and  yet  the  fowl  can- 
not eat,  probably  on  account  of  the  difficulty  which^the 
act  involves,  and  sits  in  a corner  pining  in  solitude. 

Treatment. — Most  people  recommend  the  immediate 
removal  of  the  thickened  membrane,  which  can  be 
effected  by  anointing  the  part  with  butter  or  fresh 
cream.  If  necessary,  the  scab  may  be  pricked  with  a 
needle.  It  will  also  be  found  beneficial  to  use  a pill  . 
composed  of  equal  parts  of  scraped  garlic  and  horse- 
radish, with  as  much  Cayenne  pepper  as  will  outweigh 
a grain  of  wheat;  to  be  mixed  with  fresh  butter,  and 
given  every  morning ; the  fowl  to  be  kept  warm. 

If  the  disease  is  in  an  advanced  state,  shown  by  the 
chicken’s  holding  up  its  head  and  gasping  for  want  of 
breath,  the  fowl  should  be  thrown  on  its  back,  and 
while  the  neck  is  held  straight,  the  bill  should  be 


418 


DISEASES  OF  POULTRY. 


opened  and  a quill  inserted  into  the  windpipe,  with  a 
little  turpentine.  This,  being  round,  will  loosen  and 
destroy  a number  of  small  red  worms,  some  of  which 
will  be  drawn  up  by  the  feather,  and  others  will  be 
coughed  up  by  the  chicken.  The  operation  should  be 
repeated  the  following  day,  if  the  gaping  continues.  If 
it  ceases  the  cure  is  effected. 

It  is  stated,  also,  that  the  disease  has  been  entirely 
prevented  by  mixing  a small  quantity  of  spirits  of 
turpentine  with  the  food  of  fowls;  from  five  to  ten 
drops  to  a pint  of  meal,  to  be  made  into  a dough.  An- 
other specific  recommended  is  to  keep  iron  standing  in 
vinegar,  and  put  a little  of  the  liquid  in  the  food  every 
few  days. 

Roup. — This  disease  is  caused  mainly  by  cold  and 
moisture ; but  it  is  often  ascribed  to  improper  feeding 
and  want  of  cleanliness  and  exercise. 

Symptoms. — Difficult  and  noisy  breathing  and  gap- 
ing, terminating  in  a rattling  in  the  throat;  the 
bead  swells,  and  is  feverish  ; the  eyes  are  swollen  and 
the  eye-lids  appear  livid  ; the  sight  decays,  and  some- 
times total  blindness  ensues ; there  are  discharges  from 
the  nostrils  and  mouth,  at  first  thin  and  limpid,  after- 
ward thick,  purulent,  and  fetid.  In  this  stage,  which 
resembles  the  glanders  in  horses,  the  disease  becomes 
infectious ; the  appetite  fails,  except  for  drink ; the  crop 
feels  hard  ; the  feathers  are  staring,  ruffled,  and  without 
the  gloss  that  appears  in  health  ; the  fowl  mopes  by 
itself  and  seems  to  suffer  much  pain. 

Treatment. — The  fowls  should  be  kept  warm  and  have 
plenty  of  water  and  scalded  bran,  or  other  light  food. 
When  chronic,  change  of  food  and  air  is  advisable. 
The  ordinary  remedies — such  a^jsalt  dissolved  in  water 


WOUNDS  AND  SORES. 


419 


•—are  inefficacious.  A solution  of  sulphate  of  zinc,  as 
an  eye- water,  is  a valuable  cleansing  application.  Rue* 
pills,  and  a decoction  of  rue  as  a tonic,  have  been 
administered  with  apparent  benefit. 

The  following  is  recommended : 


Powdered  Gentian  Root  .........  1 part. 

Jamaica  Ginger . ...»•••••..  1 part. 

Epsom  Salts 1 J parts. 

Flour  of  Sulphur  1 part. 


To  be  made  up  with  butter,  and  given  every  morning. 
Or,  treat  as  follows : 

As  soon  as  discovered,  if  in  warm  weather,  remove 
the  affected  fowls  to  some  well  ventilated  apartment,  or 
yard  ; if  in  winter,  to  some  warm  place ; then  give  a 
dessert-spoonful  of  castor-oil,  wash  their  heads  with 
warm  Castile  soap  suds,  and  let  them  remain  till  next 
morning,  fasting.  Scald  for  them  Indian-meal,  adding 
two  and  a half  ounces  of  Epsom  salts  for  ten  hens,  or 
in  proportion  for  a less  or  larger  number ; give  it  warm, 
and  repeat  the  dose  in  a day  or  two,  if  they  do  not 
recover. 

Another  treatment : Take  of  finely  pulverized,  fresh* 
burnt  charcoal,  and  of  new  yeast,  each  three  parts ; of 
pulverized  sulphur,  two  parts;  ot  flour,  one  part;  of 
water,  a sufficient  quantity ; mix  well,  and  make  into 
two  doses,  of  the  size  of  a hazle-nut,  and  give  one  three 
times  a day.  Cleanliness  is  no  less  necessary  than 
warmth ; and  it  will  sometimes  be  desirable  to  bathe 
the  eyes  and  nostrils  with  warm  milk  and  water,  or 
suds,  as  convenient 

Wounds  and  Sores. — Cleanliness  is  the  first  step 
toward  a cure.  The  wound  should  be  cleaned  of  all 
foreign  matter,  washed  with  tepid  milk  and  water,  and 


420 


DISEASES  OF  POULTRY. 


excluded  as  far  as  possible  from  the  air.  The  fowl 
should  be  removed  from  its  companions,  which,  in  such 
cases,  seldom  or  never  show  any  sympathy,  but,  on  the 
contrary,  are  always  ready  to  assault  the  invalid,  and 
aggravate  the  injury.  Should  the  wound  not  readily 
heal,  but  ulcerate,  it  may  be  bathed  with  alum  water. 
The  ointment  of  creosote  is  said  to  be  effectual,  even 
when  the  ulcers  exhibits  a fungous  character,  or  proud 
flesh  is  present.  Ulcers  may  also  be  kept  clean,  if 
dressed  with  a little  lard,  or  washed  with  a weak  solu- 
tion of  sugar  of  lead.  If  they  are  indolent,  they  may 
be  touched  with  blue-stone.  When  severe  fractures 
occur  to  the  limbs  of  fowls,  the  best  course,  undoubtedly, 
to  pursue — unless  they  are  very  valuable — is  to  kill 
them  at  once,  as  an  act  of  humanity.  When,  however, 
it  is  deemed  worth  while  to  preserve  them,  splints  may 
be  used,  when  practicable.  Great  cleanliness  must  be 
observed  ; the  diet  should  be  reduced  ; and  every  pre- 
caution taken  against  the  inflammation  which  is  sure 
to  supervene.  When  it  is  established,  cooling  lotions— 
such  as  warm  milk  and  water — may  be  applied. 


DISEASES  OF  SWINE. 


Bv  reason  of  being  generally  considered  a subordi- 
nate species  of  stock,  swine  do  not,  in  many  cases,  share 
in  the  benefits  which  an  improved  system  of  agriculture 
and  the  present  advanced  state  of  veterinary  science 
have  conferred  upon  other  domestic  animals.  Since 
they  are  by  no  means  the  most  tractable  of  patients,  it 
is  anything  but  an  easy  matter  to  compel  them  to 
swallow  anything  to  which  their  appetite  does  not  incite 
them  ; therefore,  prevention  will  be  found  better  than 
cure.  Cleanliness  is  the  great  point  to  be  insisted  upon 
in  the  management  of  these  animals.  If  this  and 
warmth  be  only  attended  to,  ailments  among  them  are 
comparatively  rare. 

Catching  a Pig. — The  following  method  of  catching 

a pig  has  been  recommended  : Fasten  a double  cord  to 
the  end  of  a stick,  and  beneath  the  stick  let  there  be  a 
running  noose ; tie  a piece  of  bread  to  the  cord,  and 
present  it  to  the  animal ; and  when  he  opens  his  mouth 
to  seize  the  bait,  catch  the  upper  jaw  in  the  noose,  run 
it  tight,  and  the  animal  is  fast.  Another  method  is  to 
catch  one  foot  in  a running  noose  suspended  from  some 
place,  so  as  to  draw  the  imprisoned  foot  off  the  ground ; 
or,  to  envelop  the  head  of  the  animal  in  a cloth  or  sack. 

Drenching. — Whenever  it  is  possible,  the  medicine 
to  be  administered  should  be  mingled  with  a portion 
of  food,  and  the  animal  thus  cheated  or  coaxed  into 

(421) 


422 


DISEASES  OF  SWINE. 


taking  it ; since  many  instances  are  on  record  in  which 
the  pig  has  ruptured  some  vessel  in  his  struggles,  and 
died  on  the  spot,  or  so  injured  himself  as  to  bring  on 
inflammation  and  subsequent  death.  Where  this  cam 
not  be  done,  let  a man  get  the  head  of  the  animal  firmly 
between  his  knees — without,  however,  pinching  it — 
while  another  secures  the  hinder  parts.  Then  let  the 
first  take  hold  of  the  head  from  below,  raise  it  a little, 
and  incline  it  slightly  toward  the  right,  at  the  same 
time  separating  the  lips  on  the  left  side  so  as  to  form  a 
hole  into  which  the  fluid  may  be  gradually  poured — 
no  more  being  introduced  into  the  mouth  at  a time 
than  can  be  swallowed  at  once.  Should  the  animal 
snort  or  choke,  the  head  must  be  released  for  a few 
moments,  or  he  will  be  in  danger  of  being  strangled. 

Catarrh. — This  ailment,  an  inflammation  of  the 
mucous  membranes  of  the  nose,  etc.,  caused  by  exposure 
to  draughts,  is,  if  taken  in  time,  easily  cured  by  opening 
medicines,  followed  by  warm  bran-wash  ; a warm,  dry 
sty,  and  abstinence  from  rich  grains  or  stimulating 
farinaceous  diet. 

Cholera. — Symptoms. — The  animal  appears  to  be 
instantaneously  deprived  of  energy;  loss  of  appetite; 
lying  down  by  himself,  occasionally  moving  about 
slowly,  as  though  experiencing  some  slight  uneasiness 
internally ; the  eyes  have  a very  dull  and  sunken  ap- 
pearance,  which  increases  with  the  disease ; the  evacu- 
ations are  almost  continuous,  of  a dark  color,  having  a 
fetid  odor,  and  containing  a large  quantity  of  bile ; the 
extremities  are  cold,  and  soreness  is  evinced  when  the 
abdomen  is  pressed;  the  pulse  is  quickened,  and  some- 
times hardly  perceptible,  while  the  buccal  membrane— » 


DIARRHCEA,. 


423 


that  belonging  to  the  cheek — presents  a slight  purple 
hue ; the  tongue  has  a furred  appearance.  The  evacu- 
ations continue  fluid  until  the  animal  expires,  which 
may  he  in  twelve  hours  from  the  first  attack,  or  the 
disease  may  run  on  for  several  days. 

Treatment. — As  a preventative,  the  following  will  bo 
found  valuable : 


Flour  of  Sulphur  . • • . • ..6  1b, 

Animal  Charcoal  -lib. 

Sulphate  of  Iron 6 oz. 

Cinchona  (pulverized) . . . 1 lb. 


Mix  well  together  in  a large  mortar;  afterwards  give 
at  tablespoonful  to  each  animal,  mixed  with  a few  potato 
peelings  and  corn  meal,  three  times  a day.  Continue 
this  for  one  week,  keeping  the  animal  at  the  same  time 
in  a clean,  dry  place,  and  not  allowing  too  many  to- 
gether. 

Crackings. — These  will  sometimes  appear  on  the 
skin  of  a hog,  especially  about  the  root  of  the  ears  and 
of  the  tail,  and  at  the  flanks.  They  are  not  at  all  to  be 
confounded  with  mange,  as  they  never  result  from  any- 
thing but  exposures  to  the  extremes  of  temperature. 

Treatment. — Anoint  the  cracked  parts  twice  or  three 
times  a day  with  tar  and  lard,  well  melted  up  together. 

Diarrhoea. — When  this  disease  is  manifest,  ascertain 
at  once  the  quality  of  food  which  the  animal  has  recently 
had. 

If  taken  in  its  incipient  stage,  a mere  change  to  a 
more  binding  diet,  as  corn,  flour,  etc.,  will  suffice  for  a 
cure.  If  acidity  is  present — produced,  probably,  by 
the  hog’s  having  fed  upon  coarse,  rank  grasses,  in 
swampy  places — give  some  chalk  in  the  food,  or  pow* 


424 


DISEASES  OF  SWINE. 


dered  egg-shells,  with  about  half  a drachm  of  powdered 
rhubarb ; the  dose,  of  course,  should  vary  with  the  size 
of  the  animal.  In  the  acorn  season,  they  alone  will  be 
found  sufficiently  curative.  Dry  lodging  is  indispens- 
able ; and  diligence  is  requisite  to  keep  it  dry  and 
clean. 

Fever. — Symptoms. — Redness  of  the  eyes,  dryness  and 
heat  of  the  nostrils,  the  lips,  and  the  skin  generally; 
appetite  gone,  or  very  defective;  and,  generally,  a very 
violent  thirst. 

Treatment. — Bleed  as  soon  as  possible;  after  which 
house  the  animal  well,  taking  care,  at  the  same  time, 
to  have  the  sty  well  and  thoroughly  ventilated.  With 
a return  of  appetite,  feed  the  animal  bread  steeped  in 
broth. 

The  fever  will  ordinarily  yield  to  bleeding,  and  the 
only  object  needs  to  be  the  support  of  his  strength,  by 
small  portions  of  nourishing  food,  administered  fre- 
quently. 

Do  not  let  the  animal  eat  as  much  as  his  inclination 
might  prompt;  when  he  appears  to  be  no  longer 
ravenous,  remove  the  mess,  and  do  not  offer  it  again 
until  after  a lapse  of  three  or  four  hours.  If  the  bowels 
are  confined,  castor  and  linseed  oil,  in  equal  quantities, 
should  be  added  to  the  bread  and  broth,  in  the  propor- 
tion of  two  to  six  ounces. 

A species  of  epizootic  fever  is  often  caused  by  the  bad 
sties  in  which  pigs  are  lodged,  and  the  noisome  food 
which  they  contain.  When  an  animal  is  attacked  he 
should  be  separated  from  the  others,  placed  in  a warm 
situation,  some  stimulating  ointment  applied  to  the 
chest,  and  a decoction  of  sorrel  administered.  Fric- 
tions of  vinegar  should  also  be  applied  to  the  dorsal 


FOUL  SKIN. 


425 


and  lumbar  region.  The  drinks  should  he  emollient, 
slightly  imbued  with  nitre  and  vinegar,  and  with  aro- 
matic fumigation  about  the  belly.  If  the  fever  then 
appears  to  be  losing  ground,  which  may  be  ascertained 
by  the  regularity  of  the  pulse,  by  the  absence  of  the 
plaintive  cries  before  heard,  by  a less  laborious  respira- 
tion, by  the  absence  of  convulsions  and  by  the  non- 
appearance  of  blotches  on  the  skin,  there  is  a fair  chance 
of  recovery.  Then  administer  every  second  hour,  as 
before  directed,  and  give  a proper  allowance  of  white 
water,  with  ground  barley  and  rye.  When  the  symp- 
toms redouble  in  intensity,  it  is  best  to  destroy  the 
animal,  for  it  is  rare  that,  after  a certain  period,  much 
chance  of  recovery  exists.  Bleeding  is  seldom  of  much 
avail,  but  produces,  occasionally,  considerable  loss  of 
vital  power,  and  augments  the  putrid  diathesis. 

Foul  Skin. — A simple  irritability  or  foulness  of  skin 
will  usually  yield  to  cleanliness,  and  a washing  with  a 
solution  of  chloride  of  lime ; but,  if  it  is  neglected  for 
any  length  of  time,  it  assumes  a malignant  character — - 
scabs  and  blotches,  or  red  and  fiery  eruptions  appear- 
and the  disease  rapidly  passes  into  mange. 

Inflammation  of  the  Lungs  (Heavings). — If  this 
disease  is  observed  in  its  first  stage,  when  indicated  by 
loss  of  appetite  and  a short,  hard  cough,  it  may  be 
possible  to  get  it  under  control  by  copious  bleeding, 
and  friction,  with  stimulating  ointment  on  the  region 
of  the  lungs.  Minute  and  frequent  doses  of  tartar 
emetic  should  also  be  given  in  butter — all  food  of  a 
stimulating  nature  carefully  avoided — and  the  animal 
kept  dry  and  warm.  If  once  the  heaving  set  in,  it  may 
be  calculated  with  confidence  that  the  formation  erf 


426 


DISEASES  OP  SWINE. 


/ 

tubercles  in  the  substance  of  the  lung  has  begun  : and 
when  these  are  formed,  they  are  very  rarely  absorbed. 

The  causes  of  the  disease  are  damp  lodging,  foul  air, 
want  of  ventilation,  and  unwholesome-food.  The  dis- 
ease gradually  becomes  infectious.  The  knife  is  prob- 
ably the  best  resort  to  provide  against  the  danger  of 
infection, but  the  following  remedy  may  be  tried  : Shave 
the  hair  away  from  the  chest,  and  beneath  each  fore- 
leg; wet  the  parts  with  spirits  of  turpentine,  and  set 
fire  to  it,  having  previously  had  the  animal  well  secured, 
with  his  head  well  raised,  and  a flannel  cloth  at  hand 
with  which  to  extinguish  the  flames  after  it  has  burned 
a sufficient  time  to  produce  slight  blisters ; if  carried 
too  far,  a sore  is  formed,  productive  of  no  good  effects, 
and  causing  unnecessary  suffering.  Calomel  may  also 
be  used,  with  a view  to  promote  the  absorption  of  the 
tubercles ; but  the  success  is  questionable. 

Jaundice. — Symptoms. — Yellowness  of  the  white  of 
the  eye;  a similar  hue  extending  to  the  lips;  some- 
times, but  not  invariably,  swelling  of  the  under  part  of 
the  jaw. 

Treatment. — Bleed  freely;  diminish  the  quantity  of 
food ; and  give  an  active  aperient  every  second  day. 
Aloes  are,  perhaps,  the  best  combined  with  colocynth; 
the  dose  will  vary  with  the  size  of  the  animal. 

Leprosy. — Symptoms. — The  formation  of  a small 
tumor  in  the  eye,  followed  by  a general  prostration  of 
spirits;  the  head  is  held  down;  the  whole  frame  in- 
clines toward  the  ground  ; universal  languor  succeeds; 
the  animal  refuses  food,  languishes,  and  rapidly  falls 
away  in  flesh  ; blisters  soon  make  their  appearance  be- 
neath the  tongue,  then  upon  the  throat,  the  jaws,  the 


MANGE. 


427 


head,  and  the  entire  body.  The  causes  of  this  disease 
are  want  of  cleanliness,  absence  of  fresh  air,  want  of 
due  attention  to  ventilation,  and  foul  feeding. 

Treatment. — First  bleed,  then  clean  out  the  sty  daily  ; 
wash  the  animal ; rinse  thoroughly  with  soap  and  water, 
to  which  soda  or  potash  has  been  added  ; supply  him 
with  a clean  bed;  keep  him  dry  and  comfortable;  let 
him  have  gentle  exercise,  and  plenty  of  fresh  air;  limit 
the  quantity  of  his  food,  and  diminish  its  rankness; 
give  bran  with  wash,  in  which  add — for  an  average- 
sized hog — say  one  of  one  hundred  and  sixty  pounds’ 
weight — a tablespoonful  of  the  flour  of  sulphur,  with  as 
much  nitre  as  will  cover  a dime,  daily.  A few  grains 
of  powdered  antimony  may  also  be  given  with  effect. 

Lethargy. —Symptoms.— Torpor ; desire  to  sleep ; 
hanging  of  the  head;  and,  frequently,  redness  of  the 
eyes.  The  origin  of  this  disease  is,  apparently,  the 
same  as  that  of  indigestion,  or  surfeit. 

Treatment. — Bleed  copiously ; then  administer  an 
emetic.  A decoction  of  chamomile  flower  will  be  safest ; 
though  a sufficient  dose  of  tartar  emetic  will  be  far 
more  certain.  After  this,  reduce  for  a few  days  the 
amount  of  the  animal’s  food,  and  administer  a small 
portion  of  nitre  and  sulphur  in  each  morning’s  meal. 

Mange. — Symptoms. — Scabs, blotches,  and  sometimes 
multitudes  of  minute  pustules  on  different  parts  of  the 
body.  The  disease  spreads  rapidly  over  the  entire  sur- 
face of  the  skin,  and  will,  before  long,  produce  deep 
seated  ulcers  and  malignant  sores,  until  the  whole 
carcass  of  the  affected  animal  becomes  a mass  of  cor- 
ruption. 

The  cause  is  to  be  looked  for  in  contagion  or  dirt, 
accompanied  bv  hot. feeding- 


(28 


DISEASES  OF  SWINE. 


Treatment. — Wash  the  animal  from  snout  to  tail, 
'leaving  no  portion  of  the  body  uncleansed,  with  soap 
and  water.  Place  him  in  a dry  and  clean  sty,  with 
fresh  air,  without,  at  the  same  time,  an  exposure  to  cold 
or  draught ; furnish  a bed  of  clean,  fresh  straw.  Re- 
duce his  food,  both  in  quality  and  quantity.  Let  boiled 
or  steamed  roots,  with  buttermilk  or  dairy-wash,  take 
the  place  of  any  food  of  a heating  or  inflammatory 
character.  Keep  him  without  food  for  five  or  six  hours, 
&nd  then  give  to  a hog  of  average  size  two  ounces  of 
Epsom  salts  in  a warm  bran-mash — to  be  increased  or 
diminished,  of  course,  as  the  animal’s  size  may  require. 
This  should  be  previously  mixed  with  a pint  of  warm 
water,  and  added  to  about  half  a gallon  of  warm  bran- 
mash,  and  it  will  act  as  a gentle  purgative.  Give  in 
every  meal  afterward  one  tablespoonful  of  flour  of 
sulphur,  and  as  much  nitre  as  will  cover  a dime,  for 
from  three  days  to  a week,  according  to  the  state  of  the 
disease.  When  this  treatment  has  been  practiced  for 
fourteen  days,  without  affecting  a cure,  prepare  the 
following : 

Train  Oil  1 pt. 

Oil  of  Tar  . - 2 dr. 

Spirits  of  Turpentine  .......  2 dr. 

Naphtha 1 dr. 

With  as  much  flour  of  sulphur  as  will  form  the  fore- 
going into  a thick  paste.  Having  washed  the  animal, 
rub  him  over  with  this  mixture.  Keep  him  dry  and 
warm  after  this  application,  and  allow  it  to  remain  on 
h:s  skin  for  three  days.  On  the  fourth  day  wash  him 
again  with  soft-soap,  adding  a small  quantity  of  soda 
to  the  water.  Dry  him  well  afterward,  and  let  him 
remain  as  he  is,  having  again  changed  his  bedding,  for 
a day  or  so ; continue  the  sulphur  and  nitre  as  before. 


MEASLES. 


429 


Almost  all  cases  of  mange  will  yield  to  this  treatment. 
After  he  is  convalescent,  whitewash  the  sty,  and  fumi- 
gate it  by  placing  a little  chloride  of  lime  in  a cup  or 
other  vessel,  and  pouring  a little  vitriol  upon  it.  In 
the  absence  of  vitriol,  boiling  water  will  answer  nearly 
as  well. 

Measles. — This  malady  is  attributable  to  dirt,  com-^ 
bined  with  the  giving  of  steamed  food  or  wash  to  hogs 
at  too  high  a temperature. 

Symptoms. — Redness  of  the  eyes,  foulness  of  the  skin, 
and  depression  of  spirits  ; decline,  or  total  departure  of 
the  appetite ; small  pustules  about  the  throat,  and  red 
and  purple  eruptions  on  the  skin.  The  last  are  more 
plainly  visible  after  death,  when  they  impart  a peculiar 
appearance  to  the  grain  of  the  meat,  with  fading  of  its 
color,  and  distention  of  the  fibre,  giving  an  appearance 
similar  to  that  which  might  be  produced  by  puncturing 
the  flesh. 

Treatment. — Allow  the  animal  to  fast,  in  the  first 
instance,  for  twenty-four  hours,  and  then  administer  a 
warm  drink,  containing  a drachm  of  carbonate  of  soda, 
and  an  ounce  of  bole  armenian  ; wash  the  animal, 
cleanse  the  sty,  and  change  the  bedding : give  at  every 
feeding,  or  three  times  a day,  thirty  grains  of  flour  of 
sulphur,  and  ten  of  nitre. 

Murrain. — This  resembles  leprosy  in  its  symptoms , 
with  the  addition  of  staggering,  shortness  of  breath,  and 
discharge  of  viscid  matter  from  the  eyes  and  mouth. 

Treatment. — Cleanliness,  coolness,  bleeding,  purging, 
and  limitation  of  food.  Cloves  of  garlic  are  recom* 
mended. 


430 


DISEASES  OF  SWINE. 


Quinsy. — This  is  an  inflammatory  affection  of  the 
glands  of  the  throat. 

Treatment. — Shave  away  the  hair  and  rub  with  tartar- 
emetic  ointment.  Fomenting  with  very  warm  water 
'is  also  useful.  When  external  suppuration  takes  place, 
it  is  to  be  regarded  as  a favorable  symptom.  In  this 
case,  wait  until  the  swellings  are  thoroughly  ripe ; then 
with  a sharp  knife  make  an  incision  through  the  entire 
length,  press  out  the  matter,  wash  with  warm  water, 
and  afterward  dress  the  wound  with  any  resinous  oint- 
ment, or  yellow  soap  with  coarse  brown  sugar. 

Staggers. — Treatment. — Bleed  freely  and  purge. 

Swelling  of  the  Spleen. — Symptoms. — Leaning  to 
one  side,  cringing,  as  it  were,  from  internal  pain,  and 
bending  toward  the  ground.  The  cause  of  the  obstruc- 
tion on  which  the  disease  depends,  is  over-feeding. 

Treatment. — Clean  out  the  alimentary  canal  by  means 
of  a powerful  aperient.  Allow  the  animal  to  fast  for 
four  or  five  hours,  when  he  will  take  a little  sweet  wash 
or  broth,  in  which  may  be  mingled  a dose  of  Epsom 
salts  proportioned  to  his  size.  If  the  affection  has  con- 
tinued for  any  length  the  animal  should  be  bled.  A 
decoction  of  the  leaves  and  tops  of  wormwood  and  liver- 
wort, produced  by  boiling  them  in  soft  water  for  six 
hours,  may  be  given  in  doses  of  from  half  a pint  to  a 
pint  and  a half,  according  to  the  size,  age,  etc.,  of  the 
animal.  Scammony  and  rhubarb,  mixed  in  a bran 
wash,  or  with  Indian  meal,  may  be  given  with  advan- 
tage on  the  following  day ; or,  equal  portions  of  blue- 
pill  mass  and  compound  colocynth  pill,  formed  into  a 
bolus  with  butter.  The  animal  having  been  kept 
fasting  the  previous  night,  will  probably  swallow  it ; 
if  not,  let  his  fast  continue  a couple  of  hours  longer. 


SURFEIT. 


431 


Surfeit* — This  is  another  name  for  indigestion. 

Symptoms. — Panting ; loss  of  appetite ; swelling  of  the 
region  about  the  stomach,  etc. ; and  frequently  throwing 
up  the  contents  of  the  stomach. 

Treatment. — In  general,  this  affection  will  pass  away, 
provided  it  is  allowed  to  cure  itself,  and  all  food  care- 
fully kept  from  the  animal  for  a few  hours;  a small 
quantity  of  sweet  grains,  with  a little  bran  mash,  may 
then  be  given,  but  not  nearly  as  much  as  the  animal 
would  wish  to  take.  For  a few  days  the  food  should 
be  limited  in  quantity,  and  of  a washy,  liquid  nature. 
The  ordinary  food  may  then  be  resumed,  only  observing 
to  feed  regularly,  and  remove  the  fragments  remaining 
after  each  meal. 

Tumors. — These  are  hard  swellings,  which  make 
their  appearance  on  different  parts  of  the  body.  They 
are  nokformidable,  and  require  only  to  be  suffered  to 
progress  until  they  soften : then  make  a free  incision, 
and  press  out  the  matter.  Sulphur  and  nitre  should 
be  given  in  the  food,  as  the  appearance  of  these  swell- 
ings, whatever  be  their  cause,  indicates  the  necessity  of 
alterative  medicines. 


DISEASES  OF  DOGS. 


If  you  wish  to  keep  a dog  in  good  health  give  him 
plenty  of  exercise  and  be  careful  not  to  overfeed  him. 
Once  a day  is  often  enough  to  feed  a grown  dog,  though 
his  allowance  may  be  divided  into  two  portions,  if 
deemed  advisable,  and  given  in  the  morning  and 
evening.  Never  allow  food  to  remain  in  a dog’s  dish 
after  he  has  satisfied  his  hunger.  Any  remnants  of  his 
meal  should  be  thrown  away.  Puppies  require  food 
three  times  a day.  Dogs  that  have  to  be  chained  should 
be  supplied  with  two  swivel  chains  to  allow  them  some 
freedom  ; they  should  also  be  kept  in  a dog-house  that 
is  snug  and  free  from  draughts. 

As  regards  food,  dogs  fed  upon  table-scraps  should 
never  have  more  than  one-fourth  meat  in  their  allow- 
ance. The  best  food  for  dogs  has  been  found  to  be  a 
biscuit  made  of  a combination  of  cereals,  and  a certain 
percentage  of  beef.  These  can  be  bought  ready  made. 

At  least  one  of  these  biscuits  should  be  fed  every  day ; 
whatever  the  food  allowed.  It  can  be  given  dry  or 
soaked,  but  is  better  dry,  if  the  dog  will  take  it.  If  not, 
do  not  soak  long.  Pour  water  over  the  broken  pieces, 
let  them  stand  five  minutes,  and  then  drain.  Once  or 
twice  a week  the  broken  biscuit  may  be  mixed  with  an 
equal  quantity  of  Indian  and  oatmeal  (half-and-half) 
and  boiled  with  water  to  a stiff  mush.  Feed  cold.  For 
puppies  and  young  dogs,  soak  the  biscuit  in  unskimmed 
milk. 


(432) 


ASTHMA. 


433 


It  is  very  essential  to  the  health  of  dogs  that  they  be 
kept  clean.  Dog-soap  and  a crash  towel  should  be  used 
frequently. 

Asthma. — Symptoms. — Heavy  breathing,  panting, 
hoarse  bark,  and  constipation. 

Treatment. — 

Charcoal 1 scruple. 

Iron 10  gr. 

In  a pill,  three  or  four  times  a week.  Feed  on  dog- 
biscuit,  and  purge  twice  a week  with  castor-oil.  Allow 
plenty  of  exercise. 

Bronchitis.— Symptoms. — A dry  cough,  sometimes 
attended  by  vomiting ; expectoration  showing  bloody 
froth ; eyes  inflamed  ; nostrils  dry  ; tongue  parched ; 
and  pulse  quick. 

Treatment. — Keep  the  dog  out  of  draughts,  and  give 
from  one  to  three  grains  of  tartar  emetic,  according  to 
the  size  of  the  animal.  If  this  does  not  cure  give : 


Spirits  of  Camphor \ oz. 

Spirits  of  Ether 1 oz. 

Extract  Licorice  4 oz. 


Dose : For  a small  dog,  one  teaspoonful  three  times 
a day ; three  times  the  dose,  three  times  a day,  for  a 
large  dog.  Feed  dog-biscuit  soaked  in  soup,  broth,  or 
milk. 

Chorea,  or  Jerks  (More  commonly  called  St.  Vitus’ 
Dance). — A nervous  movement  of  the  paws,  head, 
shoulders,  etc.,  intensified  in  sleep. 

Treatment. — Keep  him  out  of  the  wet  and  give : 


Sulphate  of  Zinc 2 to  5 gr. 

Extract  of  Gentian 2 gr. 


Three  times  a day. 


434 


DISEASES  OF  DOGS. 


Common  Cold. — Symptoms.  — A chilliness,  with 
heated  surface  of  the  body ; a rapid  pulse  and  quick 
breathing.  The  appetite  fails,  costiveness  shows  itself, 
and  the  urine  becomes  dark  in  color.  A cough  often 
accompanies  these  symptoms,  and  a slight  running 
from  the  eyes  and  nose  is  observed,  which  must  not  be 
taken  for  the  beginning  of  a distemper  attack.  If  the 
discharge  becomes  profuse  and  a doubt  exists  that  it 
results  from  a cold,  go  to  your  veterinary  surgeon. 
Give  a dose  once  a day  of : 


Podophyllin  ^ to  J gr. 

Extract  Colocynth  . . . . . . 12  to  18  gr. 
Powdered  Rhubarb  ....  3 to  5 gr. 

Oil  of  Cloves 2 drops. 


Pleurisy. — Symptoms. — Shivering,  quick  breathing 
with  inspiration  especially  short;  a dry  cough  ; fever; 
hot  nose ; watery  eyes  ; slimy  tongue  and  hard  pulse. 
The  dog  keeps  his  fore-legs  stretched  apart,  as  any 
pressure  or  contraction  of  the  ribs  causes  pain. 
Treatment. — 


Spirits  Ether ....  2 oz. 

Ammonia  Acetate 4 oz. 


Dose : For  a small  dog,  one  teaspoonful  every  four 
hours,  mixed  with  double  the  amount  of  linseed  tea. 
For  a large  dog,  give  twice  the  quantity  of  each  ingre- 
dient. Apply  a mustard  plaster  to  the  chest. 

Pneumonia. — Symptoms. — Shivering ; high  fever ; 
quick  pulse  and  breathing ; short  cough  and  bloodshot 
eyes. 

Treatment. — The  same  as  for  Pleurisy.  Be  sure  to 
use  the  counter-irritants,  sucli  as  mustard  plaster,  etc. 

Rheumatic  Fever. — Sumvtoms. — Considerable-  but 


DISTEMPER. 


435 


not  very  high  fever,  pulse  quick,  with  shivering,  except 
when  touched,  when  the  slightest  approach  will  cause 
a shriek,  apparently  from  pain. 

Treatment. — The  following  purgative : 

Calomel  , . 2 to  5 gr. 

Jalap 10  to  20  gr. 

Mix  with  syrup  and  make  into  a bolus.  After  this 
has  operated,  give : 

Calomel J to  1 gr. 

Powdered  Opium } to  1 gr. 

Powdered  Colchicum 1J  to  3 gr. 

Syrup  enough  to  make  one  pill. 

The  animal  can  be  rubbed  with  any  approved  lini- 
ment where  the  pain  seems  to  be  present,  and  his  diet 
kept  free  from  meat. 

Distemper. — Symptoms. — Great  dullness  with  loss  of 
appetite,  followed  in  a day  or  two  by  a husky  cough, 
especially  showing  itself  after  exercise ; a sneezing  is 
now  noticed ; strength  and  flesh  rapidly  diminish,  the 
stools  are  inky  and  offensive;  the  urine  becomes  very 
highly  colored,  and  the  membranes  of  the  eyes,  and 
sometimes  the  whites,  are  greatly  inflamed.  Some 
cases  of  distemper  seem  to  be  confined  principally  to 
the  head,  another  to  the  chest,  and  a third  to  the  bowels. 
When  the  brain  is  attacked  the  eyes  are  more  injected 
than  when  the  bowels  05  the  lungs  are  affected.  The 
nose  and  eyes  show  increased  mucous  discharge  as  the 
disease  progresses.  A fit  is  almost  always  the  surest 
sign  of  brain  trouble,  and  when  this  takes  place  more 
than  twice,  the  attack  generally  proves  fatal,  or  the 
animal  is  ever  afterwards  affected  with  chorea,  or  the 
jerks.  If  the  lungs  be  involved  there  is  rapid  breathing, 
cough,  and  profuse  running  from  the  eyes  and  nose. 


436 


DISEASES  OP  DOGS. 


If  this  runs  into  inflammation  of  the  lungs,  the  danger 
is  as  great  as  if  the  head  was  affected.  The  bowels  are 
sometimes  seized,  and  show  by  black  purgings  that 
these  organs  are  involved.  Very  often  in  this  stage 
passages  of  blood  quickly  carry  the  dog  off. 

Treatment. — At  the  commencement  of  the  attack,  give 
the  dog  a fever  mixture,  as  follows : 


Nitre  . 

Spirits  of  Nitre 

dr. 

dr. 

Mindererus  Spirit  . . • . 

oz. 

Camphor  Mixture  . . . . , 

6 1 

r OZ. 

One  to  four  dessertspoonfuls  every  six  hours,  accord- 
ing to  the  size  of  the  dog. 

If  the  lungs  are  severely  attacked,  a powder  must  be 
put  upon  the  dog’s  tongue  every  night  and  morning, 
wvade  of : 


Nitre  in  Powder 3 to  5 gt. 

Tartar  Emetic i to  J gr. 


If  a severe  and  weakening  cough  presents  itself,  ad- 
toinister  every  night  and  morning  a bolus  of : 

Ipecacuanha,  in  powder  . . . - i to  1J  gr. 

Powdered  Rhubarb 1 to  2 gr. 

Purified  Opium  . . J to  1J  gr. 

Compound  Squill  Pill 1 to  2 gr. 

Bloody  diarrhoea,  which  is  very  dangerous  in  dis- 
temper, can  be  checked  with  : 

Prepared  Chalk 2 to  3 dr. 

Aromatic  Confection 1 dr. 

Laudanum  . . 3 to  8 dr. 

Powdered  Gum  Arabic  . . . , . 2 dr. 

Water . . . . 7 oz. 

One  to  three  teaspoonfuls,  according  to  size  of  dog, 
every  time  the  bowels  are  relaxed. 

For  a diet,  beef  tea  thickened  with  grated  dog-biscuit 
can  be  given.  Especially  at  the  time  of  exhaustion 
should  good  strong  beef  tea  with  an  egg  stirred  into  it* 


INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  STOMACH. 


437 


be  given  by  spoon,  every  two  or  three  hours.  If  the 
dog  will  not  take  it,  his  head  must  be  held  up,  and  he 
should  be  gently  forced  to  swallow  it,  by  rubbing  his 
throat  after  it  has  been  poured  into  his  mouth.  If  this 
troublesome  plan  of  feeding  is  followed,  many  a valu- 
able animal  can  be  saved  for  his  owner.  As  strength 
gradually  returns,  the  diet  can  be  made  stronger,  with 
care  taken  to  allow  no  exercise  until  a gain  is  well 
established,  for  fear  of  a relapse.  The  kennel,  during 
distemper,  should  be  dry,  and  moderately  warm,  and 
in  a position  where  the  dog  will  not  be  exposed  to 
draughts  of  air. 

Inflammation  of  the  Stomach. — Symptoms. — Fre- 
quent and  violent  efforts  to  vomit;  great  thirst;  dry 
and  hot  nose,  and  quick  respiration.  The  dog  will 
ofttimes  lie  on  the  floor  or  ground,  with  his  belly  in 
contact  with  it  as  if  to  allay  the  pain.  Give : 

Calomel  ...........  J to  1 gr. 

Opium i to  1 gr. 

In  pill, every  three  hours;  and  feed  with  dog-biscuit 
soaked  in  soup  or  broth.  Gastritis  and  dyspepsia  are 
much  alike,  and  may  be  treated  the  same. 

Inflammation  of  the  Liver. — Symptoms. — The 
whites  of  the  eyes,  in  this  disease,  are  yellow ; shivering; 
hot  nose;  rapid  breathing;  costiveness;  weak  pulse, 
and  scanty  clay  colored  stools  are  also  accompanying 
symptoms. 

Treatment. — Give  a pill  of : 

Podopliyllin \ to  J gr. 

Extract  of  Colocynth 12  to  18  gr. 

Powdered  Rhubarb  .....3to5gr. 

Oil  of  Clove6  . • • «_«  >.  • « 2 drops. 


438 


DISEASES  OP  DOGS. 


The  greater  proportion  for  a large  dog  and  less  for  a 
small  dog.  As  soon  as  this  has  operated,  rub  the  right 
side  with  an  embrocation  of : 


Strong  Mustard 3 to  5 oz. 

Liquid  Ammonia  . • * . . . . £ to  1 oz« 

Spirits  Turpentine  1 oz. 

At  same  time  give  a pill  of : 

Opium | to  1 gr. 

Calomel  J to  1 gr. 


And  keep  the  bowels  open  with  castor-oil. 

Inflammation  of  the  Bowels. — Symptoms. — Great 
thirst  and  loss  of  appetite,  and  the  peculiar  attitude  the 
animal  takes.  His  back  becomes  arched,  and  his  legs 
drawn  together. 

Treatment. — Calomel  and  opium  in  doses  of  one-half 
to  one  grain  each,  every  three  or  four  hours.  If  severe, 
bathe  the  dog  in  warm  water,  and  after  he  is  well  dried, 
rub  his  belly  with  a liniment  of  one-half  ounce  each  of 
spirits  of  turpentine,  liquor  ammonia,  and  laudanum. 
Feed  with  grated  dog-biscuit,  well  soaked  in  milk, 
broth,  or  soup. 

Mange. — Mange  is  a skin  disease  in  dogs,  arising 
from  filth,  damp  kennels,  housing  in  cellars,  and  a con- 
sequent want  of  sunlight  and  from  parasites.  The 
disease  is  of  different  varieties. 

1.  The  Blotch. — Which  appears  in  scabby  lumps  of 
hair,  chiefly  on  the  back,  side,  head  and  quarters ; and 
in  a few  days  the  scab  drops  off,  leaving  a moist  red 
spot. 

2.  Foul  Mange. — Is  brought  about  by  impure  blood, 
and  cannot  be  cured  by  lotions  alone.  It  is  both  hered- 
itary and  contagious.  In  foul  mange  the  skin  becomes 


CANKER  OF  THE  EAR. 


439 


thick  and  discharges  an  offensive  matter,  and  finally 
runs  into  ulcers,  with  great  itching  all  the  time;  the 
hair  becomes  dead  and  falls  out,  and  the  animal  is 
nervous  and  irritable.  The  cure  requires  patience 
and  ofttimes  long  treatment.  The  method  we  advise, 
if  minutely  carried  out,  will  effect  a cure.  It  is  as 
follows : 

Feed  on  dog-biscuit  broken  and  mixed  with  equal 
weight  of  half  oat  and  Indian  meal,  and  administer 
Fowler’s  solution  of  arsenic,  one  drop  to  each  four 
pounds  in  weight  of  the  dog,  three  times  a day ; dividing 
the  food  into  three  portions  for  morning,  noon  and 
night.  This  must  be  kept  up  until  itching  ceases,  and 
very  often  continued  for  months. 

3.  Red  Mange. — Is  a disease  of  the  hair,  and  may 
be  known  by  the  red  appearance  always  at  the  roots  in 
spots,  at  the  elbows,  under  the  arms,  and  inside  of  them, 
also  inside  the  thighs. 

In  all  cases  of  mange,  disinfectants  should  be  used 
on  bedding  and  kennel  of  the  dog,  and  the  animal 
washed  with  some  reliable  “ mange  wash,”  which  can 
be  had  of  any  fancier. 

A proprietary  medicine  known  as  “ Phenyle,”  has 
been  used  with  excellent  effect  for  mange.  It  is  com* 
posed  largely  of  carbolic  acid,  is  quite  inexpensive,  and 
can  be  got  at  any  drug  store. 

Canker  of  the  Ear. — Symptoms. — Shaking  of  the 
head  continually,  and  frequent  scratching  the  ear. 

Treatment. — Keep  raw  meat  and  greasy  food  from 
the  animal ; feed  on  dog-biscuit,  syringe  the  ear  with 
luke-warm  water  and  soap,  and  then  syringe  again 
twice  a day  with  Canker  Wash,  which  can  be  procured 


440 


DISEASES  OF  DOGS. 


from  druggists  and  gunsmiths  throughout  the  country. 
If  there  are  any  sores  on  the  edges  of  the  ear.  touch 
them  with  blue-stone. 

Fleas  and  Lice. — These  troublesome  pests  are  the 
bane  of  dogs,  especially  during  the  warm  months, 
when,  by  continually  annoying  the  animal,  reduce  him 
almost  to  a skeleton,  cause  the  hair  to  fall  out,  and 
cause  sores  that  are  often  mistaken  for  mange.  There 
are  many  soaps,  both  domestic  and  imported,  that  are 
placed  upon  the  market  to  destroy  these  vermin  ; also, 
flea  washes  whose  relative  merits  can  be  ascertained  on 
inquiry. 

Fits. — Fits  resulting  from  irritation  come  on  at  the 
age  when  puppies  begin  to  cut  their  teeth.  A hot  bath 
will  check  them. 

Never  throw  cold  water  upon  the  dog,  as  is  often  done. 
Apoplectic  fits  are  generally  fatal. 

The  dog  does  not  foam  at  the  mouth  in  these,  but 
lies  quite  still  on  his  side  and  breathes  heavily.  Epi- 
leptic fits  are  known  by  frothing  at  the  mouth  and  a 
champing  of  the  jaws.  These  can  be  cut  short  by  an 
injection  of  five  drops  of  ether  to  an  ounce  of  warm 
water.  Give  also  two  grains  Bromide  of  Potassium 
twice  a day  for  three  or  four  weeks,  and  some  good  dog 
tonic  according  to  directions. 

Worms. — Symptoms. — The  coat  becomes  harsh  and 
dead  in  appearance.  The  dog  is  costive  and  loose  at 
times,  and  his  stool  is  generally  mixed  with  a white 
slimy  mucus.  His  appetite  is  ravenous,  yet  sometimes 
poor.  He  seems  to  derive  no  benefit  from  his  food,  and 
may  be  seen  to  swallow  small  pieces  of  dirt,  ashes,  rags, 
or  sticks,  in  order,  as  it  were  to  force  the  worms  from 
the  stomach  by  this  means. 


RICKETS  OR  LARGE  JOINTS. 


441 


Treatment. — Worm  Capsules  administered  on  an 
empty  stomach,  the  dog  having  fasted  four  or  five  hours 
before  the  remedy  is  given  him. 

This,  followed  in  two  hours  with  a dose  of  castor-oil, 
will  expel  the  worms.  Dog  vermifuge  can  be  procured 
from  leading  druggists. 

Tape  worm,  in  our  experience,  has  to  be  treated  in 
an  entirely  different  manner,  and  by  a mechanical  pro* 
cess.  The  tape  worm  specific,  if  used  as  directed,  will 
rid  a dog  of  this  troublesome  tenant.  The  tape  worm 
specific  is  put  up  in  boxes  containing  twelve  capsules 
each.  Three  are  to  be  given  to  a large  dog,  on  an  empty 
stomach ; two  to  a medium  sized  dog ; and  one  to  a 
smaller  animal.  Follow  in  about  three  hours  with  a 
dose  of  castor-oil ; and  have  the  dog  confined  so  as  to 
examine  his  stool.  If  the  head  of  the  worm  has  passed 
away,  cease  administering  the  specific;  but  if  you  are 
not  satisfied  that  the  entire  worm  has  passed,  administer 
a second  time,  two  days  following.  The  Tape  Worm 
Specific  can  be  procured  from  druggists. 

Rickets  or  Large  Joints.— If  puppies  are  fed  wfith 
dog-biscuit,  grated  and  mixed  with  milk,  they  will  be 
free  from  this  deformity. 

This  food,  by  analysis  made,  is  shown  to  be  rich  In 
phosphate  and  carbonate  of  lime,  and  will  supply  bone 
matter.  Growing  puppies  should  also  be  supplied  with 
pure  ground  bone.  This  should  be  freely  mixed  with 
their  food. 

Tumors  and  Cancers. — A dog  suffering  with  tumor 
or  cancer  should  be  treated  only  by  a skillful  veterinary 
surgeon. 

Puerperal  Pits. — Sometimes  after  a mother  has 
given  birth  to  a litter  of  pupgies,  and  about  the  timt 


442 


DISEASES  OF  DOGS. 


she  begins  to  suckle  them  she  is  taken  with  spasms  of 
puerperal  fits.  When  this  occurs,  place  her  at  once  in 
a hot  bath  and  immerse  all  except  the  head.  This  is 
in  the  majority  of  cases  unfailing  in  its  effect. 

Protracted  Labor. — A healthy  bitch  very  seldom 
has  trouble  in  giving  birth  to  a litter. 

The  time  may  be  long  in  some  cases  and  short  in 
others ; but  as  a rule,  it  is  best  to  allow  nature  to  have 
its  course.  If  human  assistance  is  absolutely  needed, 
a gentle  manipulation  may  be  made,  and  a few  drops 
of  ergot  administered. 

Sprains. — Rub  the  injured  part  with : 


Malt  Vinegar 1 02. 

Spirits  of  Camphor  ««.•••«.  2 oz. 
Water 7 oz. 


To  Harden  Tender  Feet. — Bathe  the  feet  daily  in 
a solution  of  white  oak  bark  and  alum.  Every  other 
day  rub  the  parts  with  cosmoline. 


HOW  TO  GIVE  MEDICINES. 

Dog  medicines  can  all  be  administered  in  gelatine 
capsules  which  dissolve  in  the  stomach.  Hold  the  dog 
between  your  knees,  open  his  mouth  gently,  holding 
the  head  as  high  as  you  can  and  let  a second  party  put 
the  capsule  quickly  down  his  throat.  Close  the  jaws, 
and  give  the  dog  a sharp  tap  under  the  chin,  which 
will  cause  him  to  swallow.  Liquid  medicines  may  be 
given  in  the  drinking  water  or  broth.  When  it  is 
necessary  to  force  the  dog  to  take  the  medicine,  use  a 
long  necked  bottle.  Open  the  mouth  and  hold  the 
nose  till  you  are  sure  he  has  swallowed  the  dose.  Then 
give  him  some  meat,  and  take  him  out  for  a run,  which 
will  often  keep  him  from  vomiting  the  medicine. 


DISEASES  OF  BIRDS. 


Asthma. — A common  complaint. 

Symptoms. — Loss  of  voice  and  wheezing. 

Remedy. — Soaked  rape  and  plantain  seed  ; also,  a 
piece  of  fat  pork  sprinkled  with  red  pepper  and  hung 
in  the  cage. 

Corpulence. — Give  plenty  of  grated  carrot;  also, 
dry  ants’  eggs  in  the  drinking  water. 

Costiveness. — Symptoms. — Difficulty  in  making  the 
evacuations  from  the  bowels. 

Remedy. — Get  a spider  for  the  bird  to  eat,  or  apply 
linseed  oil  to  the  anus  by  means  of  a blunt  pin.  Feed 
on  lettuce  and  other  green  foods. 

Decline. — Symptoms. — Roughness  of  feathers,  emaci- 
ation and  a voracious  appetite,  especially  for  sweet,  and 
what  may  be  termed  unnatural  foods. 

Remedy. — Give  a spider  as  a purgative ; also,  water- 
cress, etc.,  as  for  costiveness.  A rusty-nail  in  the 
drinking-cup  will  supply  iron  as  a tonic. 

Diarrhoea.  — Symptoms.  — Excrement  white  and 
chalky,  smearing  the  feathers  and  producing  external 
inflammation. 

Remedy. — A rusty  nail  in  the  water,  and  linseed  oil 
applied  as  for  costiveness.  Sugar  is  binding,  and  a 
little  red  pepper  may  be  gtvso.  If  these  do  not  cure, 

(448) 


444 


DISEASES  OF  BIRDS. 


get  some  mild  astringent  of  the  druggist,  and  put  a few 
drops  in  the  drinking-water.  What  is  known  as  bird 
bitters  may  cure  the  case. 

Egg-bound. — The  daily  egg  should  be  laid  before 
nine  o’clock.  If  the  laying  is  not  accomplished  by  that 
time,  and  the  bird  should  show  signs  of  stupor,  it  is 
probably  egg-bound.  In  this  event,  the  shape  of  the 
egg  will  probably  be  defined  near  the  orifice,  which 
should  be  anointed  with  sweet-oil.  If  the  laying  is 
delayed  very  long  the  egg  may  be  gently  broken  by 
pressure  with  the  fingers,  which  should  be  previously 
oiled.  This  will  give  speedy  relief. 

Egg-Rupture. — No  remedy  has  been  found  for  this 
trouble.  The  passage  from  the  ovary  becomes  obstructed 
and  swells  to  abnormal  size.  The  bird  is  pretty  sure 
to  die. 

Epilepsy. — This  is  caused  by  want  of  exercise  and 
by  too  rich  food. 

Symptoms. — Fainting. 

Remedy. — Dip  the  bird  in  cold  water  once  or  twice, 
and  cut  the  claws  till  they  bleed.  Give  a few  drops  of 
sweet-oil.  In  large  birds  a vein  may  be  opened  in  the 
foot.  When  the  bird  comes  to,  wrap  it  in  warm  flannel. 
The  disease  is  incurable,  but  fatal  effects  may  be  averted 
by  keeping  in  the  cage  a little  oat  meal,  chalk,  and 
bay  salt. 

Feet,  Diseases  of  the, — Sore  feet  are  sure  to  result 
from  dirty  perches  or  an  unclean  cage.  If  the  feet  are 
caked  with  dirt,  soak  them  in  luke-warm  water  for  two 
or  three  minutes  every  day.  If  the  feet  are  distorted, 
or  knotted,  or  warty,  bathe  them  and  grease  them  with 


GIDDINESS. 


445 


cosmoline.  Cut  the  nails  when  they  are  long,  but  do 
not  cut  below  the  vein  in  the  claw  or  they  will  bleed. 
This  vein  can  be  easily  seen  by  holding  the  foot  to  the 
light. 

Giddiness. — This  results  from  the  bird’s  habit  of 
looking  up,  when  he  loses  his  balance,  and  may  fall 
from  the  perch.  As  a remedy,  cover  the  top  of  the  cage. 

Lice. — Cover  the  cage  at  night  with  a canton  flannel 
cloth,  which  should  be  burned  in  the  morning.  Scald 
the  cage,  perches,  cups,  etc.,  even  to  the  cuttle-fish-bone. 
Sprinkle  sulphur  under  the  wings  and  thighs,  and  on 
the  back  of  the  bird’s'  neck.  Feed  astringent  foods 
meanwhile,  to  counteract  the  purgative  tendency  of  the 
sulphur.  Also,  keep  the  cage  supplied  with  clean  sand, 
mixed  with  anise  seed. 

Loss  of  Voice. — Give  Lettuce  seed. 

Pairing  Fever.  — This  is  a savage  state  mani- 
festing itself  in  loss  of  song,  pecking,  melancholy, 
roughened  feathers,  and  loss  of  flesh.  It  is  due  to 
an  ungratified  desire  for  a mate.  The  bird  should  b& 
mated,  or  the  cage  hung  in  some  sunny  window,  where 
its  attention  may  be  distracted. 

Pimples  or  Obstruction  of  the  Rump  Gland.— 

Symptoms. — The  gland  swells  and  festers  from  not  being 
used.  The  bird  holds  its  tail  down,  sits  still  and  pecks 
at  the  affected  part. 

Remedy. — Anoint  with  cosmoline,  or  open  the  festered 
gland  with  a fine  needle.  Never  cut  off  the  gland,  for 
in  that  case  the  bird  will  die  at  the  next  moulting 
season. 


446 


DISEASES  OF  BIRDS. 


Pip. — Symptoms. — Stoppage  of  the  nostrils,  dryness 
and  hardening  of  the  tongue,  yellowness  at  the  root  of 
the  beak,  roughness  of  feathers  and  gasping  for  breath. 

Remedy. — Give  a pill  of  butter,  garlic  and  pepper, 
and  put  an  infusion  of  speedwell  in  the  drinking-cup. 
Clear  the  nostrils  with  a fine  feather.  In  large  birds, 
the  hardened  skin  may  be  peeled  from  the  tongue, 
beginning  near  the  palate. 

Rheum  or  Cold. — Symptoms. — Shaking  of  the  head 
and  sneezing.  Give  a few  drops  of  some  expectorant 
medicine  in  the  water ; or  give  bird  bitters. 

Rupture. — Too  nourishing  food  will  occasion  this 
disease  which  manifests  itself  in  indigestion  and  inflam- 
mation of  the  bowels. 

Symptoms. — Emaciation,  lossof  feathers  about  the  part 
effected,  which  is  swollen  and  blood-shot;  descent  of 
the  bowels  which  appear  black  and  knotted.  A little 
alum,  a rusty  nail  or  salt  in  the  water  may  be  bene* 
ficial,  but  there  is  no  positive  cure. 

Sneezing. — Clear  the  nostrils  with  a fine  feather. 

Sweating. — Females  sometimes  sweat  on  the  nest  so 
profusely  that  the  young  birds  die  from  it. 

Remedy. — Wash  her  daily  in  salt  and  water,  after- 
wards in  fresh  water  and  let  her  dry  in  the  sun. 

Tympany. — Symptoms. — The  skin  puffs  up  with  air 
underneath  it. 

Remedy. — Prick  the  skin  with  a pin. 

Yellow  Scab. — Symptoms.— A yellow  scab  on  the 
eyes  and  head. 


THE  CAKE  OF  BIRDS. 


447 


Remedy. — Give  nourishing  food  and  cut  away  any 
small  ulcers  which  may  appear. 

They  may  afterwards  be  anointed  with  cosmoline. 

Birds  should  bathe  frequently  to  preserve  their  health. 
If  they  will  not  do  so  voluntarily,  they  should  be 
sprinkled  with  water  until  thev  become  reconciled  to  a 
daily  plunge. 

THE  OAEE  OF  BIRDS. 

n.llow  the  birds  plenty  of  fresh  water  for  drinking 
and  bathing ; also  clean  fine  gravel. 

Cleanliness  is  an  important  item  in  preserving  the 
health  of  the  little  prisoners.  Their  perches  should  be 
washed  frequently  and  no  remnants  of  food  should  be 
allowed  to  sour  and  spoil  in  their  cages.  Let  them 
have  plenty  of  sunlight — they  love  especially  to  bathe 
in  the  sunshine — and  plenty  of  warm  fresh  air,  though 
they  should  be  carefully  shielded  from  draughts. 
Moreover,  do  not  place  them  directly  in  the  rays  of  the 
hot  sun.  Provide  them  with  a canopy  or  umbrella ; 
and,  on  the  other  hand,  do  not  give  them  a bath  of 
very  cold  water.  Any  extremes  are  hurtful  to  these 
delicate  creatures.  Give  them  plenty  of  food  and  a 
variety,  showing  preference  to  what  may  be  called 
“ natural  ” bird  diet,  among  which  may  be  mentioned 
green  things  like  chickweed,  water-cress,  lettuce,  cab- 
bage, etc. 

A wire  cage  is  generally  considered  the  best  kind  in 
which  to  keep  birds  of  all  descriptions,  though  wooden 
cages,  and  notably  mahogany  ones,  are  said  to  repel 
mites. 

The  cage  may  be  painted  or  unpainted,  but  is  per- 
haps better  unpainted,  though  green  paint  is  the  only 
kind  considered  really  injurious.  Have  the  cages  as 
large  as  possible,  and  cover  the  bottom  with  clean  paper 
daily.  If  possible  allow  the  buds  the  liberty  of  a large 


448 


DISEASES  OF  BIRDS.' 


f 


room,  as  they  are  much  healthier  under  such  circum- 
stances. 

It  is  a great  mistake  to  keep  the  canary  starving  and 
fretting  along  on  one  kind  of  food,  or  a few  tiresome 
varieties  of  seed,  when  their  nature  as  birds  which  fly 
whithersoever  they  will,  eating  whatever  piques  their 
appetite,  prompts  them  to  crave  a pleasant  variety  of 
food.  Summer  rape  seed  may  be  mixed  with  crushed 
hemp,  canary,  or  poppy  seed,  with  oats,  oatmeal,  or 
millet.  This  is  good  diet  but  should  be  accompanied 
by  other  things.  Barley  meal,  or  bread,  or  cracker, 
soaked  in  milk  may  be  given  every  day.  Hemp  seed 
should  be  given  sparingly,  except  in  the  spring  and 
moulting  season  (July  and  August).  Do  not  give 
salted  or  greasy  food,  or  too  many  sweets.  Green  food 
may  be  given  daily  with  advantage.  Mustard  seed  and 
pepper-grass  seed  may  be  tossed  sparingly  on  the  sand 
of  the  cage.  Red  pepper,  sprinkled  on  bread  and  milk, 
may  be  eaten  occasionally.  At  all  times  you  may  give 
the  following : 

Lettuce,  chickweed,  plantain-rods,  pepper-grass, 
tender  asparagus,  cabbage,  tender  clover-tops,  roses  and 
buds,  apple,  pear,  peach,  melon,  banana,  orange,  plums, 
cherries,  berries  and  other  ripe,  wholesome  food.  Also, 
figs,  dates,  raisins,  popped  corn,  stale  bread,  buns, 
sponge-cake,  yolk  of  hard-boiled  egg,  rice  boiled  or 
soaked,  Irish  or  sweet  potatoes  boiled  or  baked,  sweet 
corn  raw  or  cooked,  green  peas,  tender  string-beans, 
young  sugar-beet  and  tender  turnip.  Occasionally  the 
meat  of  nuts  like  the  shellbark,  peanut,  beechnut, 
filbert,  etc.,  may  be  chopped  fine  and  given  to  the 
canary,  but  the  richer  nuts,  like  butternuts,  walnuts, 
creamnuts,  etc.,  must  be  given  with  great  discrimina- 
tion. 

The  canary  may  be  mated  with  the  linnet,  lesser  red 
pole,  goldfinch.  sJctin-  eori*v.  citrilfinch,  bullfinch  and 


THE  CARE  OP  BIRDS. 


449 


green  finch.  The  goldfinch,  or  linnet,  and  the  canary 
have  offspring  with  unusually  fine  voices.  Males  should 
be  two  years  old  before  they  are  mated.  Mating  a young 
male  with  an  older  female  is  said  to  result  in  the 
hatching  of  a large  percentage  of  singers.  For  breed- 
ing purposes  a good  sized  cage  is  required  ; one  that 
may  be  easily  cleaned  without  jarring  or  disturbing 
the  occupants,  is  preferable.  The  pair  may  be  kept 
together  until  the  brood  is  raised.  The  female  will 
begin  to  lay  eight  days  after  mating.  A little  basket 
in  the  form  of  a nest  may  be  bought  for  a trifling  sum, 
and  should  be  lined  with  canton  flannel,  padded  with 
soft  wool.  Supply  the  birds  with  goat’s  hair  from  which 
to  build  their  nests.  This  may  be  thrust  loosely  in  the 
bars  of  the  cage.  From  four  to  five  eggs  will  be  laid, 
and  they  will  hatch  in  fourteen  days  from  the  time  of 
laying,  one  egg  being  laid  each  day.  Do  not  jar  the 
nest,  any  shock  may  kill  the  germ  of  life  in  the  egg. 
Therefore,  never  take  the  eggs  out  of  the  nest,  and  be 
sure  to  shield  them  from  draughts.  When  the  eggs 
are  hatched,  supply  the  birds  with  summer  rape  seed, 
slightly  boiled,  and  then  washed  in  cold  water  and  let 
stand  two  hours.  Also,  give  daily  one-fourth  of  the 
yolk  of  a hard-boiled  egg,  chopped  fine,  mixed  with 
bread  soaked  in  water  and  pressed  dry.  These  foods 
are  for  the  old  birds  to  feed  the  young.  The  mother- 
bird  should  shelter  her  young  for  twelve  days  after 
hatching.  If  the  young  are  not  sufficiently  fed  by  the 
parent-birds,  they  should  be  fed  by  hand  on  crushed 
rape  seed  prepared  as  before  and  mixed  with  bread  or 
biscuit,  yolk  of  hard-boiled  egg  and  water.  Feed  about 
four  quillsful  ten  or  twelve  times  a day.  The  young 
ought  to  feed  themselves  in  thirteen  days,  and  may 
have  cages  of  their  own  when  they  are  a month  old. 
They  should  still  have  soaked  Tape  “ome  tim“ 


450 


DISEASES  OE  BIRDS. 


after  their  separation.  Breed  birds,  if  possible,  in  a 
room  where  they  can  fly  about  and  get  the  exercise 
necessary  to  strengthen  them. 

TEACHING  TO  SING. 

In  teaching  a young  bird  to  sing,  it  is  well  to  have  a 
fine  songster  in  the  room  to  act  as  a stimulant  and  a 
preceptor.  Canaries  can  be  taught  to  sing  a tune,  if 
taken  from  the  cage  early,  and  carefully  instructed. 
Females  do  not  sing,  as  a rule,  but  some  have  very  good 
voices,  and  when  they  do  develop,  are  apt  to  be  very 
sweet  and  low  in  quality. 

Moulting  canaries  shed  their  feathers  in  July  or 
August,  and  in  the  early  fall.  The  first  moult  occurs 
when  the  bird  is  six  weeks  old,  and  will  continue  two 
months.  In  the  moulting  season,  give  young  or  old 
birds  a small  quantity  of  fresh  beef  once  a week,  having 
washed  the  meat  in  cold  water,  and  chopped  it  fine. 
Give  also  occasionally  the  yolk  of  a hard-boiled  egg; 
hemp  seed,  sugar,  ripe  chickweed,  water-cress,  and  a 
rusty  nail  in  the  water  every  other  day.  At  the  second 
or  third  moulting  season  singers  are  apt  to  lose  their 
voice,  but  it  is  merely  a temporary  weakness.  An  ex- 
cellent food  for  moulting  birds,  and  one  that  is  good  at 
all  times,  is  made  as  follows  : Having  crushed  a pint 
of  rape  seed  until  the  husks  can  be  blown  off,  add 
about  the  same  quantity  of  bread,  and  reduce  the  mix- 
ture to  a fine  paste  or  powder.  This,  mixed  with  the 
yolk  of  a hard-boiled  egg  and  a little  water,  is  excel- 
lent food  for  young  birds.  To  old  ones  it  may  be  given 
dry.  The  food  is  best  made  fresh  every  day,  but  may 
be  kept  twenty  days  in  an  oak  box  in  a cool  place. 
Young  birds,  just  separated  from  their  parents,  may  be 
fed  on  stale  sponge-cake  powdered,  with  hard  white  of 

egg- 


PART  II 


PREFACE. 


Much  needless  cruelty  has,  until  the  last  few  years, 
attended  the  art  of  training  horses.  This  noble  animal, 
who  stands  next  to  man  in  point  of  intelligence,  cer- 
tainly deserves  to  be  considered  rational,  so  far  as  his 
ordinary  duties  are  concerned  ; and  while  we  may  not 
be  justified  in  ascribing  to  him  the  power  of  reasoning, 
those  who  are  best  acquainted  with  his  habits  know 
that  he  does  possess,  to  a certain  extent,  the  ability  to 
reason  and  to  recognize  the  laws  of  “ cause  and  effect.” 

The  old  system  of  training  was  one  purely  of  ex- 
haustion and  subjugation — not  of  education.  On  the 
other  hand  our  system  is  one  of  education,  preserving  the 
natural  spirit  of  the  animal.  He  is  first  taught  what  is 
required  of  him,  and  that  lesson  learned  he  becomes  a 
willing  subject.  To  attempt  to  force  a high-spirited 
horse  to  do  that  which  he  does  not  comprehend  is  to 
invite  and  excite  resistance ; and  the  natural  result  is 
the  production  of  balking,  kicking,  and  otherwise 
unruly  animals. 

Few  men  possess  the  nerve  and  brute  strength 
required  to  handle  a horse  successfully  by  the  old 
methods,  while  by  our  system  of  education  a youth  of 


PREFACE. 


fifteen  or  sixteen  years  can  handle,  break  to  harness, 
and  finally  control  the  wildest  animal.  The  only 
requisites  are  patience,  kindness  and  perseverance.  A 
man  who  cannot  control  himself  can  never  hope  to 
control  a horse. 

Those  horse-owners  who  have  the  time  and  inclina- 
tion to  devote  to  the  pastime  of  teaching  their  horses 
to  perform  “ tricks,”  will  find  minute  instructions  to 
that  end  in  these  pages.  It  will  at  once  be  seen  that 
there  is  nothing  wonderful  nor  difficult  about  this 
system ; the  same  rule  of  patience,  kindness  and  per- 
severance must  be  observed  and  then  success  is  certain. 

We  submit  this  treatise  to  the  public  in  the  hope 
that  it  may  correct,  to  a very  great  extent,  the  harsh 
methods  which  are  too  frequently  employed,  even  in 
this  enlightened  age. 

OLIVER  W.  GLEASON. 

Philadelphia, 

April  15,  1889. 


I 

CONTENTS. 


PRACTICAL  HORSE  -TRAINING. 

PAGE 

Intelligence  and  Memory  of  the  Horse 451 

The  Apparatus  for  Training 454 

The  Hope  Halter  . 454 

The  Cord .454 

The  Line  Webbing 456 


BAD  HABITS  OF  THE  HORSE  AND  HOW  TO 
CONTROL  THEM. 

Balking  . 465 

Biting  469 

Cribbing 469 

Halter  Pulling 477 

Hard  Pullers  or  Luggers  on  the  Bit  475 

Horses  Ugly  to  Shoe  in  Front 464 

Hugging  the  Pole 476 

Kicking  Against  the  Stall 458 

Kicking  in  the  Stable 457 

Kicking  While  Grooming 459 

Kicking  While  Harnessing 459 

Kicking  in  Double  Harness 461 

Kicking  in  Single  Harness  .......  160 

Kicking  While  Shoeing • 462 

Lolling  the  Tongue 476 

Refusing  to  Stand  While  Getting  into  a Carriage  • . . 474 

Running  Away  i 471 

Shying  Horses 466 

Striking 464 

Ugly  to  Bridle . # . .475 

* Weaving” 468 


FEAR  AND  MONOMANIA  IN  HORSES  . 479 


BREAKING  AND  TRAINING  OF  COLTS. 

Bitting  the  Colt 492 

Haltering  ...  .......  485 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Harnessing  488 

Hitching  to  the  Wagon  . 491 

Hitching  the  Colt  in  the  Stable 487 

Learning  to  Back . 490- 

Mounting  the  Colt . . , 494 

Riding  the  Colt  . 495 

To  Add  Style 494 

Training  Colts  to  Harness 487 

Training  to  Stop . 489 


WHIP  TRAINING. 

How  to  Train  a Horse  to  Drive  Without  Bit  or  Line  . . 496 


HOW  TO  MAKE  A HORSE  TROT  “ SQUARE  ” 499 


TRICK  HORSES. 

How  to  Train  and  Control  Them 501 

The  Short  Strap 501 

The  Long  Strap  ..........  501 


SOME  SIMPLE  TRICKS. 

Learning  to  Waltz 507 

To  Teach  a Horse  to  Lie  Down 502 

To  Make  a Horse  Bow — To  Sit  Up — To  Answer  Questions  . . 505 

To  Kiss  You— To  Shake  Hands 506 

To  Kick  With  the  Mght  or  Left  Foot 507 

To  Teach  a Colt  to  Follow  You . . . . . » • 508 


HINTS  UPON  HORSESHOEING. 

Applying  the  Shoe  . . . 513 

Clips  Upon  the  Shoe — “Interfering” « 514 

Overreaching • « • 515 

Preparing  the  Foot  for  the  Shoe 512 

Shoeing  Horses  With  Corns — Keeping  the  Feet  Moist  . • 516 


SHORT  POINTERS  FOR  HORSEMEN  . . 61» 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


Looping  the  Coed  • 

• 

• 

5’ 

PAG  8 

455 

Cord  Applied  on  Lower  Jaw  • 

• 

€ 

456 

Cord  Applied  on  Neck  • . 

• 

• 

• 

456 

Kicking  • • • • • 

• 

457 

Two  Methods  for  Kicking  Horses 

• 

• 

• 

460 

Straps  on  Kicking  Horse  , • 

• 

• 

461 

Control  While  Shoeing— First  Method 

• 

• 

• 

462 

Control  While  Shoeing — Second  Method 

• 

• 

463 

The  Long  Foot-Strap  • • 

• 

• 

» 

465 

Cribbing  Muzzle  . • • • 

• 

• 

469 

Running  Away  . . • • 

• 

• 

• 

471 

Tempering  the  Mouth  • • 

• 

• 

472 

Taking  Up  the  Foot  . 

• 

• 

• 

472 

Straps  Applied  to  a Runaway  Horse 

• 

• 

473 

Straps  on  Runaway  Horse  . 

• 

• 

• 

474 

Cord  Used  Upon  the  Mouth  . • 

• 

• 

474 

To  Prevent  Halter  Pulling 

• 

• 

477 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PAGB 


Pulling  on  the  Halter  . 

• 

• 

, • 

1 

478 

Teaching  the  Horse  to  Stand 

• 

« 

• * 

481 

The  Halter  Puller 

• 

• 

• 

• 

482 

Trying  to  Gft  Away  . 

• 

• 

• 

© e 

488 

Haltering  the  Colt 

• 

« 

• 

• 

485 

Whoa! 

489 

Learning  to  Back  . 

• 

• 

• 

• 

499 

Long  Web  Applied 

• 

• 

• 

• • 

492 

Bitting  the  Colt  . 

• 

• 

• 

• 

498 

Setting  Up  the  Head 

• 

• 

• 

• 

498 

How  to  Make  a Horse  Trot  “ 

Square” 

• 

• 

499 

The  Short  Strap  Applied 

• 

• 

• 

• • 

501 

The  Struggle 

• 

• 

• 

• 

502 

Learning  to  Lie  Down 

• 

• 

• 

• # 

503 

Coming  on  His  Knees 

• 

• 

• 

- 

503 

Helpless  . • 

• 

• 

• 

• * 

504 

Conquered  . 

• 

• 

• 

- 

504 

Hints  Upon  Horseshoeing 

• 

• 

* 

4 t 

m 

PRACTICAL  HORSE  TRAINING. 


INTELLIGENCE  AND  MEMORY  OE  THE  HORSE. 

The  form,  proportions,  muscular  powers,  and  swift* 
ness  of  the  horse,  combined  with  its  spirit,  docility  and 
intelligence,  expressly  fit  it  for  the  use  of  man.  It  is 
alike  serviceable  for  draught  and  the  saddle.  From  its 
primeval  nursery  it  has  radiated  in  all  directions;  it 
has  accompanied  man  in  his  wanderings  over  the  world. 
To  the  industrious  inhabitant  of  the  thronged  city,  to 
the  agriculturist,  to  the  sportsman  who  follows  the  chase 
for  pleasure,  and  to  him  who  scours  the  plains  in  quest 
of  prey,  a “ mighty  hunter  before  the  Lord,”  this  noble, 
beautiful,  but  too  often  ill-treated  creature,  is  either 
important  or  essential.  It  performs  the  drudgery  of 
toilsome  servitude ; it  draws  the  peaceful  plough,  and 
dashes  on  in  battle  amidst  withering  volleys  of  musketry 
and  the  clash  of  gleaming  swords.  Man  owes  a deep 
debt  of  gratitude  to  the  horse,  and  is  bound  to  acknowl- 
edge his  sense  of  its  value  by  humanity  and  kindness. 
In  its  natural  state,  the  horse  is  gregarious ; and  in 
domestication  it  exhibits  the  same  propensity  to  asso- 
ciate with  its  fellows.  In  the  field  they  herd  together, 
form  friendships,  gambol  with  each  other,  and  rush  to 
the  fence  to  see  a strange  horse  in  the  road,  saluting 
him  with  repeated  neighings.  So  decided  is  the  dispo- 
sition of  the  horse  to  contract  friendship  that,  when 
others  of  its  species  are  not  accessible,  it  will  attach 
itself  to  animals  of  a different  species.  Manv  instances 

(451) 


452 


PRACTICAL  HORSE  TRAINING. 


of  mutual  attachment  between  dogs  and  horses  have 
been  recorded.  The  celebrated  English  horse  Eclipse 
contracted  a strong  friendship  with  a sheep.  When 
kindly  used,  the  horse  will  demonstrate  towards  his 
master  every  mark  of  submissive  attachment.  There 
are,  it  is  true,  horses  of  a sullen,  obstinate  temper,  which 
the  kindest  treatment  will  not  conciliate ; but  these  are 
exceptions  to  the  general  rule ; many  horses,  we  may 
add,  have  their  temper  spoiled  by  injudicious  or  wanton 
severity,  in  which  case  it  requires  patience  and  perse- 
verance to  reclaim  them  ; but  almost  universally,  where 
kindness  is  shown  to  the  horse,  his  attachment  will  be 
secured. 

In  the  tents  of  the  Arabian,  the  mares  with  their 
foals,  and  the  masters  with  their  families,  dwell  all 
together;  the  master  caresses  his  favorite  mare,  the 
children  and  the  foal  play  together,  and  the  utmost 
confidence  exists  between  them.  The  quiet  peaceful 
companionship  of  horses  with  each  other  does  not  obtain 
among  the  stallions.  In  a wild  state,  they  have  furious 
contests ; and  in  a domestic  state,  stallions,  if  at  liberty, 
will  fight  desperately  with  each  other. 

That  the  horse  possesses  more  intelligence  than  has 
been  accredited  to  him  is  very  evident  from  his  readi- 
ness to  learn,  when  properly  instructed.  The  feats  he 
is  taught  to  perform  in  the  modern  “ horse  shows  ” fully 
prove  this.  Knowledge  of  time,  and  memory,  are  cer- 
tainly possessed  by  the  horse,  as  a thousand  instances 
will  prove.  A horse  accustomed  to  commence  or  dis- 
continue work  at  a certain  hour  of  the  day  well  knows 
the  respective  periods.  Well  does  the  farmer’s  team 
know  the  hour  of  release  from  labor,  as  is  shown  by 
their  actions  when  hearing  the  horn  for  dinner.  Taken 
to  a distance  from  home,  the  horse  will  return,  finding 


INTELLIGENCE  AND  MEMORY  OF  THE  HORSE.  453 

his  way  during  the  darkest  night.  In  short,  there  is 
no  lack  of  evidence  to  prove  that  horses  are  capable  of 
entertaining  and  evincing  a large  degree  of  love  for 
places  as  well  as  for  individuals,  and  of  retaining  im- 
pressions unimpaired  for  a long  period  of  time. 

Golonel  Hamilton  Smith,  of  the  British  Army,  relates 
« case  which  proves  the  memory  and  attachment  of  the 
horse:  “The  Colonel  had  a charger  in  his  possession 
for  two  years,  which  he  left  with  the  army,  but  which 
was  brought  back  and  sold  in  London.  About  three 
years  afterwards  the  Colonel  chanced  to  be  travelling, 
and  at  a relay,  on  getting  out  of  the  mail  coach,  the  off- 
wheel  horse  attracted  his  attention  ; on  going  near  to 
examine  it  with  more  care  he  found  the  animal  recog- 
nized him,  and  testified  its  satisfaction  by  rubbing  its 
head  against  him,  and  making  every  moment  a little 
stamp  with  its  fore-foot,  to  the  surprise  of  the  coach- 
man, who  asked  if  the  horse  was  not  an  old  acquaint- 
ance. It  was — it  was  his  own  old  charger ! ” 

A lady,  remarkable  for  benevolence  to  the  brute 
creation,  observed  from  her  garden-gate  one  day  a 
miserable  horse,  with  its  shoulder  raw  and  bleeding, 
attempting  to  graze  upon  an  open  spot  adjacent ; having, 
by  means  of  some  bread,  coaxed  the  poor  animal  to  the 
gate,  she  then  managed,  with  some  assistance,  to  cover 
the  wound  with  adhesive  plaster  spread  upon  a piece 
of  soft  leather.  The  man  to  whom  the  animal  belonged 
(one  of  those  ignorant  and  careless  beings  who  are 
indifferent  to  the  sufferings  of  any  but  themselves) 
shortly  afterwards  led  the  horse  away.  The  next  day, 
however,  the  horse  made  his  appearance  again  at  the 
«ate.  over  which  he  put  his  head  and  gently  neighed. 
On  looKing  at  Him  it  was  found  that  the  plaster  was 
removed,  either  by  the  animal’s  master,  or  by  the  rub- 


454 


PRACTICAL  HORSE  TRAINING. 


bing  of  the  ill-made  collar  in  which  he  worked.  The 
plaster  was  renewed.  The  third  day  he  appeared  again, 
requiring  the  same  attention,  which  he  solicited  in  a 
similar  manner.  After  this  the  plaster  was  allowed  to 
remain,  and  the  horse  recovered ; but  ever  after,  when 
it  saw  its  benefactress,  it  would  immediately  approach 
her,  and  by  voice  and  action  testify  its  sense  of  her 
kindness  and  notice.  This, anecdote,  the  truth  of  which 
is  undoubted,  proves  how  sensible  the  horse  is  of  humane 
treatment,  and  how  grateful  for  benefits  bestowed. 

Kind  treatment  and  every  care  are  due  to  an  animal 
from  whose  services  man  derives  such  important  bene- 
fits ; but  too  often  does  man  forget  that  he  has  a duty 
to  perform,  not  only  towards  his  fellow-man,  but  towards 
those  domestic  animals  which  Providence  has  intrusted 
to  him  for  his  welfare. 


THE  APPARATUS  FOR  TRAINING. 

The  appliances  used  in  training  horses  by  our  new 
system  are  both  cheap  and  simple.  A common  rope 
halter,  a three  or  four  ply  cotton  cord  about  twelve  feet 
long,  and  a piece  of  line  webbing,  are  all  the  imple- 
ments required  in  training  colts. 

The  Rope  Halter. — This  should  be  made  rather 
heavier  and  longer  than  those  used  upon  broken  horses, 
and  so  arranged,  by  tying  a knot  or  otherwise,  that  it 
does  not  slip  up  so  tightly  as  to  pinch  the  animal’s 
nose. 

The  Cord. — This  is  nothing  more  than  a three  or 
four  ply  rope  or  cord.  The  cotton  cord  is  much  the 
best,  as  it  works  smoothly,  and  is  much  softer  than  any 
other.  This  cord  is  not  a new  feature  in  horse-training, 


THE  APPARATUS  FOR  TRAINING.  455 

as  impostors  would  have  you  believe,  it  having  been 
used  many  years  by  various  tribes  of  Indians,  Mexicans, 
etc.  It  is  mentioned  in  the  Veterinarian  of  London  in 
1828  as  used  by  the  North  American  Indians  in  sub- 
duing their  horses;  hence  it  is  known  as  the  Indian 
war  bridle.  It  has  also  been  called  the  Yankee  bridle, 
but  the  claim  to  this  title  is  wrapped  in  some  obscurity. 
The  use  of  this  simple  arrangement  is  a powerful  means 
of  controlling  horses,  when  properly  used,  otherwise  it 
is  more  likely  to  do  harm  than  good.  To  prepare  the 
cord  for  use,  tie  a knot  in  each  end,  as  seen  in  the  en- 
graving, then  make  a loop  by  doubling  the  cord  and 
passing  the  knot  through,  as  represented  by  the  en- 
graving. 


LOOPING  THE  COED. 


These  loops  should  be  at  such  distances  from  the 
knot  as  will  allow  the  cord  to  pass  around  the  neck  at 
one  end  and  the  lower  jaw  at  the  other,  passing  the 
knot  through  the  loop  from  the  opposite  side  of  the  loop 
to  where  it  first  passed  through  in  making  the  lap ; this 
brings  the  thickness  of  the  cord  in  the  centre  of  the 
loop.  By  this  means  safety  is  secured,  the  cord  slipping 
easily  through,  preventing  the  possibility  of  its  getting 
fast,  as  it  would  be  likely  to  do  if  passed  through  the 
loop  from  the  same  side  it  originally  came  through. 
The  necessity  of  this  arrangement  will  Se  seen  on 
applying  the  cord.  We  have  here  two  principles 
involved : steady  pressure  upon  the  lower  jaw;  second, 
friction  in  the  mouth.  one  stannary  irt  the  mouth, 


456 


PKACTIOaI  HOUSE  training. 


the  other  slipping  through  it.  The  uses  of  the  loops 
will  be  explained  in  their  proper  places. 


CORD  APPLIED  ON  LOWER  JAW. 


The  Line  Webbing. — Take  a piece  of  worsted  web- 
bing, such  as  is  used  for  driving-lines,  divide  it  in  two. 
parts,  one  piece  of  sufficient  length  to  encircle  the  body. 


Make  a loop  in  one  end  large  enough  for  the  other  end 
to  pass  through,  so  that,  when  adjusted,  it  is  sufficiently 
long  to  tie.  The  other  part  of  the  web  needs  no  loop. 
These  two  pieces  of  web  are  used  for  various  purposes, 
which  will  be  explained  as  we  proceed. 


BAD  HABITS  OF  THE  HORSE  AND 
HOW  TO  CONTROL  THEE 


Horses  contract  habits  very  easily  when  improperly 
managed,  and  transmit  them  to  their  offspring. 

" ’Tis  easier  to  prevent  than  cure.” 

Every  one  at  all  conversant  with  the  secrets  of  the 
stable  knows  how  readily  habits  are  contracted  by  the 
horse,  and  the  difficulty  in  breaking  up  such  habits 


KICKING. 

when  once  contracted,  by  the  ordinary  methods.  Many 
habits  of  the  horse,  which  in  no  way  owe  their  origin 
to  vice,  are  often  as  troublesome  and  dangerous  as  those 
which  do. 

Kicking  in  the  Stable. — To  break  up  this  dangerous 
habit,  it  is  only  necessary  to  place  the  animal  in  a stall 

(4571 


458 


BAD  HABITS  OF  THE  HORSE. 


closed  at  the  head,  or  against  a wall,  so  as  to  allow  him 
no  opportunity  of  jumping  into  or  over  the  manger. 
Tie  his  head  short  and  suspend,  by  a cord  at  either  end, 
a bag  of  straw,  hay,  corn  husks,  or  any  soft  material 
so  as  to  strike  the  hocks  whenever  the  animal  kicks. 
The  bag  rebounds,  striking  him  upon  the  hocks  : after 
several  repetitions  the  animal  is  observed  to  stana  and 
tremble ; the  bag  at  this  point  is  to  be  pulled  upon  one 
side  so  that  he  does  not  see  it,  abd  when  the  animal 
gets  over  his  excitement  try  and  induce  him  to  kick. 
If  you  succeed,  immediately  let  the  bag  go  back  to  its 
former  position.  Two  or  three  kicks  will  again  quiet 
him,  and  he  trembles  as  at  first.  Remove  the  bag,  and 
when  his  excitement  abates,  try  and  induce  him  to  kick 
again.  By  repeating  this  a few  times  the  animal  is 
thoroughly  broken  of  the  habit.  Such  horses  are  often 
broken  of  the  habit  of  kicking  in  harness,  as  well  as  the 
stable,  by  the  same  means. 

Kicking  Against  the  Stall. — Kicking  against  the 
side  of  the  stall  is  a serious  evil.  Capped  hocks  and 
callous  enlargements  are  frequently  consequences  of  this 
habit ; mares  more  frequently  than  geldings  are  subject 
to  this  vice.  Particularly  is  this  the  case  when  placed 
beside  other  horses.  Removal  to  a box  stall,  and  left 
there  unhaltered,  will  frequently  break  up  the  habit. 
When  no  such  conveniences  exist,  a strap  should  be 
buckled  around  the  leg  above  the  hock,  to  which  a club 
one  and  a half  and  two  inches  thick,  and  ten  or  twelve 
inches  long,  covered  with  a woollen  cloth,  or  other  soft 
material,  so  as  not  to  hurt  the  animal,  should  be  attached 
in  such  a manner  as  to  hang  loosely  against  the  shank 
bone;  with  this  appendage  the  moment  the  animal 
kicks,  this  club  punishes  it  by  coming  sharply  in  con* 


KICKING  WHILE  HARNESSING. 


459 


tact  with  the  leg,  but  does  not  bruise  it.  The  animal 
soon  learns  that  by  keeping  the  leg  still  he  escapes  the 
punishment  which  follows  every  effort  to  kick. 

Kicking  While  Harnessing. — This  habit  is  ac- 
quired by  bad  management  in  the  early  training  of  the 
horse;  rough  handling,  throwing  the  harness  too 
quickly  upon  its  back  before  it  becomes  thoroughly 
accustomed  to  its  feel,  are  sufficient  causes  to  produce 
this  habit  in  the  colt  of  a highly  nervous  temperament. 
The  more  quietly  you  go  about  such  an  animal,  the 
more  readily  and  willingly  will  he  yield  obedience  to 
your  desires.  To  break  up  this  habit  the  cord  is  called 
into  requisition  : put  the  small  loop  over  the  under 
jaw,  take  your  position  upon  the  near  side,  opposite  the 
shoulder,  pass  the  cord  over  the  neck  from  the  off  side, 
and  carry  it  through  the  loop  around  the  under  jaw; 
now  draw  it  up  tightly  and  take  a half-hitch,  so  as  to 
keep  the  head  in  a confined  position  (represented  in 
engraving  page  456),  keep  the  cord  in  your  hand,  so  in 
case  of  the  animal  rearing  you  can  slip  the  hitch  and 
let  the  head  loose.  You  should  then  give  him  a few 
quick  jerks ; this  diverts  his  attention ; you  now  quietly 
take  up  the  harness  in  your  hands,  and  as  quietly  ap- 
proach, and  put  it  upon  him.  Should  he  attempt  to 
kick,  slip  the  loop  as  before,  and  give  him  a few  more 
sharp  pulls  upon  the  cord  ; this  disconcerts  him.  Re- 
peat this  lesson  a few  times,  and  he  will  soon  learn  to 
stand  quiet  while  you  are  harnessing  him. 

Kicking  While  Grooming. — Horses  of  a high 
nervous  temperament  are  frequently  addicted  to  this 
habit.  This,  like  kicking  in  harness,  is  brought  on  by 
careless  or  rough  handling.  Here,  too,  the  cord  is  a 


460 


BAD  HABITS  OP  THE  HORSE. 


powerful  instrument  of  control.  Having  secured  the 
head,  use  the  brush  and  currycomb  in  the  most  gentle 
manner  for  several  days,  particularly  about  such  parts 
as  he  manifests  the  most  tenderness. 


Sicking  in  Single  Harness.— Previous  to  putting 

the  animal  in  harness,  take  the  cord,  put  the  small  loon 
over  tKo  nnifor  jaw,  pass  the  rope  over  the  neck  from 
the  off  side  and  through  the  small  loop  upon  the  near 


KICKING  IN  DOUBLE  HARNESS.  461 

side  ; give  him  a few  quick  pulls,  which  calls  his  atten- 
tion to  you.  Put  the  harness  upon  him,  having  a ring 
or  loop  upon  the  top  of  the  bridle  B and  a ring  H 
secured  to  the  back  strap,  about  six  inches  from  the 
crupper.  You  now  take  a small  bit,  attach  to  either 
ring  a strong  leathern  strap  about  half  an  inch  wide, 
pass  these  straps  A,  A,  A,  A,  up  over  the  face  to  the 
ring  B in  the  bridle,  down  through  the  terrots  in  the 
saddle,  and  back  through  the  ring  H,  then  bring  them 
down  at  right  angles,  across  the  quarters  and  secure 


them  to  the  shafts  on  either  side,  in  such  a manner  as 
not  to  interfere  with  the  animal  in  travelling.  With 
this  arrangement  properly  adjusted,  the  moment  the 
horse  attempts  to  kick,  the  strap  is  drawn  tight  over 
the  quarters,  at  the  same  time  it  jerks  up  the  head 
forcibly,  punishing  the  animal  at  each  attempt  to  kick. 

Kicking  in  Double  Harness— First  use  the  cord 
upon  the  animal  until  he  will  yield  his  head  on  the 


462 


BAD  HABITS  OP  THE  HORSE. 


slightest  pull  upon  the  cord  ; put  on  a halter,  which 
should  be  a good  strong  leather  one,  having  a strong 
lead,  and  ring  F,  (see  engraving  on  page  460)  so  ad- 
justed as  to  slip  under  the  girth.  Have  two  strong 
straps  with  rings,  on  the  plan  of  a dog  collar.  These 
are  to  be  buckled  around  the  leg  above  the  hocks,  D,  D, 
a strong  leathern  strap  fastened  to  the  rings  D,  passing 
through  the  ring  F,  well  secured,  so  as  to  be  tense  when 
the  animal  is  standing  square  : now  check  him  up,  and 
he  is  ready  to  hitch  up  for  the  start.  This  arrangement 
does  not  interfere  materially  with  his  travelling,  yet  it 
reproves  him  whenever  he  attempts  to  kick,  and  he 
soon  gives  up  the  habit. 

Kicking  While  Shoeing. — This,  like  most  other 
habits,  is  brought  on  by  bad  management.  The  colt, 
upon  first  entering  the  shoeing  shop,  should  be  used 
with  the  greatest  gentleness  and  kindness.  Any  devi- 


CONTROL  WHILE  SHOEING — FIRST  METHOD. 


ation  from  this  rule  often  causes  the  colt  to  resist  all 
efforts  to  shoe  it.  Particularly  is  this  the  case  with  the 
hind  feet.  The  habit  once  established  requires  the 


KICKING  WHILE  SHOEING. 


463* 


utmost  care  and  perseverance  to  overcome  the  evil. 
Ordinary  cases  of  resistance  while  shoeing  may  be 
brought  to  terms  by  the  use  of  the  cord  alone.  To  do 
this,  put  the  small  loop  over  the  under  jaw,  pass  it  over 
the  neck,  and  through  the  loop  upon  the  opposite  side, 
draw  the  cord  tight,  and  take  a half-hitch ; you  will 
then  take  up  the  foot.  Should  he  resist,  slip  the  hitch, 
and  give  him  a few  quick  jerks  upon  the  cord,  and  then 
renew  the  hitch.  If  he  still  refuses  to  let  you  have  the 
foot,  repeat  the  operation.  If  he  then  resists,  put  a 
collar  around  his  neck,  slip  the  long  web  through  the 


CONTROL  WHILE  SHOEING— SECOND  METHOD. 


collar,  carry  it  back,  and  around  the  fetlock  of  the  foot 
you  wish  to  handle,  bring  it  back  through  the  collar, 
holding  the  end  in  your  right  hand ; now  pull  up  the 
foot  and  hold  it  until  he  ceases  to  resist;  then  take  the 
web  in  your  hand  close  to  the  foot  and  pull  the  foot  in 
different  directions,  until  he  ceases  to  resist  your  efforts ; 
then  caress  him.  Recollect,  gentleness  and  kindness 
go  a great  way  in  gaining  the  confidence  of  the  animal. 
When  he  gives  you  the  foot  readily,  take  a hammer  and 
tap  upon  it  very  gently.  If  he  resists,  jerk  him  sharply 
a few  times  with  the  cord ; if  he  still  resists,  remove 


464 


BAD  HABITS  OF  THE  HORSE. 


the  long  web,  then  take  a short  hold  upon  the  halter 
with  your  left  hand,  and  with  a quick  motion  catch 
the  tail  with  the  right  hand,  and  swing  him  around  a 
few  times,  by  quickly  bringing  the  head  towards  you. 
This  so  disconcerts  him  that  he  usually  yields  the  foot 
without  further  resistance.  For  safety  it  is  always 
better  to  put  the  web  on  again  for  one  or  two  handlings. 
Properly  managed  you  will  seldom  fail  in  breaking  up 
this  habit  in  from  four  to  six  days. 

Horses  Ugly  to  Shoe  in  Front. — Take  the  short 
web,  put  it  on  the  foot  (at  the  fetlock)  you  wish  to 
handle,  pass  it  over  the  back  from  the  opposite  side ; 
now  pull  the  foot  up  and  hold  it  there  until  the  animal 
ceases  his  efforts  to  get  it  away,  then  tap  lightly  with  a 
hammer  upon  the  foot,  increasing  the  force  of  the  blow 
gradually,  until  he  will  allow  you  to  strike  upon  the 
foot  as  hard  as  may  be  necessary ; then  let  the  foot 
down,  pick  it  up  with  the  hand  ; if  he  resist,  draw  it  up 
again  with  the  web ; and  so  repeat  until  he  yields  it 
readily  and  willingly.  Usually  the  animal  submits 
his  foot  in  a very  short  time,  unless  he  becomes  excited 
by  rough  usage. 

Striking. — Some  horses  have  an  ugly  practice  of 
striking  with  their  front  feet.  To  break  up  this  habit 
take  the  cord,  put  the  small  end  in  the  mouth,  and  jerk 
him  from  one  side  to  the  other  ; he  will  try  to  strike 
you,  but  he  fails  to  do  so  if  you  give  him  sufficient 
length  of  cord ; he  soon  finds  he  is  overmatched,  and 
yields  to  you  readily.  By  using  the  long  foot-strap  or 
web,  placed  around  the  near  fore  foot,  then  passed  under 
the  girth  and  carried  back,  having  an  assistant  at  the 
animal’s  head  to  lead  him,  as  soon  as  he  steps  pull  up 


BALKING. 


466 


THE  LONG  FOOT-STRAP. 


the  foot,  let  it  drop  and  pull  it  up  again  at  the  next 
effort  to  step  or  strike.  This  teaches  hi  m that  he  cannot 
use  the  foot  as  he  would  like,  and  he  ceases  to  make 
the  effort. 

Balking. — This  is  the  most  aggravating  of  all  the 
habits  to  which  the  horse  is  subject ; it  tries  the  patience 
of  man  to  the.  utmost ; yet,  by  patience  and  perse- 
verance, with  proper  management,  even  this  habit  can 
be  broken  up.  It  is  rarely  we  find  a balky  horse  which 
is  not  a good  one.  They  are  usually  very  hardy,  high- 
spirited,  quick  of  comprehension,  and  of  a strong 
nervous  temperament.  They  resist  because  we  have 
failed  to  make  them  understand  what  we  require  of 
them,  or  it  may  occur  from  overloading,  sore  shoulders, 
or  working  until  tired  out.  Particularly  is  this  the 
case  with  young  animals  To  whip  under  such  circum- 
stances only  excites  them  to  more  determined  resistance. 

On  the  first  attempt  of  your  horse  to  balk,  get  out  of 
the  wagon,  pat  him  upon  the  neck,  examine  the  har- 
ness carefully,  first  upon  one  side  then  upon  the  other, 
speaking  encouragingly  to  the  animal  while  doing  so; 


466 


BAD  HABITS  OF  THE  HORSE. 


then  jump  in  the  wagon  and  give  the  word  to  go : 
generally  he  will  obey ; if  he  refuses  to  do  so,  take  him 
out  of  the  shafts,  put  up  the  traces  so  that  they  do  not 
drag  upon  the  ground,  then  take  him  by  the  head  and 
tail,  reel  him  until  he  is  almost  ready  to  fall,  then  hook 
him  up  again,  and  give  him  the  word  to  go ; this  rarely 
fails,  it  takes  that  sullen  spirit  out  of  them,  and  they 
start  at  the  word.  I have  failed  but  once  in  handling 
balky  horses,  though  I have  handled  a large  number  of 
them.  By  repeating  the  same  operation  every  day  for 
a week,  usually  breaks  up  this  most  perplexing  habit 
thoroughly  and  permanently. 

Another  method  which  often  proves  successful,  is  to 
tie  the  tail  of  the  horse  fast  to  the  shaft-bar,  unloose 
the  traces,  securing  them  so  that  they  will  not  get 
under  his  feet.  Now  start  him  up  ; as  soon  as  he  finds 
his  tail  fast  he  will  pull  the  wagon  by  that  appendage  ; 
repeating  this  a few  times  will  often  cure  the  habit. 

Another  method  still  will  sometimes  prove  successful ; 
instead  of  tying  the  tail  to  the  shaft-bar,  take  it  between 
the  hind-legs,  having  a cord  secured  to  the  end,  and 
tie  it  to  the  saddle-girth  ; this  will  often  answer  the 
same  purpose. 

A very  simple  method  which  the  writer  has  tried 
many  times,  with  uniform  success,  is  to  tie  a piece  of 
cord  rather  tightly  around  the  horse’s  ear,  close  to  the 
head.  He  will  start  at  once,  and  a few  applications 
have  been  known  to  break  up  the  habit  entirely. 

Shying  Horses. — Those  who  are  in  the  habit  of 
riding  or  driving  along  frequented  roads,  or  through 
thickly  populated  cities,  can  best  estimate  the  incon- 
venience, annoyance  and  constant  apprehension  occa- 
sioned by  a shying  horse.  While  travelling  along  with 


SHYING  HORSES. 


467 


an  air  of  the  greatest  unconcern,  all  in  an  instant, 
planting  himself  in  an  attitude  of  affright,  he  comes  to 
a dead  stop,  or  flies  the  road.  Of  the  sensation  of  the 
animal  at  such  a time,  we  will  not  venture  a descrip- 
tion, but  we  know  by  experience  what  those  of  the 
driver  or  rider  are.  Shying  in  horses  is  no  doubt  the 
off-spring  of  fear.  Fear  is  the  emotion  excited  by  sus- 
picion, apprehension,  appearance  or  approach  of  danger. 
This  may  be  denominated  native  timidity,  giving  rise  to 
that  kind  of  shyness  with  which  colts,  and  young  ani- 
mals generally,  are  endowed.  There  is  another  kind 
of  shyness  which  we  may  denominate  acquired.  To 
illustrate,  a colt  is  naturally  shy  at  any  object  of  im- 
posing appearance,  either  novel  or  strange  to  him. 
On  the  other  hand,  he  beholds  an  object  that  is  familiar 
to  him,  which  he  associates  with  some  former  suffering. 
We  do  not  mean  to  assert  that  these  manifestations  of 
fear  are  alike,  further  than  that  they  arise  from  the 
impressions  made  upon  the  brain,  a dread  or  conscious- 
ness of  danger,  in  the  one  case  acquired,  in  the  other 
congenital.  Shyness  may  be  attributed  to  a third  cause, 
imperfect  vision.  A horse  whose  eyesight  is  imperfect 
is  apt  to  shy  at  objects  in  consequence  of  not  seeing 
them  properly.  The  disposition  to  shy  arising  from 
either  of  the  above  causes,  is  often  increased  by  the  acts 
of  the  driver ; for  instance,  (a  very  common  one),  a 
man  is  driving  a young  horse  upon  the  road,  he  meets 
an  object  of  fear  to  the  animal,  and,  as  he  approaches 
it,  starts  suddenly  out  of  the  road,  his  driver  instantly 
commences  a round  of  castigation  with  the  whip,  in 
which  he  persists  until  the  horse  as  well  as  himself, 
have  lo:t  their  temper,  and  then,  while  one  whips,  th® 
other  jumps,  pi  tinges,  frets,  etc.  The  next  object  of  fear 
the  animal  meets  recalls  the  whipping  previously 


468 


BAD  HABITS  OP  THE  HORSE. 


infl’cted  upon  him,  and  associates  it  with  the  object  he 
fears ; shies  and  starts  with  even  more  alarm  than  be* 
fore,  sometimes  attempting  to  run  away. 

Gentleness  and  persuasion  are  the  best  means  of 
breaking  up  this  habit;  let  the  animal  stand  and  look 
at  the  object  he  fears,  speak  to  him  encouragingly,  and 
gradually  he  will  approach  it.  After  he  has  passed  it, 
turn  him  around,  passing  the  object  slowly  several 
times,  and  his  fear  vanishes.  By  thus  gently  managing 
him,  he  soon  places  confidence  in  you,  and  a gentle 
word  from  the  driver  will  induce  him  to  move  on  by 
ihe  object.  It  is  an  old  saying,  that  the  most  effectual 
way  to  make  a cowardly  dog  fight  is  to  put  him  in 
front  of  his  antagonist,  in  such  a way  that  he  cannot 
retreat ; but  we  never  heard  any  one  recommend  that 
he  be  whipped  at  the  same  time ; yet  we  whip  a horse 
for  being  afraid  to  do  that  which  we  desire  him  to  do. 
Reason  and  experience  both  forbid  the  practice.  It  is 
our  duty  to  act  mercifully  towards  an  animal  so  noble, 
so  beautiful,  and  so  useful  to  man.  Contemptible 
indeed  is  that  being  who  disregards  the  plaintive  mur- 
murs and  ineffectual  resistance  of  the  poor  beast  which 
chance  has  thrown  into  his  possession. 

**  Weaving.” — This  is  an  unsightly  habit,  but  not 
of  so  much  consequence  as  either  of  the  foregoing.  It 
consists  in  the  animal  moving  his  head  and  fore- 
quarters in  quick  succession  from  one  side  of  the  stall 
to  the  other,  like  the  action  of  a weaver’s  shuttle,  or 
like  the  hyena  in  his  cage,  The  animal  stands  with 
his  fore  feet  wide  apart,  hence  the  motion  of  the  animal 
throws  the  weight  of  its  body  alternately  upon  the 
inside  of  each  fore  foot.  The  effect  of  this  habit  is  to 
turn  the  inside  quarter  of  the  feet  downwards  and 


CRIBBING. 


469 


inwards  at  the  heel,  forming,  as  it  were,  a kind  of  club- 
foot. This  habit  indicates  a restless  disposition,  ex- 
pressing impatience  at  being  tied  up. 

To  break  up  the  habit,  it  is  only  necessary  to  turn 
the  animal  loose  into  a box-stall. 

Cribbing. — This  is  a very  disagreeable  habit,  to  say 
the  least,  but  not  so  serious  as  it  is  often  represented. 
The  effects  of  an  inveterate  crib-biting  horse  are  plamiy 


CRIBBING  MUZZLE. 


perceptible  upon  the  incisor  (nippers)  teeth.  The  crib- 
bing muzzle  is  the  best  means  of  breaking  up  the  habit. 

Biting. — This  is  a hateful  habit,  or,  more  properly, 
a vice  of  the  worst  kind.  It  is  sometimes  acquired 
from  foolishly  teasing  the  animal  in  the  stable  by  mis- 
chievous boys.  Love  of  mischief  is  a propensity  too 
easily  acquired,  and  often  becomes  a confirmed  vice ; 
particularly  is  this  the  case  with  biting  horses.  One 
of  our  greatest  horse  trainers  had  a recent  experience 
which  he  thus  relates:  "Last  September  (1888)  my 


470 


BAD  HABITS  OP  THE  HORSE. 


advice  was  asked  regarding  a young  stallion  which 
had  always  been  known  as  a remarkably  good  dispo* 
sitioned  animal,  but,  some  four  or  five  months  previous 
some  boys  amused  themselves  by  teasing  him.  He 
soon  acquired  the  habit  of  biting,  and  almost  simul- 
taneously, that  of  striking.  Regarding  the  former  vice 
— one  of  the  most  dangerous  and  the  most  difficult  of 
all  vices  to  break  up — I advised  castration ; the  owner 
approving,  I operated  upon  him  on  the  spot.  Instead 
of  curing  the  habit,  he  from  this  time  became  notori- 
ously vicious,  two  men  narrowly  escaping  with  their 
lives  from  the  infuriated  animal.  He  finally  became 
so  confirmed  in  his  vicious  propensities,  it  was  worth  a 
man’s  life  to  approach  him.  The  owner,  whose  name 
I omit  by  request,  called  upon  me  to  handle  this  animal, 
which  I did  early  last  month  (February).  My  efforts 
were  attended  with  entire  success.  I first  drew  his 
head  down  close  to  the  manger  from  an  opening  in  the 
partition,  having  his  head  well  secured.  The  stable- 
door  was  thrown  open.  I then  approached  his  head 
cautiously,  and  put  my  rope  halter  upon  him.  I now 
tied  a knot  in  his  tail,  slipped  the  halter  lead  through 
the  hair  above  the  knot,  drew  the  lead  up  as  far  as  pos- 
sible, so  as  to  draw  the  head  to  one  side,  and  tied  the 
halter  lead  by  a half-hitch  to  the  tail;  this  prevented 
the  animal  going  in  a straight  line,  and  enabled  me  to 
keep  out  of  his  way.  I now  slipped  the  head  halter, 
previously  upon  him,  and  drove  him  out  of  the  stable. 
The  moment  he  gained  the  yard  I was  after  him,  tick- 
ling him  upon  the  hind-legs  with  a whip.  This  set 
him  wild  with  rage,  and  caused  him  to  move  in  a 
circular  direction  quite  rapidly.  I kept  up  this  action 
until  he  began  to  stagger ; I quickly  caught  the  halter 
at  the  head  to  prevent  his  falling,  and,  before  he  had 


RUNNING  AWAY. 


47J 


time  to  recover  himself,  I tightened  the  halter  so  as  to 
bring  the  head  end  tail  nearer  together.  I again  started 
him,  he  reeled  more  rapidly,  and  came  near  falling; 
I caught  the  end  of  the  halter,  slipped  the  hitch,  and 
before  he  had  time  to  recover,  I had  the  small  end  of 
the  cord  nicely  adjusted  in  his  mouth.  I then  com- 
menced to  pull  him  right  and  left,  and  in  a few  minutes 
he  was  as  quiet  as  a lamb,  following  me  readily  in  any 
direction.  He  was  handled  by  the  owner  in  the  same 
manner  for  several  days.  I recently  heard  from  him; 
he  remained  perfectly  tractable.” 


Running  Away. — Some  horses,  of  an  excitable  or 
headstrong  disposition,  will  make  frequent  efforts  to 
get  away  with  their  drivers,  and  when  they  once  suc- 


ceed are  very  apt  to  try  it  over  again.  Such  animals 
must  be  trained  upon  the  mouth.  To  do  this  effectually, 
take  the  cord,  using  the  large  loop,  over  the  neck, 
placing  the  cord  in  the  mouth,  and  back  through  the 
loop.  You  now  pull  quickly  and  sharply  upon  the 
cord,  this  sets  the  horse  back,  and  causes  the  mouth  to 


472 


BAD  HABITS  OP  THE  HORSE. 


become  tender.  You  then  go  behind  him,  pulling 
quick  upon  the  cord.  Handle  him  several  times  in 
this  way  before  putting  him  in  harness ; he  soon  yields 


promptly  to  the  slightest  pull  upon  the  cord.  \ou 
may  now  harness  him  up ; and,  as  a matter  of  safety, 


TAKING  UP  THE  FOOT. 


put  the  long  web  around  the  near  foot,  and  give  iv  in 
charge  of  an  assistant;  let  him  take  the  end  of  it  into 


RUNNING  AWAY. 


473 


the  buggy.  With  him,  you  start  on  your  journey ; if 
the  animal  attempts  to  run,  pull  upon  the  lines,  and 
he  will  generally  come  down  to  his  usual  gait.  Should 
he  not  obey  this  gentle  warning,  let  your  assistant  take 


up  his  foot  by  pulling  the  web.  This  throws  him  upon 
three  feet,  and  prevents  his  running.  Another  method, 
more  convenient  and  equally  effectual,  is  the  apparatus 
used  for  kicking  horses,  with  this  difference,  instead  of 
fastening  the  ring  which  passes  under  the  girth  to  the 


474 


BAD  HABITS  OF  THE  HORSE. 


halter,  secure  it  to  the  collar.  With  this  arrangement 
upon  him,  a horse  cannot  run.  It  is  not  necessary  to 
have  the  straps  as  heavy  as  for  a kicking  horse. 


Refusing  to  Stand  While  Getting  into  a Carriage. 

—This  habit  is  very  easily  broken  up.  Use  the  cord 
upon  the  mouth,  have  it  long  enough  to  hold  in  your 


CORD  USED  UPON  THE  MOUTH. 


HARD  PULLERS  OR  LUGGERS  ON  THE  BIT.  475 

hand  when  seated  in  the  vehicle;  while  you  are  enter- 
ing the  carriage,  if  the  horse  starts,  jerk  lightly  upon 
the  cord ; if  he  does  not  obey,  bring  him  back  forcibly 
by  a quick,  strong  jerk  on  the  cord.  This  soon  teaches 
him  to  stand  until  you  are  ready  for  him  to  start. 

Hard  Pullers  or  Luggers  on  the  Bit  — To  break 

up  this  habit,  use  the  cord  in  the  same  manner  as  upon 
a runaway  horse,  or  have  a pair  of  straps  about  twelve 
inches  long,  with  a ring  at  one  end  and  a buckle  at  the 
other ; pass  these  straps  through  the  ring  of  the  bit  on 
either  side,  carry  them  up  on  the  side  of  the  face,  and 
buckle  to  the  head-piece  of  the  bridle,  which  must  be 
a strong  one ; buckle  the  lines  to  the  rings  on  these 
straps,  instead  of  the  rings  in  the  bit.  This  forms  a 
gag,  similar  to  the  French  twitch  gag,  and  is  a powerful 
means  of  controlling  the  mouth  of  a hard-pulling  horse. 

TJgly  to  Bridle. — Some  horses  are  ugly  to  bridle 
from  having  been  knocked  or  roughly  handled  about 
the  head.  Horses  are  occasionally  troubled  with  sore 
ears,  or  have  some  tenderness  about  the  mouth  or  head. 
Such  animals  refuse  to  be  bridled  from  fear  of  being 
hurt.  Nothing  but  kindness  and  careful  handling 
will  accomplish  our  purpose  in  such  cases.  Where 
the  habit  arises  from  previous  injury  or  ugliness  of 
disposition,  take  the  cord,  put  the  small  end  into  the 
mouth,  draw  it  tightly,  and  take  a half-hitch.  This 
confines  the  head,  preventing  the  animal  from  raising 
it.  In  this  position,  the  horse  will  allow  you  to  put  on 
and  take  off  the  bridle  at  pleasure.  After  putting  it 
on  and  removing  it  several  times,  loosen  up  the  cord, 
and  repeat  the  bridling;  every  time  the  animal  resists, 
draw  the  cord  tightly ; on  the  contrary,  when  he  yields* 
caress  him  ; you  thus  gain  his  confidence. 


476 


BAD  HABITS  OF  THE  HORSE. 


Lolling  the  Tongue. — Some  horses  have  a habit  of 

carrying  the  tongue  out  of  one  side  of  the  mouth.  Thie 
is  generally  confined  to  narrow-jawed  horses,  the  space 
between  the  molar  teeth  being  too  narrow  to  contain 
the  tongue  in  the  mouth  when  the  bit  presses  upon  it, 
without  coming  in  contact  with  the  edges  of  the  molar 
teeth,  to  prevent  which  the  tongue  is  thrown  out  over 
the  bit  and  hangs  from  one  side  of  the  mouth. 

To  remedy  this  defect,  take  a common  bar  bit,  drill 
a hole  on  either  side,  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch 
from  the  centre  of  the  bit,  from  the  upper  surface ; then 
take  a piece  of  sole  leather,  four  inches  long  and  two 
inches  wide,  sprinkle  it  over  with  pulverized  rosin  and 
burn  it  into  the  leather — this  renders  it  proof  against 
the  action  of  the  saliva  in  the  mouth ; now  drill  two 
holes  in  the  centre  of  the-leather  corresponding  to  those 
in  the  bit,  and  secure  both  together  by  rivets,  so  that 
the  leather  extends  two  inches  above  the  bit  and  two 
inches  below  it;  this,  put  into  the  mouth,  keeps  the 
tongue  down  clear  of  the  molar  teeth,  and  prevents  the 
animal  getting  it  over  the  bit.  A horse  which  lolls 
the  tongue  should  never  be  driven  with  a snaffle  bit; 
a bar  bit  is  always  preferable. 

Hugging  the  Pole. — This  is  a great  annoyance  to 
the  other  horse,  and  he  will  probably  learn  to  do  the 
same  thing,  not  from  imitation,  but  from  leaning 
inwards  so  as  to  enable  him  to  stand  against  the  other 
leaning  on  him.  I have  seen  a pair  of  horses  thus 
going,  each  leaning  on  the  other,  rendering  it  extremely 
dangerous  in  frosty  wreather,  or  where  the  road  from 
any  cause  may  be  slipperj\ 

This  habit  may  be  broken  up  by  securing  a piece  of 
jole  leather  to  the  pole  upon  the  side  where  the  animal 


HALTER  PULLING. 


47? 


leans,  having  a number  of  tacks  driven  through  it  in 
such  a manner  as  to  protrude  from  the  leather  towards 
the  horse.  The  moment  he  attempts  to  hug  the  pole, 
the  tacks  prick  him,  and  he  leaves  it  in  a moment  and 
takes  his  proper  position.  He  makes  but  few  efforts 
after  the  first  punishment;  a few  day’s  driving  in  this 
manner,  usually  cures  him  of  the  habit. 

Halter  Pulling. — This  is  a bad  habit,  often  con' 
tracted  by  bad  management  on  the  part  of  those  having 
the  care  of  young  animals.  However,  the  habit  may 
be  easily  broken  up  by  the  exercise  of  a little  care  and 
patience.  For  this  purpose  we  use  an  ordinary  rope 
baiter,  with  a lead  long  enough  to  pass  through  the 
halter-ring  then  back  between  the  fore  legs  and  under 


TO  PREVENT  BALTER  PULLING. 


a surcingle,  and  tie  with  a slip-knot  to  one  of  the  bind 
feet ; be  careful  that  the  halter  ring  is  strong  enough 
to  resist  the  pull ; now  put  him  back,  and  as  he  pulls, 
the  halter  draws  both  ways,  upon  the  head  and  on  the 
hind  foot;  he  rarely  makes  more  than  two  or  three 


478 


BAD  HABITS  OF  THE  HORSE. 


attempts  to  pull  back.  You  may  now  approach  him, 
and  try  your  best  to  set  him  back,  whip  him  over  the 
nose,  throw  your  hat  in  his  face,  a buffalo,  or  any  other 
object  which  he  may  fear,  and  all  will  fail  to  set  him 
back ; repeat  this  a few  times,  and  he  will  give  up  the 
habit.  When  in  harness  it  is  not  safe  to  hitch  him 
thus,  as  it  gives  him  an  opportunity  to  pull  himself 
down ; it  is,  therefore,  better  to  tie  the  halter  around 
the  body,  back  of  the  shoulders,  instead  of  tying  it  to 


the  foot ; if  he  pulls  now,  he  pulls  against  his  fore 
arms,  but  it  does  not  take  him  off  his  feet.  Another 
plan  is  to  tie  a knot  in  the  tail  so  that  it  will  not  slip, 
then  divide  the  hairs  in  the  middle  above  the  knot, 
and  pass  the  end  of  the  halter  through  the  opening  and 
tie  it,  so  that  when  he  pulls  it  brings  the  tail  between 
the  hind  legs ; thus  fixed  he  pulls  upon  his  head  and 
tail.  Either  of  these  plans  will  effectually  break  up 
the  habit. 


FEAR  AND  MONOMANIA  IN  HORSES. 


Some  horses  are  naturally  far  more  timid  than  others, 
and  take  alarm  at  objects  which  in  others  produce  no 
fear.  We  have  seen  horses  dreadfully  agitated  during 
a thunder-storm ; while,  on  the  contrary,  we  have  ob- 
served some  apparently  indifferent  to  the  flashes  and 
roar.  In  cases  where  horses  are  in  stables  on  fire  fear 
appears  to  paralyze  their  powers,  so  that  it  is  very  diffi- 
cult to  rescue  them,  unless  they  be  first  blindfolded, 
which  should  always  be  done. 

Fear  of  certain  particular  objects  often  becomes  so 
marked,  and  is  so  unaccountable,  that  it  must  be 
regarded  as  a sort  of  monomania.  The  same  remark 
applies  to  certain  antipathies  that  have  been  known  to 
exist,  without  any  apparent  exciting  cause.  The  fol- 
lowing well-authenticated  instances  of  such  cases  will 
be  of  interest  in  this  connection  T 

During  the  late  rebellion  an  officer  in  an  Ohio  regi- 
ment possessed  a beautiful,  and  in  other  respects  a most 
serviceable  mare,  but  which  one  peculiarity  rendered 
at  times  exceedingly  dangerous  for  the  saddle ; she  had 
a decided  aversion  for  paper,  which  she  immediately 
recognised  the  moment  she  saw  it.  The  effect  produced 
by  the  sight  or  sound  of  it  was  so  prompt  and  so  vio- 
lent, that,  in  many  cases,  she  unhorsed  her  rider ; and 
in  one  case,  his  foot  being  entangled  in  the  stirrup,  she 
dragged  him  a considerable  way  over  a stony  road.  In 
other  respects,  this  mare  had  not  the  slightest  fear  of 
objects  that  would  terrify  most  horses.  She  regarded 

(479) 


480  FEAR  AND  MONOMANIA  IN  HORSES. 

not  the  music  of  the  band,  the  whistling  of  the  balls, 
the  roaring  of  the  cannon,  the  fire  of  the  bivouacs,  or 
the  glittering  of  arms.  The  confusion  and  noise  of  an 
engagement  made  no  impression  upon  her;  the  sight 
of  no  other  white  object  affected  her ; no  other  sound 
was  regarded  ; the  view  or  the  rustling  of  paper  alone 
aroused  her  to  madness. 

Another  case  relates  to  a mare  which  is  now  owned 
by  a gentleman  residing  in  Crawford  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania : She  is  perfectly  manageable,  and  betrays  no 
antipathy  to  the  human  being  nor  to  other  animals, 
nor  to  horses,  except  those  of  a light  gray  color;  but 
the  moment  she  sees  a gray  horse,  she  rushes  upon  it 
and  attacks  it  with  the  greatest  fury.  It  is  the  same 
at  all  times  and  everywhere.  She  is  all  that  could 
be  wished  on  the  road,  under  the  saddle,  and  in  the 
stable ; but  such  is  her  hatred  towards  gray  or  white 
horses,  that  it  is  dangerous  to  place  them  in  the  same 
stable  with  her  at  whatever  distance.  If  she  once  catches 
a glimpse  of  one,  whether  horse  or  mare,  she  rests  not 
until  she  has  thrown  her  rider  or  broken  her  halter, 
and  then  she  rushes  upon  it  with  the  greatest  fury,  and 
bites  it  in  a thousand  places.  She  generally,  however, 
seizes  the  animal  by  the  head  or  throat  and  holds  it  so 
fast  that  she  would  suffocate  it  if  it  were  not  promptly 
released  from  her  bite.  No  other  white  body  appears 
to  make  the  least  impression  on  her. 

Another  mare,  which  was  owned  by  one  of  Sheridan’s 
troopers,  feared  all  white  inanimate  objects,  such  as 
white  mantles  or  cloaks,  and  particularly  white  plumes. 
When  any  of  these  white  bodies,  and  especially  in 
motion,  were  suddenly  perceived,  if  they  were  of  any 
magnitude  and  their  motion  was  rapid,  she  was  in  a 
dreadful  fright,  and  strove  to  escape ; but  if  they  were 


FEAR  AND  MONOMANIA  IN  HORSES. 


481 


of  no  great  size,  and  moved  more  gently,  she  rushed 
furiously  upon  them,  struck  at  them  with  her  fore  feet, 
and  endeavored  to  tear  them  with  her  teeth.  No  other 
colors  produced  the  slightest  effect  upon  her,  nor  did 
the  appearance,  however  sudden,  of  white  horses  or 
dogs  of  the  same  color ; but  if  a white  plume  waved,  or 
a white  sheet  of  paper  floated  by  her,  her  fear  or  rage 
was  ungovernable. 

These  cases  must  be  regarded  as  instances  of  true 


monomania.  It  is  remarkable  that  in  each  instance 
the  subject  of  this  singular  frenzy  was  a mare.  Some 
animals  are  very  much  alarmed  at  the  sight  of  a buffalo* 
robe,  an  umbrella,  etc.  To  break  up  these  habits  re- 
quires more  care  than  is  usually  required  for  other 
habits. 

The  method  of  treatment  consists  in  enforcing  a 
closer  acquaintance  with  the  object  feared,  thus  grad- 
ually diminishing,  and  finally  extinguishing,  the  dread 
which  primarily  exists.  Take  the  cord,  put  the  small 


482 


FEAR  AND  MONOMANIA  IN  HORSES. 


loop  in  the  mouth,  place  the  object  of  fear  at  a distance. 
Lead  the  animal  as  near  it  as  possible  and  have  an 
assistant  to  raise  the  object  off  the  ground ; if  the  animal 
attempts  to  get  away  from  it,  jerk  him  sharply  from 
side  to  side  a few  times ; then  have  your  assistant  ap- 
proach very  slowly  with  the  object  of  fear,  and  each 
time  the  animal  flies  from  it,  jerk  him  as  before,  and 
so  repeat  until  he  will  allow  yon  to  approach  near 
enough  to  rub  him  on  the  nose.  If  it  be  a buffalo-robe, 


stroke  him  upon  the  neck,  gradually  put  it  on  his  back, 
take  it  off  and  put  it  on  again;  repeat  until  he  stands 
perfectly  quiet.  Now  approach  him  from  another 
direction ; if  he  starts  up  again  as  at  first,  jerk  him  in 
the  same  manner,  and  repeat  every  day  until  he  will 
allow  you  to  approach  him  from  any  direction.  A week 
or  ten  days  is  sufficient  to  break  up  the  habit  thoroughly, 
if  properly  managed. 

Another  very  good  methpd  is  using  the  halter  at 


FEAR  AND  MONOMANIA  IN  HORSES. 


483 


arranged  for  halter  pulling.  Having  the  animal  ready, 
take  the  buffalo-robe  on  your  arm,  approach  as  near  as 
possible  without  causing  the  horse  to  pull  back,  stand 
a moment,  and  when  the  animal  gets  over  the  tempo- 
rary excitement,  gradually  approach  it ; the  horse  now 
pulls  upon  the  halter,  and  comes  back  to  his  proper 
place ; in  five  minutes,  generally,  he  will  stand  and 
allow  you  to  put  the  buffalo  on  him  in  any  way  you 
please.  Occasionally  we  find  a case  that  does  not  yield 


TRYING  TO  GET  AWAV. 


readily.  Under  such  circumstances,  the  cord,  small 
end,  should  be  applied  in  addition  to  the  halter.  Now 
approach  him  gradually,  if  he  does  not  stand  quietly, 
give  him  a quick,  sharp  pull  upon  the  cord.  Take  the 
cord  off,  leaving  the  halter  upon  him ; lay  the  buffalo 
on  the  floor  before  the  animal,  and  leave  him  to  examine 
it  for  an  hour  or  two ; now  hang  it  over  the  back  part 
of  the  manger,  and  l$ave  him  again  in  the  same  manner  { 


484 


FEAR  AND  MONOMANIA  IN  HORSES. 


then  hang  it  up  in  the  entry  before  him,  so  that  he  can 
view  it  at  a short  distance,  then  change  its  position, 
hang  it  up  behind  him ; finally  you  may  put  it  over 
his  back ; and  secure  it  with  a surcingle.  By  changing 
it  in  this  manner  he  becomes  familiar  with  its  appear- 
ance in  any  position.  A horse  will  often  see  an  object 
in  one  position  and  not  notice  it ; but  place  the  same 
object  in  a different  position,  and  the  animal  becomes 
alarmed.  One  day  usually  is  sufficient  to  break  up 
this  habit,  completely  and  thoroughly. 


BREAKING  AND  TRAINING  OF  COLTS. 


Haltering. — To  do  this  without  the  colt  offering 
resistance,  it  is  necessary  to  drive  him  into  a cow-stall 
or  other  convenient  place.  You  will  now  (with  your 
hand  if  you  can  reach  him,  otherwise  with  a stick  ol 
sufficient  length)  touch  him  gently  upon  the  quarter; 


this  will  cause  him  to  start  up,  and  perhaps  to  turn 
around  in  the  stall.  Do  not  attempt  to  prevent  his 
doing  so,  or  you  increase  his  excitement,  which  at  all 
times  should  be  carefully  avoided.  You  will  then 
repeat  the  operation,  and  in  a few  minutes  he  will  stand 
quietly  and  allow  you  to  stroke  him  with  your  hand, 
or  stick ; gradually  pass  the  hand  or  stick  up  over  his 
back,  as  he  will  bear  it,  until  you  reach  his  head ; if 

(485) 


486  BREAKING  AND  TRAINING  OP  COLTS. 

he  attempts  to  get  away,  do  not  try  to  prevent  his  doing 
so,  as  you  will  fail  in  the  attempt.  As  soon  as  he  will 
allow  you  to  stroke  his  head,  take  up  an  ordinary  rope 
halter,  such  as  are  used  upon  colts,  pull  out  the  lead  so 
as  to  form  a good  sized  loop,  place  it  on  the  end  of  a 
stick,  and  hold  it  towards  him ; let  him  smell  it,  and, 
as  he  does  so,  let  his  nose  pass  through  the  loop ; raise 
the  upper  part  of  the  halter  over  his  head,  then  turn 
the  stick  and  the  halter  will  fall  back  of  the  colt’s  ears. 
Slip  up  the  lead  and  you  have  him  fast ; now  place  the 
lead  over  his  neck  and  secure  it  by  a slip-knot,  so  as  to 
keep  him  from  treading  on  it.  Open  the  stall-door  and 
let  him  go  out.  Now  drive  him  into  a carriage-house, 
or  some  other  suitable  place,  not  more  than  twenty-five 
or  thirty  feet  square  ; you  then  approach  him ; he  runs 
to  a corner;  take  a pole  six  or  eight  feet  long,  and 
commence  as  before  by  touching  him  on  the  quarter; 
and  as  the  pole  approaches  the  neck,  close  up  gradually 
until  you  can  put  your  hand  upon  him ; you  will  then 
dispense  with  the  pole,  slip  the  knot  in  the  halter,  and 
remove  the  lead  from  his  neck. 

You  now  have  one  end  of  the  halter,  the  colt  the  other; 
you  want  to  teach  him  to  lead.  You  take  your  position 
a little  quartering  from  his  body,  and  nearly  opposite 
his  shoulder,  you  say,  “ Come  here,  sir ;”  your  colt  pays 
no  attention  to  your  command,  because  he  does  not 
understand  you ; give  the  halter  a quick,  sharp  pull, 
which  brings  the  colt  towards  you.  The  instant  you 
pull,  let  the  halter  slack — this  prevents  him  from 
pulling  back ; if  you  keep  your  lead  tight,  he  learns 
that  he  is  fast,  and  he  will  pull  in  spite  of  all  your 
efforts  to  prevent  his  doing  so ; repeat  this  operation 
several  times,  always  using  the  words  “ Come  here.” 
Your  colt  will  soon  learn  to  follow  you  in  the  one 


HITCHING  THE  COLT  IN  THE  STABLE.  481 

direction.  You  then  go  to  the  opposite  side  and  teach 
him  to  follow  in  the  same  manner ; he  must  be  handled 
from  both  sides,  or  he  will  obey  but  one.  He  now 
follows  to  the  right  or  left.  You  want  him  to  go  for- 
wards; take  your  position  a little  to  one  side,  hut 
slightly  in  advance  of  his  head;  give  your  halter  a 
sharp,  quick  pull,  and  as  your  colt  steps  forward,  stop 
and  caress  him  ; repeat  this  a few  times,  and  he  will 
follow  you  in  any  direction. 

Hitching  the  Colt  in  the  Stable. — Lead  him  into 
an  ordinary  stall  four  and  a half  feet  wide,  having  pre- 
viously fitted  a movable  bar  at  the  back  of  the  stall 
about  three  feet  and  a half  from  the  floor,  or,  if  more 
convenient,  a good  strong  rope,  well  secured,  will 
answer  the  purpose — Let  it  be  about  the  same  distance 
from  the  floor.  After  leading  the  colt  into  the  stall, 
put  up  this  bar  or  rope,  and  then  tie  the  colt  to  the 
manger-ring;  if  you  tie  him  first  he  will  in  all  proba- 
bility run  back  before  you  can  have  the  bar  or  rope 
secured  in  their  place;  and  then  the  halter  gives  way, 
and  you  have  taught  the  colt  the  first  lesson  in  halter- 
pulling, which  under  all  circumstances  should  be  care- 
fully avoided.  In  taking  the  colt  out  of  the  stable  the 
same  precaution  must  be  used.  Untie  the  halter  before 
removing  the  bar  or  rope.  Continue  this  precaution 
for  about  ten  days  or  two  weeks,  and  by  that  time,  as  a 
general  rule,  the  colt  will  stand  hitched  anywhere. 

Training  Colts  to  Harness. — To  break  a colt  suo 
cessfully,  requires  a man  who  has  inexhaust’b1® 
patience,  great  presence  of  mind,  strong  nerve,  etc.,  in 
a word,  a man  who  can  control  himself  can  train  a hors?  tu 
harness  so  as  to  prevent  his  contracting  any  bad  habits. 


488 


BREAKING  AND  TRAINING  OF  COLTS 


With  such  indispensable  attributes  and  proper  appli- 
ances a man  of  ordinary  intelligence  can  train  a horse 
to  harness  without  accident  to  the  animal,  himself,  or 
others.  Always  train  a colt  with  an  open  bridle,  so  that 
he  may  see  exactly  what  you  are  doing ; using  the  blind 
bridle  prevents  the  animal  from  seeing  your  move- 
ments, and  unless  you  use  great  care  and  judgment, 
you  are  apt  to  alarm  the  colt  from  the  least  misplaced 
movement.  Let  a man  recollect  how  surprised,  and  in 
some  cases  alarmed,  he  feels  on  anything  touching  him 
behind.  The  same  is  the  case  with  the  horse  where  he 
does  not  see  the  object.  We  may  say  it  was  only  the 
end  of  the  trace  that  touched  him ; how  is  he  to  know 
this  if  he  does  not  see  it  ? A man  standing  in  the  street 
would  turn  as  quickly  round  if  a harmless  sheep 
touched  him,  as  if  it  were  some  more  formidable  animal. 
We  must,  therefore,  be  careful  not  to  alarm  or  confuse 
the  horse.  Do  everything  in  the  most  gentle  and  per- 
suasive manner;  if  you  do  anything  which  frightens 
vour  colt,  he  never  forgets  it.  Take  time,  and  teach 
each  point  in  training  thoroughly;  remember,  that 
which  is  done  hurriedly,  is  done  badly. 

Harnessing. — Horses,  whether  young  or  old,  some- 
times have  an  aversion  to  going  in  harness ; such  ani- 
mals show  their  unwillingness  by  kicking,  balking, 
rearing,  running  back,  or,  perhaps,  running  away.  To 
prevent  such  habits  being  developed,  take  the  colt,  after 
being  thoroughly  halter-broken,  by  the  head  and  tail, 
reel  him  a few  times,  and  you  can  put  the  harness  upon 
him ; by  this  means  you  disconcert  him,  he  will  not 
then  resist  you  ; place  him  in  the  stable  with  the  har- 
ness upon  him,  and  leave  him  there  a few  hours,  so 
that  he  may  become  accustomed  to  it.  Then  bring 


TBA1NING  TO  STOP, 


489 


him  out,  take  the  lines  behind  him,  having  an  assistant 
at  his  head,  and  teach  him  thoroughly  the  use  of  the 
reins,  turning  him  to  the  right  and  to  the  left,  until  he 
will  obey  the  slightest  pull  upon  the  reins ; after  having 
him  so  that  he  will  start  at  the  word,  turn  to  the  right 
or  to  the  left,  by  a pull  upon  the  line ; he  is  ready  for 
the  word  “ Whoa ! ” 

Training  to  Stop. — This  is  the  most  important  word 
used  in  horse-training ; it  is  our  safeguard  in  case  of 
accident;  the  animal,  therefore,  should  learn  its  mean- 
ing thoroughly.  To  prevent  confusion  in  his  mind, 
the  word  should  never  be  used  out  of  its  proper  place. 
If  we  approach  a horse  standing  quietly  in  the  stable, 
we  should  never  use  the  word  whoa,  though  it  is  very 


whoa! 


generally  used  on  such  occasions.  Use  instead  the 
words  “ Get  over,”  “ Go  over,”  “ Quietly,”  or  any  other 
word  you  please,  to  make  the  animal  aware  of  your 
presence  : but  under  no  circumstances  use  the  word 
whoa,  except  when  the  animal  is  in  motion,  and  you 
want  him  to  stop.  In  order  to  properly  teach  him  the 


490 


BREAKING  AND  TRAINING  OF  COLTS. 


meaning  of  the  word  whoa , put  the  long  web  around 
the  near  fore  foot,  pass  it  under  the  girth,  and  as  the 
animal  walks  along,  pull  up  the  foot,  at  the  same  time 
say  whoa;  by  repeating  this,  you  will  soon  see  him 
raise  the  foot  when  the  word  is  given,  even  though  the 
web  be  not  pulled  upon.  Horses  thus  trained  are  safe 
in  case  a rein  or  bit  should  break,  as  they  will  gener- 
ally stop  at  the  word,  under  almost  any  circumstances. 
A friend  of  mine  trained  his  horse  to  stop  by  simply 
catching  hold  of  the  tail. 

Learning’  to  Back. — Put  the  cord  upon  the  horse, 
using  the  small  loop ; draw  it  up  with  a steady  pull — 
this  brings  the  animals  nose  towards  his  body.  Keep 
a firm  hold  upon  the  cord  until  he  steps  back  a little, 
using  at  the  same  time  the  word  “ Back,”  then  caress 
him ; you  thus  teach  him  that  he  has  done  exactly  what 


LEARNING  TO  BACK. 


you  wished  him  to  do ; then  repeat  caressing  him  each 
time  he  obeys.  Care  must  be  used  not  to  excite  the 
colt  too  much  or  you  will  have  him  resist  you ; there- 


HITCHING  TO  THE  WAGON. 


491 


fore,  do  not  continue  your  lesson  more  than  five  or  ten 
minutes  at  any  one  time ; on  repeating  the  lesson  a few 
hours  later,  the  animal  will  usually  yield  and  back 
freely.  Now  try  him  with  the  line  alone;  if  he  obeys, 
you  may  remove  the  cord  altogether.  Occasionally,  we 
find  an  animal  which  will  not  yield  to  this  treatment; 
we  then  take  the  short  web,  put  it  around  the  near  fore 
foot,  carry  it  over  the  back  from  the  off-side,  have  a 
bridle  upon  the  animal,  take  hold  of  it  close  to  the  bit 
with  your  left  hand  on  the  near  side,  having  the  web 
in  the  right  hand,  with  which  to  bring  up  the  near  fore 
foot,  holding  it  up  by  the  web,  now  press  backwards 
upon  the  bit ; this  brings  the  body  back,  and  as  it  does 
so,  let  the  foot  fall ; the  toe  strikes  the  ground  some 
fifteen  or  eighteen  inches  behind  the  opposite  foot,  and 
as  it  does  so,  the  off-foot  comes  back  to  the  same  point. 
By  repeating  this  lesson,  we  teach  any  horse  to  back, 
however  obstinate  he  may  be.  I have  never  known  a 
single  instance  where  it  failed. 

Hitching  to  the  Wagon. — In  hitching  up  a colt 
to  the  wagon  for  the  first  time,  it  is  always  better  that 
you  put  him  alongside  of  a steady,  well-broken  horse ; 
if  you  have  no  opportunity  of  doing  this,  let  him  be* 
come  perfectly  familiar  with  the  wagon  before  hitching 
him  up  single;  lead  him  up  to  the  wagon  in  the  shafts 
of  which  you  intend  putting  him  ; let  him  examine  it 
carefully ; raise  the  shafts  up  and  down  in  his  presence, 
so  as  to  get  him  familiar  with  the  motion ; if  it  be  a 
top-buggy,  raise  and  lower  the  top ; should  he  behave 
badly,  put  the  cord  upon  him,  using  the  small  end; 
jerk  him  every  time  he  offers  any  resistance.  Now  lead 
him  in  front  of  the  wagon ; pull  it  towards  him  ; should 
he  start,  jerk  him  again,  and  so  repeat  until  you  can 


492  BREAKING  AND  TRAINING  OF  COLTS. 

pull  the  wagon  up  to  him.  Now  raise  the  shafts  and 
let  them  down  quietly  over  his  back  ; repeat  this  opera- 
tion until  he  will  remain  perfectly  quiet.  Now  lead 
him  up,  pulling  the  wagon  behind  him.  When  he  will 
bear  this  nicely,  you  may  hook  him  fast  to  the  wagon, 
first  putting  the  long  web  upon  the  near  front  foot; 


LONG  WEB  APPLIED. 


pass  it  under  the  girth,  and  give  it  to  an  assistant;  get 
into  the  wagon  with  your  assistant,  having  previously 
instructed  him  how  to  manage  the  web.  Have  a second 
assistant  to  lead  the  animal  a short  distance;  if  he  be- 
haves well  let  him  go.  With  this  system,  one-half 
hour’s  handling  every  day  for  a week  is  sufficient  to 
break  thoroughly  to  harness  the  wildest  colt. 

Bitting  the  Colt. — The  ordinary  process  of  bitting 
colts  is  too  well  known  to  horsemen  generally  to  need 
any  description  at  my  hands.  A cheap  and  easy 
method  of  bitting  colts,  if  properly  managed,  is  by 
means  of  the  cord,  To  arch  the  neck  and  bring  the 
nose  in  where  you  want  it,  take  the  cord  using  the  small 
loop  over  the  under^  jaw,  pass  the  cord  over  the  neck 


BITTING  THE  COLT. 


493 


from  the  off  side,  and  through  the  loop  on  the  near  side. 
Now  take  your  position  at  the  near  shoulder,  press 


BITTING  THE  COLT. 


lightly  upon  the  cord ; should  the  colt  resist,  let  it  loose 
for  a moment,  then  press  upon  it  again,  and  as  he  yields 
caress  him ; by  repeating  this  a few  times,  say  two  or 


three  times  a day  as  opportunity  offers,  you  will  find 
#ife  soon  yields  his  head  nicelx.  Use  the  utmost  care  on 


494 


BREAKING  AND  TRAINING  OF  COLTS. 


first  applying  it,  or  you  will  excite  the  colt  to  resistance. 
When  once  he  learns  that  he  can  resist  successfully  he 
will  try  it  over  again.  Do  not  continue  the  use  of  the 
cord  more  than  about  ten  minutes  at  a time.  Now 
change  the  end  of  the  cord,  taking  the  large  loop,  pass 
it  over  the  neck,  put  the  cord  through  the  mouth  from 
the  off  side,  back  through  the  loop  on  the  near  side, 
take  your  position  in  front  of  the  animal  and  pull 
lightly  upon  the  cord  ; this  sets  his  head  up  as  high  as 
you  want  to  put  it.  By  repeating  this  lesson,  the  colt 
soon  learns  to  get  up  his  head  on  the  slightest  touch 
upon  the  rein. 

To  Add  Style  . — It  will  be  observed  in  using  the 
cord  for  the  purpose  of  bitting  the  colt,  that  the  small 
loop  brings  the  chin  in  towards  the  body,  at  the  same 
time  beautifully  arching  the  neck.  The  large  loop 
having  directly  the  opposite  effect,  by  putting  the  head 
up  in  any  position  desired.  This  arrangement,  applied 
to  older  horses,  with  a bad  carriage  of  the  head,  adds 
at  least  twenty  per  cent,  to  their  appearance,  and  often 
more  than  that  amount  to  their  price. 

Mounting  the  Colt. — Take  your  position  on  the 
near  ‘side  of  the  colt,  stand  with  your  right  side  next 
to  the  animal,  take  hold  of  the  mane  with  your  left 
hand,  place  the  toe  of  the  left  foot  in  the  stirrup,  placing 
the  right  hand  upon  the  back  part  of  the  saddle ; now 
raise  yourself  up  with  a quick  spring,  passing  the  right 
leg  over  the  saddle,  and  take  your  seat;  a very  little 
practice  will  enable  you  to  perform  this  feat  with  ease 
and  in  a graceful  manner.  To  place  your  body  fronting 
the  side  of  the  animal  is  a very  awkward  position,  and 
one  rendering  it  much  more  difficult  to  mount  the 


BIDING  THE  COLT. 


495 


animal.  Should  the  colt  not  stand  well,  a few  jerks 
with  the  cord  will  bring  him  to  his  senses,  and  make 
him  stand  until  you  are  seated. 

Riding  the  Colt. — In  riding  the  colt  for  the  first 
time,  a common  riding  bridle  without  martingale  is  to 
be  preferred.  Fasten  the  short  web  around  the  off  fore 
foot,  take  a short  hold  upon  it  with  the  right  hand 
while  you  sit  upon  his  back,  holding  the  bridle-rein  in 
the  left  hand ; should  he  act  badly,  pull  up  the  off  foot 
with  the  web,  at  the  same  time  pat  him  gently  upon 
the  neck  with  the  left  hand ; there  is  no  danger  in 
taking  up  the  foot  in  this  manner,  provided  you  do  not 
pull  upon  the  reins  at  the  same  time.  Let  down  the 
foot  in  a few  minutes,  and  turn  the  colt  around  several 
times  by  pulling  upon  the  off  rein,  then  reverse  the 
action  by  pulling  upon  the  near  rein;  now  turn  him 
fcrthe  right,  then  to  the  left,  several  times.  Should  he 
still  be  restive,  take  up  the  foot  again,  and  so  repeat 
until  he  performs  his  part  properly — then  do  not  fail 
to  caress  him.  Make  the  first  lesson  a short  one,  and 
gradually  increase  it  from  time  to  time  as  occasion  may 
require.  This  method  rarely  requires  the  whip,  and  is 
certainly  attended  with  less  danger  than  the  old  and 
tedious  one  of  riding  a colt. 


WHIP  TRAINING. 


HOW  TO  TEAIN  A HOESE  TO  DEIVE  WITHOUT  BIT  OE 

LINE. 

Whip  training  illustrates  the  beauty  and  power  of 
our  modern  system  of  horse  education.  To  train  a 
horse  thoroughly  to  drive  without  bit  or  line  under 
the  whip,  requires  from  four  to  six  weeks’  time;  it 
requires  also  a man  of  strong  nerve  and  self-control  to  be 
a successful  trainer  in  this  particular  branch.  Such  a 
feat  as  driving  a horse  without  bit  or  line  cannot  be 
accomplished  by  any  other  system  known  to  man. 

Having  selected  a horse  with  a moderate  share  of 
intelligence,  the  next  thing  is  to  secure  a suitable  place 
for  training.  An  inclosure  twenty-five  or  thirty  feet 
square  is  required.  If  you  have  it  smaller,  and  your 
horse  should  be  disposed  to  kick,  you  will  be  in  danger ; 
if  larger,  it  gives  the  animal  too  much  room  to  get 
away  from  the  whip.  It  is  better  that  you  go  in  with 
the  horse  alone,  as  then  the  animal  will  have  no  other 
object  to  take  his  attention. 

Turn  him  loose  without  bridle  or  halter  in  the 
inclosure ; take  your  position  in  the  centre,  holding  in 
your  right  hand  a straight  whip  nine  or  ten  feet  long; 
you  crack  the  whip  as  you  take  your  position ; this 
alarms  the  horse  and  causes  him  to  run  into  one  corner 
of  the  inclosure ; crack  it  several  times  that  he  may 
learn  that  you  do  not  intend  to  hurt  him;  now  com- 
mence tapping  him  lightly  upon  the  near  shoulder, 
but  not  to  hurt  him  •-  if  a nervy  fellow,  he  is  all  excite- 
(496) 


WHIP  TRAINING. 


497 


ment  for  a few  minutes ; continue  the  tapping  until 
he  turns  his  head  towards  you,  which  he  will  do  in  a 
short  time.  The  moment  he  turns  it,  however  slight 
it  may  be,  cease  the  whipping ; as  soon  as  he  turns  it 
away  again  repeat  the  tapping  with  the  whip  ; in  a few 
minutes  he  again  turns  his  head  towards  you ; stop  the 
motion  of  the  whip;  as  he  turns  away  repeat  the  whip- 
tapping as  before ; in  a very  short  time  he  turns  around 
so  that  you  can  approach  him ; now  gently  caress  him ; 
move  away  and  again  approach  him  ; should  he  turn 
away  repeat  the  whipping:  by  this  means  you  teach 
him  to  come  to  you  on  the  near  side. 

After  he  has  learned  this  thoroughly,  which  requires 
about  one  week’s  training,  half  an  hour  each  day,  then 
proceed  in  the  same  manner  upon  the  otf  side as  soon 
as  he  obeys  the  motion  of  the  whip  upon  this  side,  take 
your  position  behind  him,  and  turn  him  by  the  motion 
of  the  whip,  to  the  right  or  to  the  left;  as  soon  as  he 
performs  nicely,  put  the  harness  upon  him,  take  the 
lines  behind  him,  and,  as  you  give  him  the  word  to  go 
forward,  throw  the  whip  down  by  his  right  side  with- 
out touching  him.  At  the  same  time  have  the  long* 
web  around  the  near  fore  foot,  and  give  it  to  an 
assistant;  you  want  him  to  stop,  give  him  the  word 
•whoa  ; at  the  same  time  your  assistant  pulls  up  the  foot, 
turn  the  whip  in  a horizontal  position  above  your  head 
— in  this  way  you  teach  him  that  the  whip  in  that  po- 
sition means  whoa. 

By  repeating  these  motions,  he  learns  in  about  four 
weeks  to  turn  to  the  right  whenever  the  whip  is  thrown 
towards  the  right  shoulder ; to  the  left  when  thrown 
towards  the  left  shoulder ; to  go  ahead  when  thrown 
down  by  the  right  side ; and  to  stop  when  held  in  a 
horizontal  position. 


498 


WHIP  TKAINING. 


You  now  want  to  teach  him  to  back ; having  pre- 
viously instructed  him  according  to  our  rule,  put  the 
cord,  using  the  small  loop,  in  his  mouth  ; take  the  cord 
in  your  hand  with  the  reins,  pull  upon  the  reins,  and 
say  “ Back,”  at  the  same  time  keep  the  whip  directly 
over  the  animal’s  back,  giving  it  an  upward  and  down- 
ward motion,  or  you  may  tap  him  gently  upon  the 
back  with  the  whip — this  is  best  done  in  a sulky.  If 
he  starts  forward,  set  him  back  by  pulling  quickly 
upon  the  cord  ; repeat  the  operation  until  he  will  go 
back  by  the  motion  of  the  whip  alone.  Should  he 
make  repeated  efforts  to  go  forward,  bring  the  whip 
quickly  once  or  twice  down  over  his  nose,  he  will  not 
then  repeat  the  operation  very  often. 

With  this  training,  it  is  necessary  to  use  an  open 
bridle,  so  that  the  animal  will  see  the  motions  of  the 
whip. 

You  are  now  prepared  to  hook  him  up  for  the  first 
drive. 

Take  an  assistant  with  you ; have  the  foot-strap  or 
long  web  secured  upon  the  near  fore  foot;  give  it  in 
charge  of  your  assistant ; let  the  lines  lie  over  the  dash 
as  a matter  of  precaution.  Now  commence  operations 
with  the  whip ; if  the  animal  acts  promptly,  remove 
the  foot  web,  and  begin  again,  having  the  lines  over 
the  dash  as  before ; drive  the  animal  in  this  way  at 
least  two  or  three  weeks  before  removing  the  bit  from 
the  mouth.  Your  horse  is  now  safe  to  drive  under  the 
whip. 

Of  course  it  is  better  to  use  this  method  of  whip 
training  with  young  horses,  and  those  which  are 
naturally  docile  and  obedient ; but  there  are  few  horses 
so  disobedient  that  they  may  not  be  thus  controlled  at 
any  age. 


HOW  TO  MAKE  A HORSE  TROT 
“SQUARE.” 


Many  horses  show  speed  when  they  strike  their  gait, 
but  do  not  hold  it  long.  This,  in  many  instances,  arises 


from  too  much  anxiety  on  the  part  of  the  driver,  forcing 
the  horse  “ off  his  feet.”  This  is  a great  source  of  an- 

(499i 


500  HOW  TO  MAKE  A HORSE  TROT  “SQUARE.” 

noyance  to  the  owners,  who  in  many  instances  have 
built  their  hopes  very  highly  upon  the  great  speed  of 
their  favorite  nag.  But  how  often  are  they  doomed  to 
disappointment ! the  animal  is  beaten  by  those  of  far 
less  speed,  simply  because  he  “ breaks  up  ” badly. 

To  prevent  this  habit  in  horses,  requires  some  degree 
of  patience  and  good  management  on  the  part  of  the 
trainer.  The  apparatus  used  upon  this  occasion  is  a 
similar  one  to  that  used  for  kicking  horses.  The  straps 
e e are  the  same;  the  halter  lead,  however  is  not 
required ; use  instead  a strap  passed  through  the  collar ; 
the  choke-strap  will  answer  the  purpose,  if  not  too  long; 
to  this  strap  secure  the  ring/,  pass  the  strap  e e through 
the  ring/,  and  buckle  the  straps  d d above  the  hocks. 

We  are  now  ready  to  drive  the  horse,  going  off  on  a 
moderate  gait,  that  he  may  become  familiar  with  the 
feel  of  the  straps  before  urging  him.  As  he  moves,  the 
strap  e e slips  through  the  ring/,  allowing  the  animal 
to  move  without  restraint  as  long  as  the  legs  move 
alternately,  as  they  do  in  the  trot  or  pace;  but  the 
instant  he  attempts  to  change  his  gait,  he  then  meets 
the  check  which  the  straps  give  him ; he  cannot  move 
them  together  as  he  does  in  the  run,  the  straps  pre- 
venting both  legs  going  back  at  the  same  time. 

After  he  has  made  a few  attempts  to  “ break  up  ” and 
fails,  he  becomes  gradually  more  steady.  We  may 
then  urge  him  to  the  top  of  his  speed  without  his  making 
any  effort  to  go  up.  Drive  him  every  day  with  this 
arrangement  for  three  or  four  weeks,  and  by  that  time 
he  will,  as  a general  thing,  trot  perfectly  honest  and 
remain  so. 

This  system  applies  equally  well  to  pacers.  Care 
must  be  taken  to  adjust  the  length  of  the  straps  to  suit 
the  horse’s  step. 


TRICK  HORSES. 


HOW  TO  TRAIN  AND  CONTROL  THEM. 

To  teach  horses  to  perform  tricks  requires  a little 
more  apparatus  than  that  described  in  the  foregoing 
pages.  In  addition  to  the  cord  and  webbing  we  use 
what  are  known  as  the  Rarey  straps,  consisting  of  the 
short  strap  and  the  long  strap. 

The  Short  strap. — A common  breeching  strap  is  ah 
that  is  necessary ; it  is  used  to  strap  up  the  foot  (see 
engraving).  Open  the  loop,  keeping  the  buckle  on  the 


THE  SHORT  STRAP  APPLIED. 


outside,  put  the  loop  over  the  foot,  then  raise  the  foot 
and  pass  the  strap  around  the  fore  arm  from  the  inside, 
and  buckle  it  tight ; this  holds  the  foot  up  firmly. 

The  Long  Strap. — This  is  used  for  bringing  the 
animal  to  his  knees,  which  is  done  by  pulling  up  one 

(501) 


502 


SOME  SIMPLE  TRICKS. 


fore  foot  while  tb<>  other  is  confined  by  the  short  strap. 
It  is  a stout  strap  se\  an  or  eight  feet  in  length,  buckled 
to  a strap  with  ring  which  is  placed  around  the  foot. 
The  end  of  the  long  strap  is  passed  under  the  girth  or 
over  the  back  for  the  purpose  of  taking  up  the  foot 
when  we  want  to  bring  the  animal  to  his  knees.  (See 
engraving  “ Learning  to  Lie  Down.” 

SOME  SIMPLE  TRICKS. 

To  Teach  a Horse  to  Lie  Down. — Take  your  post 
don  upon  the  near  side ; strap  up  the  near  fore  foot. 


using  the  short  strap  ; have  a good  strong  bridle  with 
check  pieces,  so  as  to  prevent  the  bit  from  pulling 
through  the  mouth.  Tie  a knot  injthe  bridle-rein  over 


TO  TEACH  A HORSE  TO  LIE  DOWN. 


503 


the  neck,  take  a short  hold  of  the  bridle-rein  with  the 
left  hand,  the  right  hand  holding  the  off  rein ; now 
press  him  backwards,  and  as  you  do  so  he  comes  down 


LEARNING  TO  LIE  DOWN. 


gently  upon  his  near  knee  ; let  him  rest  awhile  L 
position.  Whenever  ne  attempts  to  jump  pul)  him 
towards  you,  and  press  back  as  before ; after  reputing 


this  two  or  three  times  most  horses  will  lie  down ; if 
you  do  not  succeed,  however,  put  on  the  long  strap, 
passing  it  under  the  girth,  or,  what  is  better,  over  the 


504 


SOME  SIMPLE  PRICK). 


back;  take  a short  hold  of  the  strap  with  the  right 
hand,  pull  him  towards  you  with  the  left  hand,  and  as 
he  steps  pull  up  the  right  foot.  This  brings  him  upon 


HELPLESS. 


his  knees , keep  him  there  until  he  lies  down,  thee 
caress  him,  handle  him  gently  all  over,  knock  his  feet 
together;  pull  his  head  up  and  lay  it  down  carefully; 


repeat  this  operation  several  times,  and  he  will  euoll 
learn,  to  lie  down  by  merely  raising  the  near  front  foot) 
V lightly  tapping  it  with  a whip. 


TO  SIT  UP. 


505 


To  Sit  Up. — Lay  the  animal  down  as  previously 
directed,  having  a collar  upon  him  ; place  a hobble  or 
strap,  with  a ring  in  it,  around  each  hind  foot ; take  a 
pair  of  ordinary  driving  lines,  pass  the  buckle-end 
through  the  collar  back  to  the  ring  in  the  hobbles,  and 
buckle  them  ; pull  the  feet  up  towards  the  shoulders, 
and  carry  the  lines  back  to  the  hind  quarters,  hold 
them  firmly  in  one  hand,  or  give  them  to  an  assistant. 
Have  a bridle  with  a long  rein  upon  the  animal ; take 
the  rein  in  your  hand,  stand  upon  the  tail,  and  pull 
upon  the  bridle-rein,  keeping  the  lines  firm  at  the  same 
time;  this  brings  him  up  in  front,  and  prevents  his 
getting  his  hind  feet  back  far  enough  to  rise  upon  them, 
they  being  drawn  forward  and  securely  held  by  the 
lines.  Repeat  the  operation  a few  times — say  two  or 
three  times  a day — and  he  soon  learns  to  lie  down  at 
the  word.  This  is  the  method  usually  practised  upon 
circus  horses. 

To  Make  a Horse  Bow, — Stand  upon  the  near  side, 
and  with  a pin  in  your  right  hand  prick  the  animal 
lightly  in  the  breast,  and  say,  “ Make  a bow,  sir he 
will  soon  learn  to  throw  his  head  downwards ; when 
he  does  so,  caress  him.  By  repeating  this  operation  a 
few  times  he  soon  learns  to  bow  by  merely  pointing 
the  hand  towards  his  breast,  or,  if  learned,  by  a mo- 
tion of  the  foot.  In  all  cases  when  training  horses  to 
perform  tricks,  it  is  necessary  that  they  should  have  a 
bridle  without  winkers,  or  else  have  the  head  bare. 

To  Answer  Questions. — Take  your  position  as  be- 
fore, and  with  a pin  in  your  right  hand,  prick  him 
lightly  anywhere  along  the  mane  or  over  the  withers, 
(ask  such  questions  as  you  want  answered  in  the  neg- 


506 


SOME  SIMPLE  TRICkts. 


ative,)  this  causes  him  to  shake  his  head  exactly  as  he 
will  do  when  bothered  by  flies  upon  the  neck  during 
fly  time.  It  was  this  circumstance  which  suggested 
the  use  of  the  pin  to  make  a horse  say  no.  By  repeating 
this  operation  a few  times  he  will  shake  his  head  by 
simply  raising  the  hand  to  your  head  as  if  to  raise 
your  hat ; this  motion  of  the  head  indicates  no.  Nod- 
ding the  head  by  pricking  the  breast  signifies  yes; 
always  ask  the  question  before  making  the  motion  with 
your  hand.  , 

To  Hiss  You- — To  teach  a horse  to  kiss  you,  take  a 
piece  of  apple  in  your  hand  and  let  the  horse  smell  it ; 
he  will  then  try  to  get  it  from  you.  Carry  it  up  to 
your  mouth  and  hold  it  between  your  teeth ; let  him 
take  it  from  your  mouth.  Repeat  this  a few  times  and 
use  the  words  “ Kiss  me;”  he  soon  learns  that  “Kiss 
me,”  means  apple,  and  he  puts  up  his  mouth  to  yours 
to  take  it  away. 

When  operating  privately  always  give  it  to  him,  and 
he  will  then  obey  you  promptly  when  showing  him 
publicly. 

To  Shake  Hands. — Take  your  position  in  front,  of 
the  horse,  say  “Give  me  your  right  foot,”  or  “Shake 
hands  ;”  he  does  not  understand  you ; you  convey  the 
idea  to  him  by  taking  a pin  and  gently  pricking  him 
upon  the  right  leg ; he  at  once  lifts  it  up ; as  he  does 
so  take  it  in  your  hand  and  caress  him  ; he  understands 
by  this  that  he  has  done  what  you  wanted  him  to  do. 
After  repeating  this  a few  times,  put  your  hand  towards 
his  leg  and  crack  the  thumb  and  fingers ; he,  antici- 
pating the  prick,  lifts  his  foot ; should  he  fail  to  dn  so 
have  your  pin  handy  and  use  it  lightly.  By  this  means 


TO  KICK  WITH  THE  RIGHT  Jtt  LEFT  FOOT.  507 

he  30011  learns  to  give  you  the  foot  at  the  crack  of  the 
thumb  and  fingers.  As  soon  as  he  gives  one  freely, 
teach  him  in  the  same  manner  to  give  the  other  one. 

To  Kick  With  the  Right  or  Left  Foot. — Care  must 
be  taken  in  teaching  this  trick,  that  you  have  a horse 
not  predisposed  to  vicious  propensities,  or  you  may 
make  a confirmed  kicker ; and  then  you  will  have  the 
habit  to  break  up.  A horse  of  a mild  disposition  may 
be  taught  to  perform  thus  without  the  risk  of  his  be- 
coming a kicker.  I have  taught  one  of  my  ponies  to 
kick  when  I desire  him  to  do  so,  and  he  cannot  be  made 
to  kick  unless  the  whip  is  used  lightly  upon  his  hind 
parts. 

Having  selected  your  animal,  take  a pin  in  your 
right  hand,  prick  the  near  hind  leg  with  it  and  say, 
“ Kick  with  the  left  foot;”  the  animal  soon  learns  to 
obey.  Then  proceed  with  the  opposite  leg  in  the  same 
manner.  After  the  horse  will  kick  with  either  foot  by 
a motion  of  the  hand  without  pricking  him,  you  will 
stand  off  a short  distance  with  a long  whip  in  your 
hand ; touch  the  near  hind  foot  and  say  “ Kick  with 
the  left  foot ; ” then  proceed  in  the  same  manner  with 
the  right  foot.  By  proceeding  thus  once  a day  the 
animal  will  soon  learn  to  do  his  part  very  nicely. 

Learning  to  Waltz. — Some  horses  seem  to  love 
music,  and  can  readily  be  taught  to  waltz  or  dance. 
Use  a girth  around  the  body,  upon  the  near  side  of 
which  buckle  a short  strap,  having  a loop  at  one  end 
to  fasten  to  the  ring  of  the  bit ; draw  the  strap  through 
the  girth  buckle  so  as  to  incline  the  head  a little  to  the 
near  side ; have  one  or  two  good  pieces  of  music,  and 
play  any  waltz  that  may  be  desired  ; at  the  same  time 


508 


SOME  SIMPLE  TRICKS. 


turn  the  animal  by  the  use  of  the  whip  lightly  upon 
his  legs ; he  soon  learns  to  turn  merely  by  a motion  of 
the  whip  without  touching  him.  After  repeating  this 
lesson  once  a day  for  three  or  four  weeks,  the  strap  may 
be  removed,  leaving  his  head  free. 

To  Teach  a Colt  to  Follow  You. — Take  the  cord, 
using  the  small  loop,  give  him  a few  quick  pulls  right 
and  left,  then  take  your  position  on  one  side  opposite 
the  shoulder,  give  a quick  pull  upon  the  cord,  which 
brings  him  towards  you  ; at  the  same  time  say,  “ Come 
here,  sir as  he  obeys,  caress  him.  Repeat  this  until 
he  will  come  without  the  pull,  then  take  your  position 
upon  the  other  side  and  proceed  in  the  same  way.  You 
will  soon  have  him  so  that  he  will  follow  in  any  direc- 
tion. 


HINTS  UPON  HORSESHOEING. 


A glance  at  the  skeleton  of  the  horse  will  at  once 
serve  to  convince  us  that  the  animal  is  ormed  at  the 
same  time  for  strength,  and  for  celerity  and  ease  of 
motion.  If  we  look  at  the  fore  limbs  we  shall  see  that 
the  scapula,  No.  3,  recedes  from  the  shoulder-joint, 
falling  back  obliquely ; its  upper  part  uniting  with  the 
spinous  processes  of  the  anterior  dorsal  vertebrae,  No. 


14,  to  form  the  withers.  The  shoulder-bone,  No.  4, 
retreats,  forming  an  angle  at  the  elbow  joint:  the  fore 
arm  consists  of  two  pieces,  No.  5,  the  radius  and  ulna 
consolidated  as  one  bone  in  the  mature  horse  ; this  is 
followed  by  a double  row  of  small  bones,  No.  9,  the 
carpus  or  wrist  bones,  seven  in  number.  These  are 
succeeded  by  the  metacarpus,  No.  10,  with  two  slender 
splint  bones  attached  Dbsteriorly  to  its  upper  part.  To 

(509) 


510 


HINTS  UPON  HORSESHOEING. 


these  succeed  the  three  phalangeal  bones,  Nos.  11, 12 
and  13.  There  are  besides  a small  pair  of  bones  situ- 
ated behind  the  fetlock  joint  called  sessamoides,  and  a 
small  bone  situated  behind  and  between  No.  12  and  13, 
called  the  navicular  bone.  The  coffin  bone,  No.  13,  is 
enclosed  in  the  hoof,  which  consists  of  thick,  firm, 
rounded  horn,  having  a certain  degree  of  expansibility ; 
and  underneath,  forming  a sort  of  sole,  is  a part  called 
the  frog ; it  is  an  elastic  cushion,  and  in  a healthy  state 
prevents  concussion.  At  each  step  the  frog  yields  under 
the  weight  of  the  animal,  and  swelling  out  laterally 
expands  the  heels  of  the  hoof. 

This  frog  ought  always  to  touch  the  ground ; it  does 
so  naturally,  and  where  bad  shoeing  prevents  it,  the 
crust  of  the  hoof  soon  becomes  hard,  brittle  and  un- 
yielding, causing  a shock  at  every  step  as  the  animal 
trots  over  the  hard  road.  Inflammation  and  alteration 
of  structure  soon  supervene. 

The  posterior  limbs  are  modelled  on  a similar  plan. 
Now  from  the  angles  which  the  bones  of  the  limbs  make 
with  each  other  at  the  joints,  the  force  of  every  shock 
as  the  animal  trots  or  gallops  is  greatly  broken ; its 
very  step  is  light  and  elastic;  and  this  not  only  results 
from  the  obliquity  of  the  bones  in  question,  but  par- 
ticularly from  the  yielding  spring  of  the  pastern,  its 
elasticity  being  provided  for  by  a ligament  which 
passes  down  the  back  of  the  cannon  bone,  No.  10,  and 
along  the  pasterns  to  the  coffin  bone  11,  12  and  13. 
Nor  is  the  spring  of  the  elastic  frog  to  be  here  over- 
looked ; it  also  contributes  an  important  share  to  the 
easy  progression  of  the  horse,  the  action  of  whose  limbs 
as  he  moves  is,’  or  ought  to  be,  free,  vigorous  and 
springy.  But  -alas ! how  often  do  we  see  the  knees  dis- 
torted with  overtoil,  and  the  pasterns  rigid  and  swollen 
from  disease ! 


HINTS  UPON  HORSESHOEING. 


511 


Shoeing  is  generally  regarded  as  a necessary  evil ; 
and  were  it  not  for  our  paved  streets  and  turnpiked 
roads,  this  evil  might  in  a great  measure  be  well  dis- 
pensed with.  As  it  is,  our  object  should  be  to  observe 
as  closely  as  possible  three  important  rules  in  shoeing 
horses : 

1st.  To  preserve  the  natural  bearing  of  the  foot. 

2d.  To  preserve  the  hoof  in  its  natural  shape. 

3d.  To  protect  the  foot  from  injury. 

If  we  observe  the  foot  of  the  unshod  horse,  we  find 
the  hoof  has  a perfectly  level  bearing  upon  the  crust  or 
wall  as  it  rests  upon  the  ground,  as  well  as  upon  the 
frog,  which,  as  previously  stated,  acts  as  an  elastic 
cushion,  preventing  concussion  and  expanding  the 
heels,  which  relieves  the  pressure  upon  the  sensitive 
and  delicate  structure  within  the  hoof,  that  otherwise 
would  occur  were  the  hoof  hard  and  unyielding.  The 
sole  or  ground  surface  of  the  foot  is  all  that  part  of  the 
foot  situated  between  the  frog  and  the  crust  or  wall ; 
this  sole  should  not  come  in  contact  with  either  the 
ground  or  the  shoe. 

In  order  to  preserve  the  level  bearing  of  the  foot,  it 
is  necessary  that  the  shoe  be  made  with  a perfectly  level 
surface  upon  the  foot  side,  for  the  crust  to  rest  upon. 
Beyond  that  point  it  should  be  bevelled  inwards,  in 
order  to  prevent  pressure  upon  the  sole.  The  frog 
should  remain  untouched  with  the  knife,  except  to  trim 
off  any  ragged  edges.  The  moment  the  substance  of 
the  frog  is  cut  away,  that  moment  it  begins  to  lose  its 
moisture,  and  therefore  its  elasticity.  It  becomes  as 
hard  and  brittle  often  as  the  hoof  itself;  its  function  is 
thus  destroyed,  and  it  now  acts  as  a foreign  body, 
bruising  the  sole,  causing  diseases  of  various  kinds  to 
arise. 


512 


HINTS  UPON  HORSESHOEING. 


If  we  examine  the  feet  of  horses  shod  in  the  ordinary 
manner — and  there  are  few  others — we  find  in  place  of 
the  shoe  having  a level  bearing  for  the  crust,  it  is 
bevelled  from  without  inwards,  so  that  the  foot  rests 
upon  a concave  instead  of  a level  surface.  The  conse- 
quence is  that  the  heels,  instead  of  expanding  up  these 
inclined  planes,  are  actually  pressed  inwards,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  lateral  pressure  thus  brought  to  bear 
upon  them.  This,  as  a natural  result,  causes  contrac- 
tion of  the  hoof  sooner  or  later,  causing  a hard,  brittle 
condition  of  the  hoof,  predisposing  it  to  split,  producing 
toe,  quarter,  or  other  cracks,  which  never  occur  in  an 
elastic  hoof.  Corns  soon  follow  contraction  of  the  hoof, 
often  producing  very  severe  lameness,  and  leading  to 
diseases  of  a more  serious  nature. 

When  we  have  a contracted  foot,  it  is  only  necessary 
to  reverse  the  bearing  of  the  shoe — that  is,  the  bearing 
at  the  heels  back  from  the  last  nail-hole  should  be  very 
slightly  bevelled  outwards.  This  has  a direct  tendency 
to  gradually  facilitate  the  expansion  of  the  heels. 

The  smith  must  use  great  caution  in  bevelling  the 
shoe,  to  give  it  a very  little  slant  from  the  last  nail  hole 
on  either  side — not  more  than  the  twentieth  part  of  an 
inch ; otherwise  more  harm  than  good  will  be  likely  to 
follow  its  application. 

Preparing  the  Foot  For  the  Shoe.— This,  as  a me- 
chanical operation,  requires  a man  of  good,  sound  judg- 
ment to  properly  perform  his  work.  The  growth  of  the 
hoof  is  about  equal  to  its  wear  when  the  animal  remains 
unshod,  otherwise  the  hoof  would  be  worn  too  short  or 
become  too  long.  Our  object,  then,  in  paring  the  foot, 
is  to  remove  so  much  of  the  hoof  as  would  have  been 
worn  away  had  not  the  shoe  prevented  such  wear.  Any 


APPLYING  THE  SHOE. 


513 


deviation  from  this  rule  causes  tne  feet  to  become  un- 
usually long,  the  sole  thick,  etc.,  causing  the  animal  to 
stumble  at  almost  every  step.  In  preparing  the  foot 
for  the  shoe,  after  carefully  removing  any  old  stubs  that 
might  remain,  the  crust  should  be  lowered  with  the  rasp 
from  the  toe  to  the  heels,  the  sole  then  should  be  pared 
— with  the  drawing-knife  in  preference  to  the  buttress. 
The  feet  should  be  poulticed  the  night  before  being 
shod,  with  linseed  meal ; this  will  so  soften  the  hoof  as 
to  enable  the  smith  to  pare  the  feet  without  difficulty. 
Care  must  be  taken  to  remove  a portion  of  the  horn 
between  the  crust  and  bars,  so  that  the  heels  of  the  crust 
shall  be  higher  than  the  heels  of  the  sole.  The  bars 
will  simply  require  cleaning  out,  removing  any  loose 
portions  without  diminishing  their  strength.  All 
ragged  portions  of  the  frog  should  be  removed,  but  the 
frog  must  by  no  means  be  cut  away  merely  because  the 
smith  fancies  it  to  be  too  large.  In  weak  feet  very  little 
paring  is  required ; the  heels,  however,  require  the 
nicest  care  for  their  protection  from  injury  in  shoeing. 
No  fixed  rules  can  be  laid  down  for  paring  the  feet ; 
that  must  be  determined  by  the  nature  and  condition 
of  them  at  the  time. 

Applying  the  Shoe. — The  shoe  should  be  set  as  near 
the  outer  margin  of  the  crust  as  possible ; by  so  doing, 
we  have  the  crust  as  the  main  support  of  the  foot,  as 
nature  intended  it  should  be.  By  setting  the  shoe  back 
a quarter  or  three-eights  of  an  inch  from  the  outer 
margin  of  the  crust,  as  is  often  done,  at  least  one-half 
of  the  bearing  surface  of  the  foot  is  destroyed.  It  is 
therefore  weakened  in  exact  proportion  as  it  is  cut 
away,  besides  greatly  reducing  the  space  for  driving 
the  nails,  thus  rendering  them  more  liable  to  do  injury 


514  HINTS  UPON  HORSESHOEING. 

by  being  driven  too  close  to  the  sensitive  structure,  or 
by  pricking  the  foot.  The  nails  should  be  pointed  with 
great  care,  in  order  that  they  may  be  driven  with  a 
greater  degree  of  certainty.  Eight  nail  holes  are  usu- 
ally punched  in  the  shoe ; but  our  experience  teaches 
us  that  injury  is  often  prevented  by  leaving  out  the 
quarter  nail  upon  the  inside  of  the  foot.  If  it  should 
be  thought  necessary,  it  may  be  put  in  at  the  toe  in- 
stead. 

Clips  Upon  the  Shoe. — These  should  not  be  used, 

as  they  are  the  frequent  cause  of  an  obscure  lameness, 
often  giving  rise  to  much  trouble.  The  growth  of  the 
horn  being  from  above  downwards,  the  clip  offers  an 
obstruction  to  the  growth  of  the  hoof,  which  cannot  be 
overcome ; hence  it  is  turned  inwards  upon  the  soft 
structures  of  the  foot.  This  is  readily  seen  after  death, 
in  the  hoof  of  a horse  which  has  been  shod  several  years 
with  the  clip.  Removal  of  the  cause  will  enable  the 
animal  to  get  entirely  ovei  the  lameness  in  two  or  three 
months.  Horses  have  been  restored  to  perfect  sound- 
ness in  this  way  very  frequently,  even  after  a lameness 
of  two  and  three  years’  standing.  When  it  is  thought 
necessary  to  use  a clip,  one  of  the  smallest  kind  should 
be  employed. 

“ Interfering.” — Many  horses  are  in  the  habit  of 

interfering,  and  many  ingenious  methods  have  from 
time  to  time  been  devised  to  prevent  this  troublesome 
habit.  Both  the  hind  and  fore  legs  are  subject  to  cut- 
ting or  striking,  usually  about  the  fetlock  joint.  In 
the  front  feet,  however,  we  sometimes  find  them  striking 
just  below  the  knee-joint,  producing  an  enlargement 
known  as  a “ speedy  cut.”  We  should,  when  this  habit 


OVERREACHING. 


515 


exists,  first  ascertain  the  cause  as  nearly  as  possible,  and 
the  part  which  strikes,  whether  the  shoe  or  the  foot. 
Many  horses  interfere  only  when  leg-weary.  Particu- 
larly is  this  the  case  with  colts.  Some  horses  strike 
when  shod  with  heavy  shoes,  but  do  not  do  so  with 
light  ones.  Others  interfere  from  some  peculiarity  in 
the  conformation  of  the  limbs.  The  most  successful 
plan  of  preventing  this  habit,  is  to  straighten  the  inside 
of  the  shoe  from  the  toe  to  the  quarter,  allowing  the 
heel  of  the  shoe  on  the  inside  the  same  inclination  that 
it  would  have  ordinarily  applied.  Two  nails  only 
should  be  driven  on  the  inside  of  the  foot  with  this 
shoe.  This  is  an  exception  to  our  rule  in  applying  the 
shoe,  but  it  usually  has  the  desired  effect.  By  no  means 
make  the  shoe  higher  on  one  side  than  the  other,  as  it 
causes  unequal  concussion  upon  the  limb  when  the 
animal  is  in  motion,  thereby  predisposing  the  joints  to 
injury.  In  some  rare  cases,  widening  the  web  of  the 
shoe,  as  well  as  straightening  it  upon  the  inside,  has 
the  desired  effect,  when  simply  straightening  fails  to 
accomplish  the  purpose. 

Overreaching. — Many  very  good  horses  have  this 
troublesome  habit.  Young  horses  are  more  subject  to 
overreaching  than  old  ones ; it  very  frequently  disap- 
pears as  the  speed  of  the  animal  is  increased.  At  a 
moderate  gait  the  front  feet  do  not  always  get  out  of 
the  way  in  time  for  the  hind  ones  as  they  are  brought 
forwards,  hence  a collision  takes  place.  Sometimes  the 
heels  are  cut  or  bruised  badly,  and  occasionally  the 
shoes  are  torn  from  the  front  feet.  The  most  successful 
means  of  preventing  this  habit,  is  to  make  the  front 
shoes  a little  lighter,  which  facilitates  their  motion,  the 
animal  lifting  them  up  so  quickly — the  hind  ones 


616  HINTS  UPON  HORSESHOEING. 

should  be  a little  heavier.  Trifling  as  this  difference 
may  appear,  it  is  very  generally  successful ; an  ounce 
of  iron  will  make  a very  marked  difference  in  the 
movement  of  most  animals,  as  much  so  as  weight  upon 
the  back. 

Shoeing  Horses  With  Corns. — The  corn  should  be 

well  cut  out,  and  then  burned  with  a red-hot  iron, 
muriatic  acid,  or  butter  of  antimony.  The  shoe  recom- 
mended for  contracted  feet  should  be  here  applied  ; the 
hoof  backwards  from  the  corn  to  the  heel  should  be 
removed,  so  that  no  part  of  the  hoof  back  from  the  corn 
have  any  bearing  upon  the  shoe ; by  this  means  we 
prevent  all  concussion  that  otherwise  would  fall  upon 
the  part  affected ; the  animal  thus  shod  will  travel 
sound  though  the  corn  be  a bad  one.  Much  depends 
upon  the  careful  and  skilful  application  of  the  shoe, 
independently  of  its  being  constructed  on  proper  prin- 
ciples. Many  horses  with  very  bad  feet  are  enabled  to 
go  sound  for  years  by  a combination  of  care  and  skill, 
while  on  the  contrary  a single  shoeing  done  by  a bung- 
ling workman  would  suffice  to  lame  them.  It  requires 
considerable  skill  to  fit  a shoe  properly  on  a bad  foot, 
so  as  to  save  the  weakest  parts  and  economize  the  horn. 

Keeping  the  Feet  Moist. — When  we  take  into  con- 
sideration the  unnatural  condition  in  which  the  feet  of 
the  horse  in  a state  of  domestication  are  brought,  by 
nailing  upon  them  the  iron  shoe,  and  standing  them 
upon  plank  floors,  we  can  readily  understand  why  it  is 
that  the  hoof  so  soon  becomes  hard,  brittle,  and  con- 
tracted. There  is  no  moisture  absorbed  by  the  foot 
from  either  the  shoe  or  the  plank.  If  we  stand  the 
horse  upon  the  ground,  it  is  but  little  better,  as  such 


SHORT  POINTERS  FOR  HORSEMEN. 


617 


floors  are  usually  very  dry,  or  else  they  are  in  a filthy 
condition  in  consequence  of  the  urine  which  the  animal 
has  passed  off,  predisposing  the  feet  to  thrush,  etc.  In 
consideration  of  the  above  facts  it  is  our  duty  to  protect 
the  feet  by  artificial  means.  To  do  this  effectually,  the 
feet  should  be  stopped  with  flaxseed  meal  mixed  with 
water,  that  is,  when  the  meal  is  mixed  the  soles  should 
be  packed  full,  say  once  or  twice  a week  during  the 
winter  season,  and  three  or  four  times  a week  during 
the  summer  season.  This  supplies  the  moisture  as  well 
as  the  oily  substance  necessary  to  keep  the  hoof  in  a 
normal  condition. 


SHORT  POINTERS  FOR  HORSEMEN. 


Never  quarrel  with  your  horse. 

To  make  a fine  coat,  feed  well,  clothe  warmly,  sweat 
often  and  groom  thoroughly. 

Never  let  your  horse  know  that  he  can  successfully 
resist  you. 

Once  handling  a horse  produces  but  a temporary 
effect. 

When  a colt  is  first  hitched  in  a stable  be  sure  to 
have  a rope  behind  him,  so  that  he  cannot  pull  back 
and  learn  to  be  a “ halter  puller.” 

Remember  that  you  have  no  business  trying  to  control 
a horse  unless  you  can  first  control  yourself.  An  UP' 
ruly  horse  is  a jewel  compared  to  an  unruly  man 


518 


SHORT  POINTERS  FOR  HORSEMEN. 


Drive  fast  and  stop  often. 

Never  say  “ whoa  ” unless  you  want  your  horse  to 
stop. 

Never  use  the  whip  except  in  the  process  of  training. 
A horse  which  has  to  be  urged  to  higher  speed  by 
means  of  the  whip  is  improperly  educated  and  no 
credit  to  his  trainer. 

Dark  stables  produce  blind,  stumbling  and  shying 
horses. 

In  law,  the  word  “ warranted  ” applies  merely  to 
soundness ; “ warranted  sound  ” has  no  greater  signifi- 
cance. 

If  you  have  a horse  which  you  want  to  match  don’t 
tell  the  dealer  or  he  will  make  you  pay  dearly  for  the 
size  and  color. 

To  remove  a horse  from  a burning  stable,  blindfold 
him. 

If  you  don’t  intend  to  conquer  your  horse  never 
begin  training  him  at  all. 

It  will  pay  you  to  keep  your  horse’s  hoofs  moist  and 
oily  by  stuffing  them  semi-weekly  with  linseed  meal 
poultice. 

Wet  the  hay  for  a horse  with  heaves. 

Never  bleed  a horse  when  the  membrane  lining  the 
nose  presents  a bluish  appearance,  as  it  denotes  a debil- 
itated condition  of  the  system ; under  such  circum- 
stances the  animal  wants  a liberal  diet,  and  strong  tonic 
treatment. 


SHORT  POINTERS  FOR  HORSEMEN.  519 

Never  drench  a horse  if  it  can  be  avoided,  but  always 
administer  medicine  in  the  form  of  ball  or  powder. 
The  anatomical  structure  of  the  horse’s  throat  renders 
drenching  exceedingly  dangerous. 

Drenching  is  the  best  way  of  administering  medicine 
to  cattle. 

To  ball  a horse  properly,  take  the  tongue  in  the  left 
hand,  bringing  it  out  on  the  off-side  of  the  mouth,  then 
take  the  ball  in  the  right  hand  between  the  thumb  and 
first  two  fingers,  pass  it  over  the  curve  of  the  tongue, 
and  let  it  go ; do  not  be  in  too  much  of  a hurry,  or  you 
will  be  likely  to  fail  in  giving  it. 

Never  feed  corn  or  corn  meal  to  horses  which  are  not 
in  a healthy  condition. 

When  a horse  in  harness  stumbles  and  falls,  jump 
immediately,  and  hold  down  his  head  so  that  he  may 
not  dash  it  about  to  his  own  injury.  If  you  are  foolish 
enough  to  use  a check-rein,  loosen  it,  and  also  all  other 
parts  of  the  harness  which  are  attached  to  the  vehicle 
and  push  the  latter  back  until  the  shafts  are  clear  of 
the  animal,  speak  low  and  caress  the  horse,  supporting 
his  head  and  encourage  him  to  rise,  first  being  sure 
that  his  legs  are  not  tied  down  by  any  complication  of 
straps.  When  he  rises  caress  him  again,  and  let  him 
stand  perfectly  free  and  quiet  until  his  fright  has  sub- 
sided. Never  use  harsh  language  or  loud  tones  in  a 
case  of  this  kind. 

An  idle  horse  must  have  his  food  reduced  in  quan- 
tity—not  as  a punishment,  but  as  a hygienic  measure. 

Bad  hay  is  not  cheap  at  any  price. 

A hard-worked  horse  should  have  oats  and  com ; 
hay  is  good  enough  for  an  idle  horse. 


520  SHORT  POINTERS  FOR  HORSEMEN. 

A horse  cannot  stand  hard  work  if  his  food  is  con* 
fined  to  grass  and  hay  any  more  than  a man  can  carry 
a hod  on  turnips  and  cabbage. 

.Dissolve  a teaspoonful  of  salt  in  a bucket  of  water 
and  sprinkle  the  hay  with  the  mixture.  It  pleases  the 
taste  and  aids  digestion. 

Don’t  forget  that  old  horses,  like  old  men,  lose  their 
teeth  and  their  chewing  abilities ; therefore,  bruise  the 
oats  and  corn,  and  chop  the  hay  for  the  old  nags  who 
can’t  get  “ store  teeth.”  You  will  thus  aid  the  process 
of  digestion,  utilize  all  the  nutriment  in  the  food  and 
prevent  diarrhoea  and  the  passing  of  undigested  food. 

Never  give  your  horse  warm  water  to  drink ; for  cold 
water  thereafter  will  give  him  the  colic. 

To  put  an  unwarmed  bit  into  a horse’s  mouth  in 
frosty  weather  is  rank  inhumanity. 

A “ blind  bridle  ” is  a relic  of  barbarism. 

A head  shelter  made  of  wire  and  canvas  should 
always  be  used  in  hot  weather ; the  addition  of  a wet 
spongers  desirable. 

Never  whip  a horse  when  he  shies  or  stumbles.  En* 
couragement  is  what  he  needs,  not  rebuke. 

A horse  never  needs  a harsh  or  cutting  bit  after  he 
is  properly  broken. 


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